多知识，吕叔湘先生在书中引用了大量生动有趣的例子，整本书形象幽默又充满事理，娓娓
道来，读来津津有味。用平易生动的实例与语言代替枯燥的理论，普及语言文字知识，进而
使读者信服 ，在我看来是这
本书最大的成功之处。
以下就我印象最深的几点加以论述。
序中有一句话很经典：说起来也奇怪，越是人人熟悉的事情，越是容易认识不清，吃饭
睡觉是这样，语言文字也是这样。确实，越是一些稀疏平常的事情，越容易被我们高傲的眼
光所奚落。事 实上，语言文字大有文章。语言记录着思想，近乎神妙；文字乘载世界，冲破
时空。“人类语言的特点就 在于能用变化无穷的语言，表达变化无穷的意义。这是任何其他动
物办不到的”（页2），“语言文字要 两条腿走路”（页9）。讲到语言是学会文字的前提时，作
者提到“默读”是要受过相当训练才能做到的 。确实如此，每次我看书的时候，虽然嘴唇不
动，没有念出声音，但是头脑里似乎总有一个声音在读。实 践告诉我们，我们不可能把语言
文字分离开来。
第五章“意内言外”引用一些例子说明了语言实践中的经济原则，如“谢幕”，用汉语解
释是“闭幕之后，观众鼓掌，
幕又拉开，演员致谢”，用英语说是“respond to the curtain call”，确实不如“谢幕”
二字来得简单、经济。同时我们也感受到了汉语的“精”。
第七章是“四方谈异”，主要讲方言。方言确实很有趣，大家同是中国人，可是却说不同
的话。记得当初上方言的讨论课时，很多同学都展示了自己的方言，大部分都听不懂，往往
会引来哄堂 大笑，不是嘲笑，而是心存疑问“同学说的是不是汉语”。记得当初我说了一句“an
dei ni xiao guo bao zhai chaung guan er”(由于部分字不会写，就用无音调的拼 音代替)，
结果大家愣了，其实译为普通话就是“我跟你说过别摘花生”，结果没有一个人懂。作为河北
石家庄行唐县人，在地方电视台上听老乡讲话都听不懂，个人感觉是一件很搞笑和奇怪的事
情， 为什么一旦把家乡话放大到电视上就一句话也听不懂呢？也许我们习惯了普通话，2001
年以后国家各 地大力推广普通话，照目前的情况看来，吕叔湘先生提倡的“要推广普通话”
已成为大势。我们从小学习 的是普通话，和外面的人交流也是普通话，不过因此我们这一代
的方言越来越不地道，甚至已经变味。第 三节是“主要的语音分歧”，总结了方言的特点。作
为学在重庆的外地人，我感触最深的是重庆话不分l 、n；s、sh。每次买东西结账时都得用
手势比划是“四”还是“十”。“‘明儿星期天，请你到我们 家坐坐。’‘我一定去。’‘怎么，你
倒是来不来呀’”（页88）不同方言间的交流
确实有很多笑点，而对于现在的社会来说，普通话已成王道，但是“推广普通话，是为
的消除方言之间的隔阂，而不是禁止和消灭方言”（页100）。方言作为非物质文化遗产，我
们每个人 都应去保护。
虽然第八章是在讲“文字改革”，但是从历史来看，吕叔湘先生提出的“拼音文字”并没
有实行。如果仅用拼音来表示汉字，那么将会失去汉字艺术。姑且不论文化层面，从实施的
角度看拼音 文字也无法推行。如上课老师让念的《施氏食狮史》，全用拼音代替就很难理解；
再如一些同音词，若只 写“zhi ai”，即使加上音调，读者也会一头雾水，不知道是“致癌”
还是“治癌”，恰好这两个 词的意思大相径庭，会带来很深的误解。不过发展到现在，《汉语
拼音方案》的实施为普通话的推广、人 们的交流做出了很大的贡献。因此，吕叔湘先生的想
法在当时是先进的，但是目前的中国已经解决了这个 问题。在此我也只发表一点小感想。
把这本书读了一 遍，也顺便提出一些问题。如第19页讲到“‘昵女’双声，‘儿尔汝’双
声”，可是没有标出古音，也 即没有严谨的证明，难以令读者信服。再如第28页讲异读字，
给“便秘”的“秘”字标音时标的是bi （四声），而目前的读音是mi（四声）。再如第31页
“从容”的“从”被标为一声，现代汉语词典改 版后已将一声改为二声，所以现在的读者可

能会被误导。
wuthering heights 读书报告
full title · wuthering heights
author · emily bront?
type of work · novel
genre · gothic novel (designed to both horrify and fascinate readers with scenes
of passion and cruelty; supernatural elements; and a dark, foreboding atmosphere);
also realist fiction (incorporates vivid circumstantial detail into a consistently
and minutely thought-out plot, dealing mostly with the relationships of the
characters to one another)
language · english (including bits of yorkshire dialect)
time and place written · in 1846–1847, emily bront? wrote wuthering heights
in the parsonage of the isolated village of haworth, in yorkshire.
date of first publication · 1847
publisher · thomas c. newby
tense · both lockwood’s and nelly’s narrations are in the past tense.
setting (time) · the action of nelly’s story begins in the 1770s; lockwood
leaves yorkshire in 1802.
setting (place) · all the action of wuthering heights takes place in or around
two neighboring houses on the yorkshire moors—wuthering heights and thrushcross
grange.
protagonists · heathcliff, catherine
major conflicts · heathcliff’s great natural abilities, strength of character,
and love for catherine earnshaw all enable him to raise himself from humble
beginnings to the status of a wealthy gentleman, but his need to revenge himself
for hindley’s abuse and catherine’s betrayal leads him into a twisted life of cruelty
and hatred; catherine is torn between her love for heathcliff and her desire to be
a gentlewoman, and her decision to marry the genteel edgar linton drags almost all
of the novel’s characters into conflict with heathcliff.
rising action · heathcliff’s arrival at wuthering heights, hindley’s abusive
treatment of heathcliff, and catherine’s first visit to thrushcross grange set the
major conflicts in motion; once heathcliff hears catherine say it would “degrade”
her to marry him, the conversation between nelly and catherine, which he secretly
overhears, drives him to run away and pursue his vengeance.
climax · catherine’s death is the culmination of the conflict between herself
and heathcliff and removes any possibility that their conflict could be resolved
positively; after catherine’s death, heathcliff merely extends and deepens his drives
toward revenge and cruelty.
falling action · heathcliff destroys isabella and drives her away, takes
possession of young linton, forces catherine and linton to marry, inherits
thrushcross grange, then loses interest in the whole project and dies; hareton
and young catherine are to be engaged to be married, promising an end to the cycle
of revenge.
themes · the destructiveness of a love that never changes; the precariousness

of social class
motifs · doubles, repetition, the conflict between nature and culture
symbols · the moors, ghosts
foreshadowing · lockwood’s initial visit to wuthering heights, in which the
mysterious relationships and lurking resentments between the characters create an
air of mystery; lockwood’s ghostly nightmares, during the night he spends in catherine’
s old bed, prefigure many of the events of the rest of the novel.
wuthering heights 内容摘要总结
in 1801, mr. lockwood, a rich man from the south of england, rents thrushcross
grange in the north of england for peace and recuperation. soon after his arrival,
he visits his landlord, mr. heathcliff, who lives in the remote moorland farmhouse
called wuthering heights. he finds the inhabitants of wuthering heights to be a rather
strange group: mr. heathcliff appears a gentleman but his mannerisms suggest
otherwise; the reserved mistress of the house is in her mid-teens; and a young man
appears to be one of the family, although he dresses and talks like a servant.
being snowed in, mr. lockwood stays the night and is shown to an unused chamber,
where he finds books and graffiti from a former inhabitant of the farmhouse named
catherine. when he falls asleep, he has a nightmare in which he sees catherine as
a ghost trying to enter through the window. heathcliff rushes to the room after hearing
him yelling in fear. he believes mr lockwood is telling the truth, and inspects the
window, opening it in a futile attempt to let catherines spirit in from the cold.
after nothing eventuates, heathcliff shows mr lockwood to his own bedroom, and returns
to keep guard at the window.
as soon as the sun rises, mr lockwood is escorted back to thrushcross grange by
heathcliff. there, he asks his housekeeper, nelly dean, to tell him the story of the
family from the heights.
several months after hindleys return, heathcliff and catherine travel to
thrushcross grange to spy on the linton family. however, they are spotted and
try to escape. catherine, having been caught by a dog, is brought inside the grange
to
in the summer of the next year, frances gives birth to a son, hareton, but she
dies before the year is out. this leads hindley to descend into a life of drunkenness
and waste.
later, catherine talks with nelly, explaining that edgar had asked her to marry
him and she had accepted. she says that she does not really love edgar but heathcliff.
unfortunately she could never marry heathcliff because of his lack of status and
education. she therefore plans to marry edgar and use that position to help raise
heathcliffs standing. unfortunately, heathcliff had overheard the first part about
not being able to marry him and runs away, disappearing without a trace. after three
years, edgar and catherine are married.
six months after the marriage, heathcliff returns as a gentleman, having grown
stronger and richer during his absence. catherine is delighted to see him although
edgar is not so keen. edgars sister, isabella, now eighteen, falls in love with
heathcliff, seeing him as a romantic hero. he despises her but encourages the

infatuation, seeing it as a chance for revenge on edgar. when he embraces isabella
one day at the grange, there is an argument with edgar which causes catherine to lock
herself in her room and fall ill.
heathcliff has been staying at the heights, gambling with hindley and teaching
hareton bad habits. hindley is gradually losing his wealth, mortgaging the farmhouse
to heathcliff to repay his debts.
while catherine is ill, heathcliff elopes with isabella. the fugitives marry and
return two months later to wuthering heights. heathcliff hears that catherine is ill
and arranges with nelly to visit her in secret. in the early hours of the day after
their meeting, catherine gives birth to her daughter, cathy, and then dies.
the day after catherines funeral, isabella flees heathcliff and escapes to the
south of england where she eventually gives birth to linton, heathcliffs son. hindley
dies six months after catherine. heathcliff finds himself the master of wuthering
heights and the guardian of hareton.
twelve years later, cathy has grown into a beautiful, high-spirited girl who has
rarely passed outside the borders of the grange. edgar hears that isabella is dying
and leaves to pick up her son with the intention of adopting him. while he is gone,
cathy meets hareton on the moors and learns of her cousins and wuthering heights
existence.
edgar returns with linton who is a weak and sickly boy. although cathy is attracted
to him, heathcliff wants his son with him and insists on having him taken to the
heights.
three years later, nelly and cathy are on the moors when they meet heathcliff
who takes them to wuthering heights to see linton and hareton. he has plans for linton
and cathy to marry so that he will inherit thrushcross grange. cathy and linton begin
a secret friendship.
in august of the next year, while edgar is very ill, nelly and cathy visit
wuthering heights and are held captive by heathcliff who wants to marry his son to
cathy and, at the same time, prevent her from returning to her father before he dies.
after five days, nelly is released and cathy escapes with lintons help just in time
to see her father before he dies.
with heathcliff now the master of both wuthering heights and thrushcross grange,
cathy has no choice but to leave nelly and to go and live with heathcliff and hareton.
linton dies soon afterwards and, although hareton tries to be kind to her, she retreats
into herself. this is the point of the story at which lockwood arrives. after being
ill with a cold for some time, lockwood decides that he has had enough of the moors
and travels to wuthering heights to inform heathcliff that he is returning to the
south.
in september, eight months after leaving, lockwood finds himself back in the area
and decides to stay at thrushcross grange (since his tenancy is still valid until
october). he finds that nelly is now living at wuthering heights. he makes his way
there and she fills in the rest of the story.
nelly had moved to the heights soon after lockwood left to replace the housekeeper
who had departed. in march, hareton had an accident and has been confined to the

farmhouse. during this time, a friendship developed between cathy and hareton. this
continues into april when heathcliff begins to act very strangely, seeing visions
of catherine. after not eating for four days, he is found dead in catherines room.
he is buried next to catherine.篇五：读书报告
《社会救助法律制度研究》
读书报告
政治与公共管理学院
公共管理1301班
2013405044
李佳彤
受法大法学氛围的熏陶和老师精选书目的推荐，我选择了曹明睿老师的《社会救助法律
制度研究》来做读书报告。以前，个人对社会救助及其法律制度的了解非常局限，甚至对其
针对的群体概 念也非常模糊。通过本书的阅读，对社会救助及其法律制度的历史、现实、理
论、实践都有了一定了解， 对社会救助及其立法也产生了一定想法。
本书结构清晰，学术研究性强。作者的社会责任感和人文主义精神流露在字里行间。全
书分为四个部分：第一部分是对社会救助法律制度的历史考察。从空间维度上，述评了美国、
日本、英国 、瑞典和我国台湾地区的社会救助法律制度；从时间跨度上，由古代，近现代到
当代论述中国社会救助法 律制度的变迁。第二部分是对社会救助法律制度的理论分析。包括
社会救助法律制度的部门归属、基本理 念剖析和
理论支持、价值分析。第三部分是对社会现行社会救助法律制度运行绩效的分析，制度
缺陷的原因分析和改进路径可依赖的背景。第四部分是阐述中国的统一社会救助立法的构想。
包括立法体 系和立法理念选择，贫困线确立原则与救助对象选择，救助范围确定和救助方式
选择，救助资金筹集与救 助申领程序制度，救助机构准入与法律责任制度。
首先明确几个基本问题。社会救助法律制度主要是为解决现实社会生活中客观存在的贫
困问题而提出的制度化对策。其义务主体是国家和社会，权利主体是全体公民。书中贫困主
要是物质财富 占有的缺乏，导致贫困的原因包括经济增长和财富分配两方面。其中，财富分
配不公导致的贫困是局部的 、民众可以选择的，需要通过改革不公的社会分配制度实现。同
时，在读书过程中我也认识到，要顺利进 行此项改革，必然会冲击既有的利益格局，牵动方
方面面，面临平衡各方利益的难题。但是，收入分配改 革必须果断攻坚。如果收入分配长期
不合理，容易造成穷者愈穷，富者愈富，中间阶层的经济压力不断加 大；如果收入分配问题
长期不能从制度深层解决，任何局部改革只能事倍功半，边际效益越来越差。收入 分配问题
不仅仅是经济问题，也是社会问题，甚至是政治问题，关系到社会能否长期保持和谐稳定。作为青年人，要具备高度的责任感使命感，勇于探究这些“老大难”问题。“社会救济与其说
济贫， 莫如说是一种国民收入的重
新分配，使低收入与高收入者之间的差距趋于缩小。”社会救助法律制度是确保每个人都
有基本的生活资源、补救社会财富分配不公的制度设计和安排。社会救助的对象也是广泛的：
包括需要 长期救助的人和短期救助的人，下岗，失业的城镇户口居民和收入较少的农民群体，
自然灾害致贫的灾民 和“特殊人员救助”都包括在内。在现代福利国家，社会救助只是国家
和社会组织为社会中处于困难状态 的人口，或有特殊需要的人口提供帮助的一种形式。社会
救助和其它一些制度安排，如社会保险一起，对 公民提供保护，减少他们生活中的风险。这
时，是否处于贫困状态，除了灾害和急难等可以直接判断的情 况，还涉及贫困线制度来进行
测量和筛选。我认为，针对不同的社会群体、不同的致贫原因，采取的社会 救助方式也应不
同，这时，具体可靠的社会救助法律制度就尤为重要。
而是缺乏高度重视社会救助法律制度研究的意识。针对这个问题，个人认为需要政府和