英语语法-形容词、副词
阳原一中-山西华澳
形容词、副词：
（一）形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1、形容词的句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
2、形容词在句子中的位置：
⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：a big yellow
wooden
wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The
price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合
理)
⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：We must try our best to keep
our environment
clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
⑷后置的情况：①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious
has happened
to him.(他发生了严重的事故)②与表示长、宽、高、重、老、远
离的词连用时形容词后置。
如：He's 1.8 metres
tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000
kilometres away from
the earth.(月球离地38万公里)
3、有关形容词的用法辨析：
⑴
whole与all：记住两个词序：① the whole + 名词； ②all (of) the +
名词。如：He was
busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙)
He can remember all the words he
learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)
⑵ tall与high, s
hort与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物时一般用high与low。
如
：He's very tallshort.(他个子高矮) Tall trees are
standing on both sides of that
avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) A few people live on
high mountains.(少量的人住在高
山上)
⑶ real与true：rea
l一般指东西的真假,译为真的；而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为
真实的。如：This
is a real diamond(钻石) and it's very
expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,
非常贵) --Is that
true?-Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗？
是的,我亲耳所听)
⑷ interested与interesting的区别：interest
ing指人或东西有趣的作定语或表语,而
interested则表示人对别的事物感兴趣的只能作表
语。如：The man is very interesting and
all the
children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他) This book is
interesting and you
can really enjoy
yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) I am interested in
science.(我
对自然科学感兴趣)
⑸ such用法： such + a(n)
+ 名词(单数)(+that从句)。如：I have never seen such a
foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) He had such
a terrible accident that
he could never forget
it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)
⑹ good与well：表示好时,作定语
或表语用good,作状语用well；表示身体)好时用well.
如：Doing sports
is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) Study well and make
progress
every day.(好好学习,天天向上) --How are
you?-I am very well.(你好吗？我很好。)
⑺ nice与fine：的区别
：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；fine一般指身体
或天气好。如：Let's
go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧)
She
is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) What a fine
day!(多好的天气！) He's fine
recently(最
近).(近来他身体不错)
⑻ too
much与much too：too much表示太多的修饰事物数量；much
too表示太过,过
分修饰形容词或副词。如：I am full because I have
had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃
了太多的米饭) That coat
is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)
⑼ quick、fast与soon：q
uick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速
度快,而soon
则表示时间上很快即将发生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried
to school
leaving his bag at
home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) A train is
much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) His
father will be back to China very
soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)
⑽lonely与alone：lonely是表示
心理活动的形容词,意思是：孤独的,寂寞的作定语或表语；
alone的意思是：独自的,单独的指无
人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如：
He lives alone but
he doesn't feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独) He is a
lonely
person. You can not easily get on well
with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)
⑾ other与else的区别
：两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前；else修
饰不定代词、疑问词、l
ittle、much,后置,另外,or else表示否则是连词。如：The other
students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) Who
else can work out this maths
problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题？) This is nobody else's
money. It's mine.(这不是别
的什么人的钱,是我的。) Do you
have anything else to say for
yourself?(你还有什么要为
自己说的吗？
⑿ special与especial
的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special
较为常用。另外,spe
cial还可以表示特别的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to
clothes.(她非常注重着装) These are special chairs
for small children.(这些是专门给小孩
子的椅子)
⒀
gone、lost、missing的区别：gone表示丢了,没了含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示
死了作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lost表示丢失含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾
补；m
issing表示失踪了,不见了强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如：My
fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a
cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) The parents
found the
lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) My dictionary
is 's
taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) For more
detailed information(详情) of the
missing girls,
please visit our
website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的
网站)
⒁ li
ving、alive、live、lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live生活、居住。livin
g读['liviN]
有三个意思：①活着的、现存的作表语或定语,②一模一样的、逼真的③相当于l
ively,
意思是强烈的、活泼的；live读[laiv],指东西活的可以替换为living；
alive读[['laiv]作表
语,指人活着的如果作定语,则放在名词的后面；lively读[
'laivli]有三个意思：①有生气的、
活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。
例如：A living language should be learned
orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动
句) We have a
living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功)
Is she still
alive?(她还活着吗？) They are the
happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子)
This
is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) A live wire(电线) is
dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的)
She is as lively as a
kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) He gave a lively
description of the
football
match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)
⒂ sick与ill区别：sick和ill都表示生
病的但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。
如：He has been
illsick for a long time and he is very weak
now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚
弱) Vets help treat
sick pets and most of the pets' owners like
them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的
宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)
⒃ the
poor(穷人们) the
rich(富人们)等用法：形容词这一结构可以表示一类人物,复
数含义。如：We must
try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) The
rich
never know how the poor are
living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)
（二）副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地
点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词
程度的词叫做副词。
1、副词的分类：(见下表)
时 间 副 词 频度副词 地点方位副词
程度副词 方式副词 疑问连接副词 其他副词
today, tomorrow, once,
here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also,
yesterday, now, twice, home, below, enough,
hard, where, nor, so,
then, early, late,
always, anywhere, rather, quite, alone, when, as,
on,off,
once, soon, just, usually, above,
outside, how, so, fast, why, either,
tonight,
long, often, in, inside, out, much, just,
together, whether yes, no,
already, yet,
before, sometimes, back, up, down, nearly, only
suddenly, however, etc. not,
neither
ago,
later, ever since never, away, off, far, almost,
hardly, -ly结尾 关系副词 maybe,
after, whenever
(seldom), near, nearby, as long as等, 的副词 where,
perhaps,
first, someday, ever, wherever even,
all, why, how certainly,
sometime,
last, everywhere, a little, a bit when,
2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用：
⑴作状语：
① 时间副词：一般放在句首或句
尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句
尾,alread
y、just一般放在动词的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall
tomorrow.(我们明
天要去参观长城) They have already been
to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次) Soon
the lost boy
found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
② 频度副
词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还
可以放
在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three
times等一般放在
句尾。如：Sometimes I get up
early.(我有时起得早) The workers usually have lunch at
the
factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) Take this medicine
twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
③
方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：Old
people can hardly walk as quickly as young
people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样
快) Suddenly he saw a
light in the dark
cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一
丝亮光)
④
地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如：There you can see
thousands
of bikes running in all
directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流
动) The
frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了) He walked out
quietly and
turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
⑤ 程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。
但
注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修
饰的词的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he
did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉
我,我几乎把那事全忘了)
It was so strange that I could hardly believe my
ears.(它那么奇
怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) She got to the
station early enough to catch the first
bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)
⑥
疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如：When and where were
you
born?(你何时何地出生？) Why did little Edison sit
on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在
鸡蛋上？) How do you
do?(你好！)
⑦ 连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。How
I am going
to kill the cat is still a
question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题) That is why everyone
is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) He
wondered how he could do it the
next
day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)
⑧
关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如：This is the place where Mr
Zhang
once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方) Please tell
me the way how you have learned
English so
well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)
⑨
其它副词：too也用在句尾；also放在动词前；either
也不放在句尾；nor也不放
在句首；so如此,这样放在形容词、副词前；onoff开关放在动词
之后；not放在be之
后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；maybeperhaps放在句首；
certainly放在句首或
动词之前。如：He went to the Palace
Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,
我也去了)
Maybe your ticket is in your inside
pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)
--Tom doesn't have a
computer. -Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)
(2)作
表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如：
I'm very sorry he isn't in at the
moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家) I have been away from my
hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了)
Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那
边)
(3)作定语：时间副
词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后
面。如：People
now often have their festival dinners at
restaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐
馆里吃节日晚宴) Women there
were living a terrible life in the
1920s.(在二十世纪20年代
那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)
(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如：Put your dirty
socks away, Jim!
They are giving out bad
smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！它们在散发着臭气。) Father kept
him
in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)
[注意]
动词+副词的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如：He wrote down the
word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)
3、有关副词的重要注释：
⑴ as…as…常构成一些词组：as soon
as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词
副词+as
possible(尽可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as
you get to Beijing.(请
你一到北京就给我写信。) Miss Gao
hurried to the school gate as quickly as
possible.(高
小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)
[注释]
名词可以表示长达多达…的含义。如：The house costs as
much as
five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。) They
stayed in the
cave(山洞)as long as two
weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)
⑵ later、after、ago、before
的用法：①一段时间+laterago分别表示多久)以后以前
主要用于过去时态。②某个时刻分别表
示在某时刻之后之前此时两个词是
介词。③ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,befor
e用于完成时。如：He had an accident
a week
ago.(一周前出了一个事故) Some years later, the boy became a
very famous
singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家) Have you
been there before?(你从前到过那儿
吗？) After a few
years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)
⑶ above、b
elow、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和
under.如：The stars are high above in the
sky.(星星高挂在空中) A plane flew over
quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)
当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。
⑷ too、
also、either、nor的用法：too(也用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(<
br>也用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；either(也用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；nor(也不
用于倒装句句首；如：Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗？) He is
not happy and I am
not happy,
either.(他不愉快,我也不。) He didn't watch the football
game. Nor did I.(他没
有看足球赛,我也没有。) You can also
find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市
场很好。)
⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法：
enough (足够,十分放在形容词
或副词之后；too(太、very(非常、quite(相当
、so(如此地等放在形容词或副词之
前,very much(非常放在动词之后。如：It's
toosoveryquite expensive.(它太贵那么贵
非常贵相当贵。) I
don't like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果)
[注意]
very与 much的区别：very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰
形容词和副词的比较级；much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如：He
is
very stupid.(他很笨) The film was very moving
and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都
哭了) You must
work much harder or you will fail to enter the
good school.(你得学习更努
力,不然你考不进那所好学校) I don't like
him much.(我不太喜欢他)
⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some
times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一
般现在时、
sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some
time(一
些时间)表示一段时间。如：Sometimes they go hiking in
the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行
到山里去) I will stay here
some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。) I will meet your father
sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)
⑺ how、what用于感叹句的
用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可
能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用w
hat. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好！)
How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀！)
⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否
定句和疑问句。
如：Have you done it already?(你已经做好了？) I
have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没
有吃早饭呢。)
⑼ hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：努力地,猛烈地是否定词,意思是：<
br>几乎不一般与情态动词cancould连用。如：They study English very
hard.(他们英语学
得很刻苦) You can hardly see a person
spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一
个人随地吐痰)
3、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变
化和不规则
变化两种。
2、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er,est ：
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more most.
3、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：
(1)讲述某人物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是：
主语() + 谓语动词 +
(verytoosoquiterather…) + 形容词副词原级 +….
如：He is
very old now.(他现在很老了) They ran quite
fast.(它们跑得相当快) The
weather looks rather
bad.(天气看上去相当糟) I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)
☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型：
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as +
形容词副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +….
如：He is as excited as
his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋) Lily rode her bike
as
slowly as an old lady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢) They
picked as many apples as the
farmers
(did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)
☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型：
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as so + 形容词副词原级 + as
+ 第二个人物
+….
如：He is not so as excited as
his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋) Lily did not ride
her bike so as slowly as an old lady.
(莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) They didn't pick so
as many
apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)
(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型：
主语('A')+谓语动词+(mucha
littleevenstill)+形容词副词比较级+than+第二个人物('B')+….
如：A modern train is much faster than a
car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) This book didn't
cost me
more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是：
主语('A') +
谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物('B') +….
如：I think English is less difficult than
maths.(我认为英语不比数学难) Do you think it less
important to learn a foreign
language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗？)
(3)讲述某人物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是：
主语() + 谓语动词
+(the) +形容词副词最高级 +in of ….
如：The Changjiang
River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河流) He
jumped
(the) highest of the three
(boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)