构词法(初中)
小苗与大树的对话教案-潍坊中学录取标准
构词法
一、中考要求：
中考关于构词法的要求是：了解合
成词、派生词构成的基本知识，掌握一定的单词
转化规则；最经常用到的单词前缀和后缀变化；了解一些
合成词的构成及用法等。
二、知识要点：
合成法
合
成法是英语单词的最基本的构词法。它通常由两个单词合在一起构成与这两个单词
意思有关系和联系的新
单词。合成词的特点是：两个单词合在一起构成新的单词，有时
要加连字符，有时可能有一些词形方面的
变化。例如：
class + room － classroom 教室
black + board － blackboard 黑板
bath + room －
bathroom 浴室 day + dreaming － daydreaming
白
日梦
kind + heart+ed － kindhearted 好心的
good + look+ing － good-looking 好
看的
man +
made － man-made 人造的 well + known － well-known
著名
的
掌握合成法的构词方法会对单词的记忆和生词的推测有很大帮助，例如：
〔例句〕What’s the meaning of the underlined
sentence?
〔解析〕这个句子是阅读理解题中经常出现的一个问题，underlined可
能对一些同学来说
是个生词。我们可以看出它是由under和line加上-
d构成的，因此很容易猜出词义是“下
面划线的”
派生法
派
生法是英语构词法最广泛的，也是最常用的方法。所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或
后缀构成另一个与原意
略有变化或截然相反的词。
前缀
前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。
A.表示否定的前缀
①un-：表示“不” 或相反的动作
例：unfit
不合适的，unhappy 不高兴的，unfair , unknown不被知道的
uncover 揭开， untie松开， unlock开锁，unpack 打开
②dis-：表示“不”
例：discover 发现，disagree 不同意的，
disappear 消失
③in- im-：表示“不”，用于以c, b, m,
p等开头的词。
例：impossible 不可能的，impolite, impatient
incorrect 不正确的, incomplete, inactive
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④ir-：表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词
例：irregular 不规则的
⑤il-：表示“不”，用于以l开头的单词
例：illegal 不合法的
⑥mis-：表示“错误的，不良的”
例：mistake 错误、误拿，misuse
错用，mistrust不信任，misbehavior 不规矩的行为
⑦non-：表示“不”
例：non-stop 不停的，non-smoker
非吸烟者，nonsense 废话
B.表示其他意义的前缀：
①re-
表示“再；又；重”
例：rewrite重写；retell 复述； rebuild重建；
reuse 再用
②a- 表示“的”，多构成表语形容词。例：alone 单独的，alike
相像的；asleep； awake
③tele- 表示“远程的”。例：telephone
电话，television 电视
④en- 表示“使”，构成动词。例：enlarge
扩大，enable 使能够；enjoy；encourage
⑤inter-
表示“关系”。例：Internet 因特网； international 国际的；interview
后缀
后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义。
1）动词或形容词+eror →名词
write v.写→writer n.作者
travel v. 旅行→traveler n.旅客
foreign
adj.外国的→foreigner n.外国人 invent
v.发明→inventor n.发明家
visit v. 参观→ visitor n.参观者
2) 动词+(t)ionsion → 名词
invent
v.发明→invention n.发明 operate
v.做手术→operation n.手术
decide v.决定→ decision决定
attend v. 注意参加→ attention注意
3) 动词+inged →
名词或形容词
build v. 建筑→building n.建筑物
interest v.使感兴趣→interestinginterested adj.
有趣的
please v.使高兴→pleased adj.高兴的
4)
名词+ese →名词和形容词
China n.中国→Chinese n.中国人adj.汉语的
Japan n. 日本→Japanese n. 日本人adj.
日语的
5)
名词或动词+ ful →形容词
help n. 帮助→helpful adj有帮助的
use n. 使用→ useful adj. 有用的
6) 动词+able →
形容词
enjoy v. 喜欢→enjoyable. adj.有趣的
forget v. 忘记→ forgettable adj. 容易被忘
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的
7) 名词+en →形容词
wool
n. 羊毛→woolen adj.羊毛的 wood n. 木材→wooden
adj.木制的
8) 名词+y → 形容词
sun n. 太阳→sunny
adj.阳光灿烂的 cloud n. 云→ cloudy adj.多云的
luck n. 运气→ lucky adj.运气好的 noise n.
响声→noisy adj.喧闹的
smell n. 味道,气味→smelly adj.
有使人难受的气味的,臭的
9）形容词+ly →副词
happy adj
高兴的→happily adv. 高兴地 wide adj. 宽广的→widely
adv. 宽广地
10) 形容词+ness → 名词
good adj.
好的→goodness n.好意 kind adj.
善良的→kindness n.和蔼
happy adj. 开心的→happiness n.
开心
11) 名词+ly →形容词
friend n.
朋友→friendly adj.友好的 love n. 爱→lovely
adj.可爱的
12) 名词+ less →形容词（词义与加ful相反）
care + less →careless adj. 粗心的
help + less →helpless adj. 无助的
13) 名词+ al
→形容词
nation n.民族→national adj. 国家的
education n.教育→educational adj.教育性
的
tradition n. 传统→traditional adj. 传统的
14) 名词+ ist →名词
science n.科学→scientist
n.科学家 piano n.钢琴→pianist n.钢琴家
tour n. 旅游,观光旅行→tourist n. 旅行者，观光客
15）动词+ment → 名词
develop v.发展→development
n.发展 agree v.同意→agreement n. 同意，一致, 协
议
16) 形容词+ ity →名词
able adj.
能够的→ability n.能力，才能 possible
adj.可能的→possibility n. 可
能性
real adj.
真的,真实的→reality n. 现实,实际,真实
17) 名词+ous
→形容词
danger n.危险→dangerous adj.危险的
18) 名词+ish →形容词
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fool n. 愚人，傻瓜→foolish adj.愚蠢的，傻的 child
n.孩子→childish adj.孩子气的，
幼稚的
book n.
书→bookish adj.书生气的
19) 形容词或名词+en →动词
wide adj. 广泛的,宽阔的→widen v. 弄宽 weak
adj. 虚弱的→weaken v. 使...虚
弱,削弱
strength n.
力量→strengthen v. 加强，巩固
20) 名词或形容词+ify →动词
beauty n.美丽→beautify v. 美化,变美,修饰 simple
adj.简单的→simplify v. 简化,
使单纯
21)
形容词+ize →动词
real adj. 真的，真实的→realize v.了解, 实现,
察觉;领悟 memory n.记忆力
→memorize v.记忆
22）动词+ive →形容词
act v. 行为,行动→active adj.
积极的,主动的
attract v. 吸引,有吸引力→attractive adj.
有吸引力的,引起注意的
23）动词+ess →名词（女性）
host
v.主持,做东→hostess n. 女主人 act v.
行动,扮演→actress n. 女
演员
wait v.等待,等候→waitress
n. 女侍者,女服务员
转化法
转化法在英语发展过程中，由于词尾
的基本消失，衍生出一种新的构词法——转化法，
而无须借助词缀，就实现词类的转化。
1)
名词→动词
rain n.雨→rain v.下雨 shop
n. 商店→shop v.购物
water n.水→water v.浇水
land n.陆地→land v.着陆
name n.名字→name v.命名
[注意] 不少动词转化为名词或名词转化为动词，词义没有什么大变化，易于推测出词义。
如
：answer（回答），change(变化), fight(打架), love(爱),
rest(休息), smile(微笑), shout(喊),
study(学习),
talk(谈话), visit(访问), wish(希望), work(工作)等。
2）形容词→动词
last adj.最后的 v.持续 tidy
adj.整洁的 v.使整洁 own adj.自己的 v.
拥有
3) 形容词→名词
back adj.后面的 n.背部，后面
light adj.明亮的 n.灯
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4) 动词→名词
stop v.停止 n.车站
lift v.举起 n.电梯
[注意]
①词形不变，读音的差别（字母s读[z]为动词，读[s]为名词或形容词）
use v.使用
n.用途 excuse v.原谅 n.借口
②词形改变的转化：
live v.生活 life n.生活 fill
v.装满full adj.满的
save v.救safe adj.安全的
enter v.进入entrance n.入口处
different adj.不同的
difference n.不同之处
注意：形容词---名词important--
importance different--difference
强化练习
一、请根据句意，并用其适当形式填空，使句子通顺。
1.___________ (careless) will be a disaster
not only to ourselves but also to patients.
break the ____________ (silent), the teacher told
a joke and the students all laughed right
away.
grandfather still stays healthy in
his (ninety).
4. They often meet and share
their (think), feelings and experiences.
are
two ____________(dictionary) on that shelf.
is not afraid of making a (speak) in front of many
people.
should talk to your teacher when
____________ (feel) sad.
has made little
progress (simple) because he is crazy about
computer games.
I saw him,
he_____________(wait) for the bus at the bus stop.
would rather _________(wear) green than red.
Red is a girl’s colour.
二、根据句意用所给单词的适当形式填空，每空一词。
1.A person who
doesn’t like fishing usually looks__________
(patient) in doing his work.
turning on the
TV, I saw a CCTV reporter__________ (cover)a big
earthquake in
Nepal.
’s very excited about
the __________ (possible)of playing for England’s
first team.
the money we have__________
(success)sent many poor children to school.
young people like posting photos of __________
(they)on Face book. It helps them
get to know
each other.
三、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。（每空不限一词）
1.
The students didn’t understand the question until
it ______________ (explain) again.
2. Alan
wears a pair of red shoes to make himself look
more _______________(power).
3. Don’t knock at
the door with all your _____________ (strong).
4. It’s raining now. I have no choice but
_________________ (stay) at home.
5. Let’s
hurry. There are only two minutes (leave).
6.
Plan your time (careful) if you don’t have enough
time for your homework.
7. It’s the first time
we _______________________ (play) basketball since
Monday.
8. It is worth ___________ (mention)
that Nanjing has entered Top 10 Appealing Chinese
Cities.
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9. Take
the medicine and your headache _____________
(disappear) soon.
10. Susan gave up her job as
an accountant in her _______________ (forty).
课后作业
一、用括号内所给词的适当形式填空(每空不限一词)。
1
Daniel, (not be) late for school next time, or the
teacher will be angry.
2 (chat) with Canadian
teachers and friends is fun, I’ll be glad to talk
with them.
3Tom with his brother (not do) his
homework at home, he finishes it at school.
4Mr. Wu is our Chinese teacher, he
teaches_________(we) Chinese this term.
5 It
is fine today, the boy_______ (exercise) happily
with his friends in the park.
6Everyone in my
class _________(enjoy) listening to pop music
between two classes.
7 My father often helps
my mother ________(wash) the dishes, he is a good
father.
8 China’s first astronaut (航天员) Yang
Liwei and Olympic diving champion (跳水冠军) Wu
Minxia are our ________ (hero ).
二、用所给词的正确形填空
1. I think Wu Qilong is one
of the most popular ________(actor). I am his fan.
2. If you can answer all the questions
________(correct), you will get a gift from the
host.
3. Who do you think is the most suitable
for the ________(student) Union?
4. To reduce
air pollution, we’d better ride more often instead
of ________(drive)．
5. —Did you hear anything
________(usual) in the next door?
—No, I was
chatting online with friends.
6. David fell
________(sleep) in class because he stayed up too
late last night.
7. Take exercise one hour a
day, and you’ll become ________(healthy) than
before.
8. We organized a lot of activities to
celebrate our school’s ________(fifty) birthday
last
month.
9. Wearing red can help you
make a ________(decide)
10. We’re talking
about where ________(spend) our coming summer
holiday.
（be）a volunteer in Ya-an,
Sichuan since the earthquake happened.
12. Mr.
Jiang is a learned person, and he has lots of
（know）.
little girl is very kind and she
always talks to people （polite）.
the
（village）living conditions have changed greatly in
recent years.
teacher did what he could
（make）his class lively.
16. Can you hear
__________ (he) well, Millie?
17. Sandy often
_________ (stay) at home at the weekend.
18.
There are many interesting stories in
their_______(diary).
19. My father
is________(real)a good cook.
20. Listening to
music makes her _________ (feel) great.
三、动词填空
you______ (not be ) quick for the bus , you
will miss the important meeting.
2. Would you
please ______ (not shout) at those poor children?
They are scared.
3. Who can tell me which bus
______ (take). I am completely lost now.
4. We
all think ______ (let) off fireworks near
buildings is dangerous.
5. --- What______
(make) you so happy? --- The winter holiday is
coming soon.
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6. I
don’t think this pair of jeans ______ (fit) you
very well.
7. My favourite food ______ (be)
noodles and dumplings.
8. It’s not polite
______ (knock) on your neighbour’s door like that.
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