化学词汇组词规律

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2020年08月07日 11:34
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英语化学词汇的组词规律
1.化学元素(Chemical elements)
A—音译transliteration




lithium
helium
fluorine
neon




magnesium
manganese
titanium
nickel




selenium
barium
uranium
calcium
B—意译transcribe or free translation




oxygen
hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen




aluminium
silicon
phosphorus
sulphur(sulfur)




bromine
potassium
mercury
sodium
C—意音兼译translation by meaning and pronunciation

iodine

chlorine

arsenic
2.化学基团chemical groups
各种元素element的原子atom组合成分子molecule,按性质可以把分 子分为不同的原子团radicle,
分子中这些具有相对独特性质的原子团,称为官能团functi onal group,或范围更广一点,称作化学
基团chemical group.

-基 -烷 (正1)-醇 -烯 -炔 -酮
methyl methane methanol methylene methyne ketone
甲一
ethyl ethane ethanol ethylene ethyne ketene
乙二
propyl propane propanol propylene proyne propanone
丙三
butyl butane butanol butylene butyne butanone
丁四
pentylene戊二烯
pentyl pentane pentanol pentyne pentanone
戊五
pentene 戊烯
hexyl hexane hexanol hexylene hexyne hexanone
己六
heptyl heptane heptanol heptylene heptyne heptanone
庚七
octyl octane octanol octylene octyne octanone
辛八
nonyl nonane nonanol nonylene nonyne nonanone
壬九
decatyl decane decanol decylene decyne decanone
癸十
说明:-ol表示醇羟基,-an与烷有关,表示是饱和状态,-e n与烯有关,有不饱和的意义,相应的
饱和状态的羟基即醇-anol,不饱和状态的羟基即酚- enol。在结构较为复杂的醇类化合物中,常常只
用-ol;酮-one是相当于用氧o替换了烯- ene中的一个碳,二者均为不饱和结构。
ether(醚),ester(酯),只要在化学基后加 上这两个词,就获得了两组英文词。例如:甲醚methyl ether,
甲酯methyl ester。
3.化合物类别及化学官能团Classes of compounds and functional groups
化合物类别






官能团
烷基

hydrocarbon
alkane
alkene
alkyne
benzene
alcohol






hydroxybenzenephenol
ether
ketone
aldehyde
acid
anhydride

亚胺

亚砜


amine
imine
nitrile
sulfoxide
sulfone
alkalibase
alkyl
羟基
hydroxyl
羰基
carbonyl
1


苯基
苄基
phenyl
benzyl
氨基
硝基
amino
nitryl
羧基
酰基
carboxyl
acyl
其他官能团(注意类别)
甲酰基
乙酰基
丙烯酰基
硝酰基
亚硝酰基
硫酰基
磷酰基
formyl
acetyl
acryl
nitroxyl
nitrosyl
sulfonylsulfuryl
phosphoryl
tolylcresyl
甲苯基
biphenyldiphenyl
联苯基
phenoxyl
苯氧基
phenethyl
苯乙基

巯基
mercapto

乙烯基
丁二烯基
聚二烯基

烯丙基


vinyl
bivinyldivinyl
polyvinyl

allyl


4.前缀和后缀prefix and suffix
(1)前缀
A.表示取代位置的前缀
prefixes
正normal-, n-
同分异构,iso-
原,邻ortho-, o-
偏,间meta-, m-
对para-, p-
顺cis-
反trans-
环cyclo-
B.表示取代数量的前缀
戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的数目,而 五、六、七等数字表示在一
个独立单位内,共存在几个相同的相对独立的个体。
prefixes
单,一mono-
双,二di-或bi-
三tri-
四tetra-
五penta-
六hexa-
七hepta-
八octa-
C.表示旋光性的前缀
prefixes
右旋dextro-
左旋levo-
消旋dl-
D.表示氧化程度的前缀
prefixes
高,过per-
低,亚proto-

examples
n-phosphate正磷酸盐
isobutyl异丁基;isoenzyme同功酶,isoelectric point等电点
o-hydroxyl benzoate邻羟基苯甲酸
m-xylene =m-dimethylbenzene间二甲苯
p-aminophenol对-氨基酚
cis-platin顺铂(铂platinum)
trans-isomer反式异构体
cyclodextrin环糊精
examples
monoacid一元酸,m onoamine一元胺或单胺(单胺氧化酶为
monoamine oxidase)
有时二者通用,di-在化学中使用较多
triacetamide三乙酰胺
tetraacetate四乙酸盐(酯),
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid乙二胺四乙酸EDTA
pentabutyryl glucose五丁酰葡萄糖
hexachlorocyclohexane六氯环己烷,即六六六
heptadiene庚二烯,heptadecane diacid十七烷二酸
octadecyl bromide十八烷基溴, octyl formate甲酸辛酯
examples
Dextroglucose右旋葡萄糖
Levodopa左旋多巴(抗帕金森药)
dl- methyldopa消旋甲基多巴(抗高血压)
examples
potassium permanganate高锰酸钾,
calcium perphosphate过磷酸钙
protochloride低氯化物,氯化亚某
stannumtin protochloride氯化亚锡
2


次hypo-
焦pyro-
E.其他常用前缀:
prefixes
聚poly-
微,弱,亚sub-
半semi-
假,伪,异pseudo-
(2)后缀
hypochlorous acid次氯酸
sodium pyrophosphate焦磷酸钠
examples
polypropylene聚丙烯
subacid微酸(性),subacidity弱酸性
semi- synthesis半合成
pseudobutylene 2-丁烯,异丁烯
pseudo-sapogenins假皂苷类
A.糖-ose
例:葡萄糖glucose
B.酶-ase或enzyme
例:乳糖酶lactase;胞内酶intracellular enzyme
C.醛-al或aldehyde
例:氯醛chloral
D.胺-amine
例:氯胺chloramine
E.苯胺-aniline
例:硝基苯胺nitroaniline
F.酰胺-amide
例:乙酰胺acetamide
G.酰亚胺-imide
例:聚酰亚胺polyimide
H.后缀-ide、-ate、-ite的比较与分析
例:硫酸 sulfuric acid
亚硫酸 sulfurous acid
硫化物 sulfide :硫化钠 sodium sulfide
硫酸盐 sulfate :硫酸钠 sodium sulfate
亚硫酸盐 sulfite :亚硫酸钠 sodium sulfite
磷酸 phosphoric acid
亚磷酸 phosphorous acid
磷化物 phosphide: 二磷化钙calcium phosphide
磷酸盐 phosphate: 磷酸钙calcium phosphate
亚磷酸盐 phosphite:亚磷酸钙calcium phosphite
硝酸 nitric acid
亚硝酸 nitrous acid
氮化物 nitride: 一氮化三钠 sodium nitride
硝酸盐nitrate: 硝酸钠 sodium nitrate
亚硝酸盐 nitrite: 亚硝酸钠sodium nitrite
碳酸 carbonic acid
含碳的 carbonous
碳化物 carbonide: 碳化钙calcium carbonide
碳酸盐 carbonate: 碳酸钠sodium carbonate
特例:盐酸hydrochloric acid,只有氢氯化物hydrochloride的形式,翻译成盐酸某某某。
5.翻译方法methods of translation
(1)顺式翻译
例:
polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)聚四氟乙烯,poly (聚),tetra(四),fluoro(氟,氟基),ethylene

3


(乙烯)
hydrocyanic acid 氢氰酸
acrylonitrile dipolymer 丙烯腈二聚物
(2)反式翻译
例:
A.化学酸与化学元素化合时:
Sodium hydroxide(氢氧化钠),英文中钠在前,中文里钠在后。
B.化学酸与化学基团化合时:
Butyl acetoacetate,aceto是acetyl(乙酰基、醋酸基)的变体
Ethyl thiocarbonate
thio与sulfuric的差别:thio 是“含硫的,硫代的”,指硫代替了其他原子,如噻吩,英文名为
thiofuran,直译为“硫代呋 喃”,相当于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替,得到的化合物。Sulfuric的含义则是
以硫为基础,与其他 原子形成的基团或化合物,看下面的词sodium thiosulphate(硫代硫酸钠),硫
代替了硫酸根上的一个氧。
1-异丙氨基-3-[对-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基]-2-丙醇
1-[4-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基]-3-[(1-甲基乙基) 氨基] -2-丙醇
1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol
1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl) amino] propan-2-ol
#Develop
的译法


表示(开始)得了某种疾病

– Some people develop skin rashes when they take sulfas.
有些人服用磺胺药物
后会出现皮疹。

– If one is discovered to have developed high blood- pressure or heart-disease, he is
immediately transferred to light work.
如果发现谁得了高血压或心脏病,就立即调去
做较轻松的工作。

– Lung fever develops from flu.
肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。

– She developed symptoms of consumption.
她出现了肺结核症状。

– He developed a cough.
他开始咳嗽了。


用于动、植物的生长等

– The bud developed into a blossom.
花蕾开出了鲜花。

– Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals.
陆地动物被认
为是由海洋动物进化而来的。

– Warm rains and summer suns develop the plants.
和暖的雨水和夏日的阳光促
使植物生长。

– The fetus develops lungs relatively late in the gestation period.
在妊娠期胎儿的
肺生长得相对慢些。

– An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed.
我们培育出的优良品
种就是一例。

– Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease.
果然,
80%
的庄稼
都染上了这种病。

– A chicken develops in the egg.
鸡在蛋中发育。


4



(电影、相照)胶卷的冲洗等也常用此词

– The photographers developed the film by treating it with chemicals.
摄影师用
化学药剂使底片显影。

– He was in the dark room developing his films.
他在暗室洗相片。

– This type of film develops in twenty minutes.
冲洗此类软片需要
20
分钟。


在 科技文章中,除经常译成

研制、发展、开发、设计

等外,还可以译成:< br>
– Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of the assembly line.
另一
个名叫亨利
·
福特的美国人萌发了装配线的主意。

– A series of volcanic eruptions developed along the fault.
一系列的火山爆发正在断层带酝酿。


此外,
develop
一词有时可不必译出。



a motor that develops 100 h.p.
一台
100
马力的发动机。

Package Insert
The information in a package insert follows a standard format for every medication.
After some identifying information such as the Brand Name and Generic Name of the
product, the following sections appear
sections





Description 性状
Clinical Pharmacology 药理作用
Indications and Usage 适应症
Contraindications 禁忌症
Warning 注意事项

Precautions 注意事项
Adverse Reactions 不良反应
Overdosage 药物过量
Dosage and Administration 用法用量
How Supplied 外观、包装、及贮藏





Package inserts for some medicines also include sections such as Drug Interactions,
Drug Abuse and Dependence. If matters on Drug Abuse and Dependence are potential
problems, and some begin with Warnings,which highlight especially serious (often
life-threatening) adverse reactions that have been reported.
Drug Name
 Brand Name 商品名
=Trade Name
(name with registered trademark)


Generic Name 非专利名称, 通用名
翻译方法:
► 音译: Atropine 阿托品
► 谐音译: Reserpine 利血平
► 意译: Tablet Tribromidi 三溴片

5


► 意音结合:Neostigmine Bromide溴化新斯的明
► 中文译名的转化:Penicillin盘尼西林→青霉素
Description


chemical name and structure
Dosage form and administration
► tablet form, capsule, liquid, etc.
► given-by mouth (oral administration), by injection, by adding it to a solution
being given via an intravenous (IV) line (parenteral administration), and so forth.
 inactive ingredients
► filler, artificial color,or flavoring
Clinical Pharmacology
 How the medicine works in the body: absorption, elimination, and effects at
various concentrations.
 Studies in different groups of people: children, elderly people, women, or people of
different races.











(Sometimes) The results of studies for different purposes
Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical Data
Clinical Use
Clinical Effect
Mode of Mechanism of Action
Pharmacological Actions
Therapeutical Action
Toxicology
Uses (indications) approved by regulatory agencies
相关词汇:
药理作用的常见相关标题
Indications and Usage
indication 适应症
action and use 作用与用途
usage 用途
treatment 主治
Dosage and Administration
 常见给药途径:
orally 口服
intramuscularly 肌注
intravenously 静注
subcutaneously 皮下
locally 局部给药


剂量单位:
6


mg, ml, IU (International Unit)


性别
年龄
male, female
adult, children, infant, newborn
children under 18 years old
children under 12 years of age
children aged 6-10 years
over 10 years of age
 服药时间和次数:
every day, a day, per day, daily
every other day, two-daily
every eight hours, eight-hourly
oncetwicethree times a day
per kilo of body weight
mgkgday
 剂量和服法
once daily for 10-15 days or
0.5-1.0 mgkgday
One capsule daily, before breakfast or 10-14 hours before retiring.
- or adhere to the instructions of the physician 遵医嘱
Warnings, Precautions


Warnings: serious side effects
► Box Warning: especially severe or life-threatening problems
Precautions: advises how to use the medication most safely and effectively
► Laboratory tests before taken or during in use
► Activities required special caution
► Information on pregnancy nursingmothers children
older people
► Drugfood Interactions
 常用标题:
causions, precausions, warning, note, notice, attention
Adverse Reactions
 all the side effects reported
Everything that happened to people (and sometimes also animals) regardless of
whether it actually had any connection to the medicine.
 常见标题:
adverse reactions, by-effects, side effects, toxicity reactions
Contraindications


contra- indications
7


 If you have a significant medical disorder, this is the place to find out whether it's
likely to cause a problem if you take this medicine
Drug Abuse and Dependence
 This section tells whether this medicine could be abused or cause psychological
or physical dependence.
 Have used a dependency-causing medicine for a while, If you want to stop taking
it, the dosage will have to be tapered very slowly
Overdosage
 This section tells what the results of a large overdose of the medicine are likely to
be and how they should be treated.
 This kind of information is mainly useful to medical personnel.
 常见标题:
overdosage, treatment of overdosage
How Supplied
 all the available forms:
Each one is described by color, shape, and markings
If you have a liquid, is it a suspension that needs to be shaken before use?
 storage instructions
 Manufd. Date & Expiration Date
Use before,Shelf-life,storage life
 Lot No.
Batch No.
 Manufacturer
 References
Literature
Other Items

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