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《美国宪法》（中英文）附宪法修正案
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美国宪法
序言
我们美利坚合众 国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国
内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和 确保我们自己及我们後代能安享自
由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条
第一款 本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和
一个众议院组成。
第二款 众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具
有该州州议会中人数最多之一 院的选举人所需之资格。凡年龄未满二十五岁，或
取得合众国公民资格未满七年，或於某州当选而并非该 州居民者，均不得任众议
员。众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人
口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末
被课税的印第安 人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调
查，应於合众国国会第一次会议後三年内 举行，并於其後每十年举行一次，其调
查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众 议员一人，但
每州至少应有众议员一人 在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众
议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及 普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康
涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里 兰
六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。任何一
州的众议员有 缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。众
议院应选举该除议长及其他官员 只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

第三款 合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的

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任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员於第一次选举後举行会议之时，
应当立即尽量均等地分 成三组。第一组参议员的任期，到第二年年终时届满，第
二组到第四年年终时届满，第三组到第六年年终 时届满，俾使每两年有三分之一
的参议员改选 如果在某州州议会休会期间，有参议员因辞职或其它 原因出缺，
该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员，等到州议会下次集会时，再予选举补缺。凡
年龄 未满三十岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满九年，或於某州当选而并非该州居
民者，均不得任参议员。合众 国副总统应为参议院议长，除非在投票票数相等时，
议长无投票权。参议院应选举该院的其他官员，在副 总统缺席或执行合众国总统
职务时，还应选举临时议长。所有弹劾案，只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理 弹
劾案时，参议员们均应宣誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统，则应由最高法院首
席大法官担任 主席 在末得出席的参议员的三分之二的同意时，任何人不得被
判有罪。弹劾案的判决，不得超过免 职及取消其担任合众国政府任何有荣誉、有
责任或有俸给的职位之资格 但被判处者仍须服从另据法律所作之控诉、审讯、
判决及惩罚。
第四款 各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序
但国会得随时以法律制定或变更此 种规定，惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。国会
应至少每年集会一次，开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一 ，除非他们通过法律
来指定另一个日期。
第五款 参众两院应各自审查本院的选举、选举 结果报告和本院议员的资格，
每院议员过半数即构成可以议事的法定人数 不足法定人数时，可以一 天推一
天地延期开会，并有权依照各该议院所规定的程序和罚则，强迫缺席的议员出席。
参众两 院得各自规定本院的议事规则，处罚本院扰乱秩序的议员，并且得以三分
之二的同意，开除本院的议员。 参众两院应各自保存一份议事记录，并经常公布，
惟各该院认为应保守秘密之部分除外 两院议员对 於每一问题之赞成或反对，
如有五分之一出席议员请求，则应记载於议事记录内。在国会开会期间，任一 议
院未得别院同意，不得休会三日以上，亦不得迁往非两院开会的其他地点。
第六款 参 议员与众议员得因其服务而获报酬，报酬的多寡由法律定之，并
由合众国国库支付。两院议员除犯叛国罪 、重罪以及扰乱治安罪外，在出席各该
院会议及往返各该院途中，有不受逮捕之特权 两院议员在议院内所发表之演

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说及辩论，在其它场合不受质询。 参议员或众议员不得在其当选任期内担任合众
国政府任何新添设的职位，或在其任期内支取因新职位而增 添的俸给 在合众
国政府供职的人，不得在其任职期间担任国会议员。
第七款 有关徵税的所有法案应在众议院中提出 但参议院得以处理其它
法案的方式，以修正案提出建议或表 示同意。经众议院和参议院通过的法案，在
正式成为法律之前，须呈送合众国总统 总统如批准，便 须签署，如不批准，
即应连同他的异议把它退还给原来提出该案的议院，该议院应将异议详细记入议事记录，然後进行复议。倘若在复议之後，该议院议员的三分之二仍然同意通过
该法案，该院即应将 该法案连同异议书送交另一院，由其同样予以复议，若此另
一院亦以三分之二的多数通过，该法案即成为 法律。但遇有这样的情形时，两院
的表决均应以赞同或反对来定，而赞同和反对该法案的议员的姓名，均 应由两院
分别记载於各该院的议事记录之内 。 如总统接到法案後十日之内 (星期日除
外) ，不将之退还，该法案即等於曾由总统签署一样，成为法律¨准有当国会休
会因而无法将该法案退还时， 该法案才不得成为法律。任何命令、决议或表决 (有
关休会问题者除外) ，凡须由参议院及众议院予以同意者，均应呈送合众国总统
经其此准之後，方始生效，如总统不予 批准，则参众两院可依照对於通过法案所
规定的各种规则和限制，各以三分之二的多数，再行通过。
第八款 国会有权规定并徵收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税，用以偿付国债
并为合众国的共 同防御和全民福利提供经费 但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税，
在合众国内应划一徵收 以合众国的信用举债 管理与外国的、州与州间的，
以及对印第安部落的贸易 制定在合众国内一致适用的归化条例，和有关破产
的一致适用的法律 铸造货币，调议其价值，并厘定外币价值，以及制定度量
衡的标准 制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例 设立邮政局及延造驿
路 为促进科学和实用技艺的进步，对作家和发明家的著作和发明，在一定期
限内给予专利权的保障 设置最高法院以下的各级法院 界定并惩罚海盗罪、
在公海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行; 宣战，对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及采
取报复行动的特许证，制定在陆地和海面虏获战利晶的规则 募集和维持陆军，
但每次拨充该项费用的款项，其有效期不得超过两年 配备和保持海军; 制定
有开管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例 制定召集民兵的条例，以便执行联邦法

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律，镇压叛乱和击退侵略 规定民兵的组织、装备和训练，以及民兵为 合众国
服务时的管理办法，但各州保留其军官任命权，和依照国会规定的条例训练其民
团的权力 ; 对於由某州让与而由国会承受，用以充当合众国政府所在地的地区
(不逾十哩见方) ，握有对其一切事务的全部立法权 对於经州议会同意，向州
政府购得，用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵 工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方，也
握有同样的权力 －－并且为了行使上述各项权力，以及行 使本宪法赋予合众
国政府或其各部门或其官员的种种权力，制定一切必要的和适当的法律。
第九款 对於现有任何一州所认为的应准其移民或入境的人，在一八O八年以前，
国会不得加以 禁止，但可以对入境者课税，惟以每人不超过十美元为限。不得中
止人身保护令所保障的特权，惟在叛乱 或受到侵犯的情况下，出於公共安全的必
要时不在此限。不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案或者追溯既往的法 律。除非按本宪
法所规定的人口调查或统计之比例，不得徵收任何人口税或其它直接税。对各州
输出之货物，不得课税。任何有关商务或纳税的条例，均不得赋予某一州的港口
以优惠待遇 亦不得 强迫任何开往或来自某一州的船苹，驶入或驶出另一州，
或向另一州纳税。除了依照法律的规定拨款之外 ，不得自国库中提出任何款项
一切公款收支的报告和帐目，应经常公布。合众国不得颁发任何贵族爵位: 凡是
在合众国政府 担任有俸给或有责任之职务者，末经国会许可，不得接受任何国王、
王子或外国的任何礼物、薪酬、职务 或爵位。
第十款 各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联 不得对民用船苹颁发捕
押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证 不得铸造货币 不得发行纸币 不得指定
金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币 不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案、
追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律 也不得颁发任何贵族爵位。 未经国会
同意，各州不得对进口货物或出口货物徵收任何税款，但为了执行该州的检查法
律而有 绝对的必要时，不在此限 任何州对於进出囗货物所徵的税，其净收益
应归合众国国库使用 所 有这一类的检查法律，国会对之有修正和监督之权。
未经国会同意，各州不得徵收船舶吨位税，不得在和 平时期保持军队和军舰，不
得和另外一州或国缔结任何协定或契约，除非实际遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容 缓
的危急情形时，不得从事战争。
第二条

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第一款 行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。总统任期四年，总统和具有同样
任期的副总统，应照下列手续选举 : 每州应依照该州州议会所规定之手续，指定
选举人若干名，其人数应与该州在国会之参议员及众议员之总 数相等 但参讥
员、众议员及任何在合众国政府担任有责任及有俸给之职务的人，均不得被指定为选举人。各选举人应於其本身所属的州内集会，每人投票选举二人，其中至少
应有一人不属本州居 民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单，注明每人所得票数 他
们还应签名作证明，并将封印後的名单送 至合众国政府所在地交与参议院议长。
参议院议长应於参众两院全体议员之前，开拆所有来件，然後计算 票数。得票最
多者，如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数，即当选为总统 如同时不止一人
得票过半数，旦又得同等票数，则众议院应立即投票表决，选毕其中一人为总统 < br>如无人得票过半数，则众议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但
依此法选举总统时 ，应以州为单位，每州之代表共有一票 如全国三分之二的
州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定人数 当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中，於总统选出後，其获得选举人所投票
数最多者，即为副总 统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时，则应由参议院投票
表决，选学其中一人为副总统。国会得决定各 州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票
的日子 投票日期全国一律。只有出生时为合众国公民，或在本宪法实施时已
为合众国公民者，可被选为总统 凡年龄未满三十五岁，或居住合众国境内未
满十四年者，不得被选为总统。如遇总统被免职，或因死亡、 辞职或丧失能力而
不能执行其权力及职务时，总统职权应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定，在
总统及副总统均被免职，或死亡、辞职或丧失能力时，由何人代理总统职务，该
人应即遵此视事，至总 统能力恢复，或新总统被选出时为止。总统得因其服务而
在规定的时间内接受俸给，在其任期之内，俸金 数额不得增加或减低，他亦不得
在此任期内，自合众国政府和任何州政府接爱其它报酬。在他就职之前， 他应宣
誓或誓愿如下: －－「我郑重宣誓(或 矢言) 我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职
务，并尽我最大的能力，维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。
第二款 总统为合众国陆海军的总司令，并在各州民团奉召为合众国执行任
务的担任统帅 他可以要求每个行政部门的主管官员提出有关他们职务的任何
事件的书面意见 ，除了弹劫案之外，他有权对於违犯合众国法律者颁赐缓刑和

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特 赦。总统有权缔订条约，但须争取参议院的意见和同意，并须出席的参议员中
三分之二的人赞成 他 有权提名，并於取得参议院的意见和同意後，任命大使、
公使及领事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在 本宪法中未经明定、但以後将依
法律的规定而设置之合众国官员 国会可以制定法律，酌情把这些较 低级官员
的任命权，授予总统本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部门的首长。在参议院休会
期间， 如遇有职位出缺，总统有权任命官员补充缺额，任期於参议院下届会议结
束时终结。
第三款 总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况，并向国会提出他认为必要和适
当的措施，供其考虑 在 特殊情况下，他得召集两院或其中一院开会，并得於
两院对於休会时间意见不一致时，命令两院休会到他 认为适当的时期为止 他
应接见大使和公使 他应注意使法律切实执行，并任命所有合众国的军官。
第四款 合众国总统、副总统及其他所有文官，因叛国、贿赂或其它重罪和
轻罪，被弹劾而判罪者，均应免职。
第三条
第一款 合众国的司法权属於一个最高法院以及由国会随时下令设立的低级< br>法院。最高法院和低级法院的法官，如果尽忠职守，应继续任职，并按期接受俸
给作为其服务之报 酬，在其继续任职期间，该项俸给不得削减。
第二款 司法权适用的范围，应包括在本宪法、合众 国法律、和合众国已订
的及将订的条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件 一切有关大使、
公使及领事的案件 一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件 合众国为当
事一方的诉讼; 州与州之间的诉讼，州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼，一州公民与
另 一州公民之间的诉讼，同州公民之间为不同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼，
以及一州或其公民与外国政 府、公民或其属民之间的诉讼。在一切有关大使、公
使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中，最高法院有最 初审理权。在上述所有其它
案件中，最高法院有关於法律和事实的受理上诉权，但由国会规定为例外及另 有
处理条例者，不在此限。对一切罪行的审判，除了弹劫案以外，均应由陪审团裁
定，并且该审 判应在罪案发生的州内举行 但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州
之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点学行。
第三款 只有对合众国发动战争，或投向它的敌人，予敌人以协助及方便者，

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方构成叛国罪。无论何人，如非经由两个证人证明他的公然的叛国行为，或经由
本人在公开法庭认罪者，均不得被判叛国罪。国会有权宣布对於叛国罪的惩处，
但因叛国罪而被褫夺公权 者，其後人之继承权不受影响，叛国者之财产亦只能在
其本人生存期间被没收。
第四条
第一款 各州对其它各州的公共法案、记录、和司法程序，应给予完全的信
赖和尊重。国会 得制定一般法律，用以规定这种法案、记录、和司法程序如何证
明以及具有何等效力。
第二款 每州公民应享受各州公民所有之一切特权及豁免。凡在任何一州被
控犯有叛国罪、重罪或其它罪 行者，逃出法外而在另一州被缉获时，该州应即依
照该罪犯所逃出之州的行政当局之请求，将该罪犯交出 ，以便移交至该犯罪案件
有管辖权之州。凡根据一州之法律应在该州服役或服劳役者，逃往另一州时，不
得因另一州之任何法律或条例，解除其服役或劳役，而应依照有权要求该项服役
或劳役之当事一 方的要求，把人交出。
第三款 国会得准许新州加入联邦 如无有关各州之州议会及国会之同意，不得
於任何州之管辖区域内建立新州 亦不得合并两州或数州 、或数州之一部分而
成立新州。国会有权处置合众国之属地及其它产业，并制定有关这些属地及产业的一切必要的法规和章则 本宪法中任何条文，不得作有损於合众国或任何一
州之权利的解释。
第四款 合众国保证联邦中的每一州皆为共和政体，保障它们不受外来的侵
略 并且根据各州州议会或行政部门 (当州议会不能召集时) 的请求，平定其
内部的暴乱。
第五条
举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时，国会应提出对本宪法的修正
案 或者， 当现有诸州三分之二的州议会提出请求时，国会应召集修宪大会，
以上两种修正案，如经诸州四 分之三的州议会或四分之三的州修宪大会批准时，
即成为本宪法之一部分而发生全部效力，至於采用那一 种批准方式，则由国会议
决 但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影响本宪法第
一条第九款之第一、第四两项 ; 任何一州，没有它的同意，不得被剥夺它在参

7

议院中的平等投票权。
第六条
合众国政府於本宪法被批准 之前所积欠之债务及所签订之条约，於本宪法通
过後，具有和在邦联政府时同等的效力。本宪法及依本宪 法所制定之合众国法律;
以及合众国已经缔结及将要缔结的一切条约，皆为全国之最高法律 每个 州的
法官都应受其约束，任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时，均不得有违
这一规定。 前述之参议员及众议员，各州州议会议员，合众国政府及各州政府之
一切行政及司法官员，均应宣誓或誓 愿拥护本宪法 但合众国政府之任何职位
或公职，皆不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。
第七条
本宪法经过九个州的制宪大会批准後，即在批准本宪法的各州之间开始生
效 。


THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
March 4, 1789
Preamble
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense,
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of
twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall

8

not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states
which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including
those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number
of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall
have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall
have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall
have one ately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the
Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the
second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of
the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies
happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty
years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when

9

elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall
have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in
the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of
the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for
that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under
the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the
Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the
places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different
n 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to
do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under
such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish
the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas
and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one

10

fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United
States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be
privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses,
and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either
House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time;
and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other
Bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he
approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House
in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that
House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds
of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill
shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had

11

signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment)
shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of
the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and
with the Indian tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the
standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times
to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and
discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning
captures on land and water;

12

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be
for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress
insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States,
reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority
of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance
of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise
like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and
other needful buildings;
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the
government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census
or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the

13

ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state,
be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of receipts and
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding
any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but
gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it s
inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on
imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with
another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in
such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together
with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a
number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed

14

an elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number
of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat
of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The
person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one
who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if
no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall
in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be
taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice
of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall
be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes,
the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which
they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the
age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation,
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of
removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President,

15

declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation,
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument
from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or
affirmation:--
of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution of the United States.
Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of
the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual
service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate,
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors,
other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers
of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment
of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of
law, or in the heads of departments.
The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of
their next session.
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the
state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both

16

Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to
the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the
laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States,
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery,
or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III
Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold
their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their
services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in
office.
Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which
shall be made, under their authority; --to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls; --to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; --to
controversies to which the United States shall be a party; --to controversies between
two or more states; --between a state and citizens of another state; --between citizens
of different states; --between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of
different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens
or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those
in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In
all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations
as the Congress shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and
such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;

17

but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as
the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or on confession in open court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life
of the person attainted.
Article IV
Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts,
records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by
general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall
be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee
from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority
of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having
jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom
such service or labor may be due.
Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no
new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor
any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without
the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and
regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;

18

and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and
on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be
convened) against domestic violence.
Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall
propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of
two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments,
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or
by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification
may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state,
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI
All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as
under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in
pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every
state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the
contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the
several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this

19

Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the
seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the
witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos.
FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris
Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett,
Jaco: Broom
Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll
Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr.
North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson
South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney,
Pierce Butler
Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin
第一条修正案
国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律 ：确立一种宗教或禁止信教
自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求伸冤的权 利。


20

第二条修正案
纪律良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全实属必要；故
人民持有和携带武器的权利，不得予以侵犯 。

第三条修正案
任何兵士，在和平时期，未得屋 主的许可，不得居住民房；在
战争时期，除非照法律规定行事，亦一概不得自行占住。

第四条修正案
人人具有保障人身、住所、檔及财物的安全，不受无理之 搜索
和拘捕的权利；此项权利，不得侵犯；除非有可成立的理由，加上宣誓或誓愿保
证，并具体 指明必须搜索的地点，必须拘捕的人，或必须扣押的物品，否则一概
不得颁发搜捕状。

第五条修正案
非经大陪审团提起公诉，人民不应受判处死罪或会因重罪 而被
剥夺部分公权之审判；惟于战争或社会动乱时期中，正在服役的陆海军或民兵中
发生的案件 ，不在此例；人民不得为同一罪行而两次被置于危及生命或肢体之处
境；不得被强迫在任何刑事案件中自 证其罪，不得不经过适当法律程序而被剥夺
生命、自由或财产；人民私有产业，如无合理赔偿，不得被征 为公用。

第六条修正案
在所有刑事案中，被告人 应有权提出下列要求：要求由罪案发
生地之州及区的公正的陪审团予以迅速及公开之审判，并由法律确定 其应属何
区；要求获悉被控的罪名和理由；要求与原告的证人对质；要求以强制手段促使
对被告 有利的证人出庭作证；并要求由律师协助辩护。

第七条修正案
在引用习惯法的诉讼中，其争执所涉及者价值超过二十元，则

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当事人有权要求陪审团审判；任何业经陪审回审判之事实，除依照习惯法之规定
外，不得在合众国任何法 院中重审。

第八条修正案
不得要求过重的保释金，不得课以过高的罚款，不得施予残酷
的、逾常的刑罚。

第九条修正案
宪法中列举的某些权利，不得被解释为否认或轻视人民所拥有
的其它权利。

第十条修正案
举凡宪法未授予合众国政府行使，而又不禁止各州行使的各种
权力，均保留给各州政府或人民行使之。

第十一条修正案 (一七九八年)
合众国的司法权 ，不得被解释适用于由任何一州的公民或任何
外国公民或国民依普通法或衡平法对合众国一州提出或起诉 的任何诉讼。

第十二条修正案 (一八〇四年)
各选举人应在其本身所属的州内集会，投票选举总统和副总
统，其中至少应有一人不属本州岛居民。选举 人应在选票上写明被选为总统之人
的姓名，并在另一选票上写明被选为副总统之人的姓名。选举人应将所 有被选为
总统之人和所有被选为副总统之人，分别开列名单，写明每人所得票数；他们应
在该名 单上签名作证，并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地，交与参议院议
长。参议院议长应在参众全院全 体议员面前开拆所有来件，然后计算票数。获得
总统选票最多的人，如所得票数超过所选举人总数的半数 ，即当选为总统。如无
人获得过半数票，众议院应立即从被选为总统之名单中得票数多但不超过三人之< br>中进行投票选举总统。但以此法选总统时，投票应以州为单位，即每州代表共有

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一票。如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定
人数，当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。如选举总统的权利转移到众议院，而
该院在次年三月四日前尚 未选出总统时，则由副总统代理总统，与总统死亡或宪
法规定的其它丧失任职能力的情况相同。得副总统 选票最多的人，如所得票数超
过所选派选举人总数的半数，即当选为副总统。如无人得过半数票，参议院 应从
名单上两个得票最多的人中选举副总统。选举副总统的法定人数为参议员总数的
三分之二， 当选副总统者需获参议员总数的过半数票。但依宪法无资格担任总统
的人，也无资格担任合众国副总统。

第十三条修正案 (一八六五年)
第一款 苦役或强迫劳役，除用以惩罚依法判刑的罪犯之外，
不得在合众国境内或受合众国管辖之任何地方存在。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第十四条修正案 (一八六八年)
第一款 任何人，凡在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其 管辖者，
均为合众国及所居住之州的公民。任何州不得制定或执行任何剥夺合众国公民特
权或豁 免权的法律。任何州，如未经适当法律程序，均不得剥夺任何人的生命、
自由或财产；亦不得对任何在其 管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。
第二款 各州众议员的数目，应按照各该州的人 口数目配分；
此项人口，除了不纳税的印第安人以外，包括各该州全体人口的总数。但如果一
个 州拒绝任何年满二十一岁的合众国男性公民，参加对于美国总统及副总统选举
人、国会众议员、本州岛行 政及司法官员或本州岛州议会议员等各项选举，或以
其它方法剥夺其上述各项选举权(除非是因参加叛变 或因其它罪行而被剥夺)，则
该州在众议院议席的数目，应按照该州这类男性公民的数目对该州年满二十 一岁
男性公民总数的比例加以削减。
第三款 任何人，凡是曾经以国会议员、合 众国政府官员、州
议会议员或任何州的行政或司法官员的身分，宣誓拥护合众国宪法，而后来从事
于颠覆或反叛国家的行为，或给予国家的敌人以协助或方便者，均不得为国会的

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参议员、众议员、总统与副总统选举人，或合众国政府或任何州政府的任何文职
或军 职官员。但国会可由参议院与众议院各以三分之二的多数表决，撤销该项限
制。
第四款 对于法律批准的合众国公共债务，包括因支付平定作
乱或反叛有功人员的年金和奖金而产生的债 务，其效力不得有所怀疑，但无论合
众国或任何一州，都不得承担或偿付因援助对合众国的作乱或反叛而 产生的任何
债务或义务，或因丧失或解放任何奴隶而提出的任何赔偿要求；所有这类债务、
义务 和要求，都应被视为非法和无效。
第五款 国会有权适当立法实施本条规定。

第十五条修正案 (一八七〇年)
第一款 合众国政府或任何州政府，不得因种族、肤色，或以
前曾服劳役而拒绝给予或剥夺合众国公民的选举权。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第十六条修正案 (一九一三年)
国会有权对任何来源的收入课征所得税，无须在各州按 比例进
行分配，也无须考虑任何人口普查或人口统计数。

第十七条修正案 (一九一三年)
第一款 合众国参议院由每州人民各选参议员二人组成 ，任期
六年；每名参议员有一票的表决权。各州选举人，应具有该州议会中人数最多一
院所必需 之选举人资格。
第二款 当任何一州有参议员出缺时，该州行政当局应颁布选
举 令，以便补充空额。各州州议会授权该州行政当局任命临时参议员，其任期至
该州人民依照州议会的指示 进行选举补缺为止。
第三款 对本条修正案所作之解释，不得影响在此修正案作为
宪法的一部分而生效以前当选的任何参议员的选举或任期。


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第十八条修正案 (一九一九年)
第一款 本条批准一 年后，禁止在合众国及其管辖下的所有领
土内酿造、出售和运送作为饮料的致醉酒类；禁止此等酒类输入 或输出合众国及
其管辖下的所有领土。
第二款 国会和各州同样有权以适当立法实施本条。
第三款 本条除非在国会将其提交各州之日起 七年以内，由各
州议会按宪法规定批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第十九条修正案 (一九二〇年)
第一款 合众国公民的选举权，不得因性别缘故而被合众国或
任何一州加以否定或剥夺。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第二十条修正案 (一九三三年)
第一款 如本条未获批准，总统和副总统的任期应在原定任期
届 满之年的一月二十日正午结束，参议员和众议员的任期应在原定任期届满之年
的一月三日正午结束，他们 的继任人的任期应在同时开始。
第二款 国会每年至少应开会一次，除国会依法另订日期外，
此种会议应在一月三日正午开始。
第三款 如当选总统在规定总统任期开始之时已经死亡，当选
副总统应即成为总统。如在规定总统任期开 始的时间以前，总统尚未选出，或当
选总统不合资格，当选副总统应在有合乎资格的总统之前代理总统职 务。倘当选
总统或当选副总统均不合乎资格时，国会得依法作出规定，宣布何人代理总统，
或宣 布遴选代理总统的方法。此人在有合乎资格的总统或副总统前，应代行总统
职务。
第四款 在选举总统的权利交到众议院，而可选为总统的人中
有人死亡时；在选举副总统的权利交到参议 院，而可选为副总统的人中有人死亡
时；国会得依法对这些情况作出决定。
第五款 第一款和第二款应在紧接本条批准以后的十月十五日

25

生效。
第六款 本条除非在其提交各州之日起七年以内，由四分之三
的州议会批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第二十一条修正案 (一九三三年)
第一款 美利坚合众国宪法修正案第十八条现予废除。
第二款 禁止在合众国任何州、准州或属地，违反当地法律，
为发货或使用而运送或输入致醉酒类。
第三款 本条限非在国会将其提交各州之日起七年以内，由各
州修宪会议依照本宪法规定批准为宪法修正 案，否则不发生效力。

第二十二条修正案 (一九五一年)
第一款 无论何人，当选担任总统职务不得超过两次；无论何
人，于他人当选总统任期内担任总统职务或 代理总统两年以上者，不得当选担任
总统职务超过一次。但本条不适用于在国会提出本条时正在担任总统 职务的任何
人；也不妨碍在本条开始生效时正在担任总统职务或代行总统职务的任何人，在
此届 任期届满前继续担任总统职务或代行总统职务。
第二款 本条除非在国会将其提交各州之日起七年以内，由四
分之三州议会批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第二十三条修正案 (一九六一年)
第一款 合众 国政府所在地的特区，应依国会规定方式选派；
一定数目的总统和副总统选举人，特区如同州一样，其选 举人的数目等于它有权
在国会拥有的参议员和众议员人数的总和，但决不得超过人口最少之州的选举人< br>数目。他们是各州所选派的选举人以外另行增添的选举人，但为选举总统和副总
统目的，应被视为 一个州选派的选举人；他们应在特区集会，履行第十二条修正
案所规定的职责。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。


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第二十四条修正案
合众国公民在总统或副总统、总统 或副总统选举人、或国会参
议员或众议员的任何预选或其它选举中的选举权，不得因未交纳任何人头税或 其
它税而被合众国或任何一州加以否定或剥夺。

第二十五条修正案 (一九六七年)
第一款 如遇总统免职、死亡或辞职时，副总统应成为总统。
第二款 当副总统职位出缺时，总统应提名一名副总统，在国
会全院均以过半数票批准后就职。
第三款 当总统向参议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声
明，声称他不能够履行其职务的权力和责任时 ，在他再向他们提交一份内容相反
的书面声明前，此种权力和责任应由副总统以代总统身分履行。
第四款 当副总统和行政各部或国会一类的其它机构的多数长
官，依法律规定向参 议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声明，声称总统不能够
履行总统职务的权力和责任时，副总统应立即 以代总统身分承受总统职务的权力
和责任。此后，当总统向参议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声明， 声称丧失
能力的情况并不存在时，他应恢复总统职务的权力和责任，除非副总统和行政各
部或国 会一类的其它机构的多数长官依法在四天内向参议院临时议长和众议院
议长提交书面声明，声称总统不能 够履行其职务的权力和责任。在此种情况下，
国会应对此问题做出决定；如国会正在休会期间，应为此目 的在四十八小时内召
集会议。如国会在收到后一书面声明后的二十一天以内，或如适逢休会期间，在国会按照要求召集会议以后的二十一天以内，以两院的三分之二多数票决定总统
不能够履行其职务的 权力和责任时，副总统应继续代理总统职务；否则总统应恢
复其职务的权力和责任。

第二十六条修正案 (一九七一年)
第一款 已满十八岁和十八岁以上 的合众国公民的选举权，不
得因为年龄关系而被合众国或任何一州加以否定或剥夺。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

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第二十七条修正案 (一九九二年)
新一届众议员选出之前，任何有关改变参议员和众议员的任职
报酬的法律，均不得生效。


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《美国宪法》（中英文）附宪法修正案
20081111 19:56 [未分类 ]



美国宪法
序言
我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立 正义，保障国
内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们後代能安享自
由 带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
第一条
第一款 本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和
一个众议院组成。
第二款 众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具
有该州州议会中人数最多之一 院的选举人所需之资格。凡年龄未满二十五岁，或
取得合众国公民资格未满七年，或於某州当选而并非该 州居民者，均不得任众议
员。众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人
口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末
被课税的印第安 人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调
查，应於合众国国会第一次会议後三年内 举行，并於其後每十年举行一次，其调
查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众 议员一人，但
每州至少应有众议员一人 在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众
议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及 普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康
涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里 兰
六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。任何一
州的众议员有 缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。众
议院应选举该除议长及其他官员 只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

第三款 合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的

1

任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员於第一次选举後举行会议之时，
应当立即尽量均等地分 成三组。第一组参议员的任期，到第二年年终时届满，第
二组到第四年年终时届满，第三组到第六年年终 时届满，俾使每两年有三分之一
的参议员改选 如果在某州州议会休会期间，有参议员因辞职或其它 原因出缺，
该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员，等到州议会下次集会时，再予选举补缺。凡
年龄 未满三十岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满九年，或於某州当选而并非该州居
民者，均不得任参议员。合众 国副总统应为参议院议长，除非在投票票数相等时，
议长无投票权。参议院应选举该院的其他官员，在副 总统缺席或执行合众国总统
职务时，还应选举临时议长。所有弹劾案，只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理 弹
劾案时，参议员们均应宣誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统，则应由最高法院首
席大法官担任 主席 在末得出席的参议员的三分之二的同意时，任何人不得被
判有罪。弹劾案的判决，不得超过免 职及取消其担任合众国政府任何有荣誉、有
责任或有俸给的职位之资格 但被判处者仍须服从另据法律所作之控诉、审讯、
判决及惩罚。
第四款 各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序
但国会得随时以法律制定或变更此 种规定，惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。国会
应至少每年集会一次，开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一 ，除非他们通过法律
来指定另一个日期。
第五款 参众两院应各自审查本院的选举、选举 结果报告和本院议员的资格，
每院议员过半数即构成可以议事的法定人数 不足法定人数时，可以一 天推一
天地延期开会，并有权依照各该议院所规定的程序和罚则，强迫缺席的议员出席。
参众两 院得各自规定本院的议事规则，处罚本院扰乱秩序的议员，并且得以三分
之二的同意，开除本院的议员。 参众两院应各自保存一份议事记录，并经常公布，
惟各该院认为应保守秘密之部分除外 两院议员对 於每一问题之赞成或反对，
如有五分之一出席议员请求，则应记载於议事记录内。在国会开会期间，任一 议
院未得别院同意，不得休会三日以上，亦不得迁往非两院开会的其他地点。
第六款 参 议员与众议员得因其服务而获报酬，报酬的多寡由法律定之，并
由合众国国库支付。两院议员除犯叛国罪 、重罪以及扰乱治安罪外，在出席各该
院会议及往返各该院途中，有不受逮捕之特权 两院议员在议院内所发表之演

2

说及辩论，在其它场合不受质询。 参议员或众议员不得在其当选任期内担任合众
国政府任何新添设的职位，或在其任期内支取因新职位而增 添的俸给 在合众
国政府供职的人，不得在其任职期间担任国会议员。
第七款 有关徵税的所有法案应在众议院中提出 但参议院得以处理其它
法案的方式，以修正案提出建议或表 示同意。经众议院和参议院通过的法案，在
正式成为法律之前，须呈送合众国总统 总统如批准，便 须签署，如不批准，
即应连同他的异议把它退还给原来提出该案的议院，该议院应将异议详细记入议事记录，然後进行复议。倘若在复议之後，该议院议员的三分之二仍然同意通过
该法案，该院即应将 该法案连同异议书送交另一院，由其同样予以复议，若此另
一院亦以三分之二的多数通过，该法案即成为 法律。但遇有这样的情形时，两院
的表决均应以赞同或反对来定，而赞同和反对该法案的议员的姓名，均 应由两院
分别记载於各该院的议事记录之内 。 如总统接到法案後十日之内 (星期日除
外) ，不将之退还，该法案即等於曾由总统签署一样，成为法律¨准有当国会休
会因而无法将该法案退还时， 该法案才不得成为法律。任何命令、决议或表决 (有
关休会问题者除外) ，凡须由参议院及众议院予以同意者，均应呈送合众国总统
经其此准之後，方始生效，如总统不予 批准，则参众两院可依照对於通过法案所
规定的各种规则和限制，各以三分之二的多数，再行通过。
第八款 国会有权规定并徵收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税，用以偿付国债
并为合众国的共 同防御和全民福利提供经费 但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税，
在合众国内应划一徵收 以合众国的信用举债 管理与外国的、州与州间的，
以及对印第安部落的贸易 制定在合众国内一致适用的归化条例，和有关破产
的一致适用的法律 铸造货币，调议其价值，并厘定外币价值，以及制定度量
衡的标准 制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例 设立邮政局及延造驿
路 为促进科学和实用技艺的进步，对作家和发明家的著作和发明，在一定期
限内给予专利权的保障 设置最高法院以下的各级法院 界定并惩罚海盗罪、
在公海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行; 宣战，对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及采
取报复行动的特许证，制定在陆地和海面虏获战利晶的规则 募集和维持陆军，
但每次拨充该项费用的款项，其有效期不得超过两年 配备和保持海军; 制定
有开管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例 制定召集民兵的条例，以便执行联邦法

3

律，镇压叛乱和击退侵略 规定民兵的组织、装备和训练，以及民兵为 合众国
服务时的管理办法，但各州保留其军官任命权，和依照国会规定的条例训练其民
团的权力 ; 对於由某州让与而由国会承受，用以充当合众国政府所在地的地区
(不逾十哩见方) ，握有对其一切事务的全部立法权 对於经州议会同意，向州
政府购得，用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵 工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方，也
握有同样的权力 －－并且为了行使上述各项权力，以及行 使本宪法赋予合众
国政府或其各部门或其官员的种种权力，制定一切必要的和适当的法律。
第九款 对於现有任何一州所认为的应准其移民或入境的人，在一八O八年以前，
国会不得加以 禁止，但可以对入境者课税，惟以每人不超过十美元为限。不得中
止人身保护令所保障的特权，惟在叛乱 或受到侵犯的情况下，出於公共安全的必
要时不在此限。不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案或者追溯既往的法 律。除非按本宪
法所规定的人口调查或统计之比例，不得徵收任何人口税或其它直接税。对各州
输出之货物，不得课税。任何有关商务或纳税的条例，均不得赋予某一州的港口
以优惠待遇 亦不得 强迫任何开往或来自某一州的船苹，驶入或驶出另一州，
或向另一州纳税。除了依照法律的规定拨款之外 ，不得自国库中提出任何款项
一切公款收支的报告和帐目，应经常公布。合众国不得颁发任何贵族爵位: 凡是
在合众国政府 担任有俸给或有责任之职务者，末经国会许可，不得接受任何国王、
王子或外国的任何礼物、薪酬、职务 或爵位。
第十款 各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联 不得对民用船苹颁发捕
押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证 不得铸造货币 不得发行纸币 不得指定
金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币 不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案、
追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律 也不得颁发任何贵族爵位。 未经国会
同意，各州不得对进口货物或出口货物徵收任何税款，但为了执行该州的检查法
律而有 绝对的必要时，不在此限 任何州对於进出囗货物所徵的税，其净收益
应归合众国国库使用 所 有这一类的检查法律，国会对之有修正和监督之权。
未经国会同意，各州不得徵收船舶吨位税，不得在和 平时期保持军队和军舰，不
得和另外一州或国缔结任何协定或契约，除非实际遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容 缓
的危急情形时，不得从事战争。
第二条

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第一款 行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。总统任期四年，总统和具有同样
任期的副总统，应照下列手续选举 : 每州应依照该州州议会所规定之手续，指定
选举人若干名，其人数应与该州在国会之参议员及众议员之总 数相等 但参讥
员、众议员及任何在合众国政府担任有责任及有俸给之职务的人，均不得被指定为选举人。各选举人应於其本身所属的州内集会，每人投票选举二人，其中至少
应有一人不属本州居 民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单，注明每人所得票数 他
们还应签名作证明，并将封印後的名单送 至合众国政府所在地交与参议院议长。
参议院议长应於参众两院全体议员之前，开拆所有来件，然後计算 票数。得票最
多者，如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数，即当选为总统 如同时不止一人
得票过半数，旦又得同等票数，则众议院应立即投票表决，选毕其中一人为总统 < br>如无人得票过半数，则众议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但
依此法选举总统时 ，应以州为单位，每州之代表共有一票 如全国三分之二的
州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定人数 当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中，於总统选出後，其获得选举人所投票
数最多者，即为副总 统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时，则应由参议院投票
表决，选学其中一人为副总统。国会得决定各 州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票
的日子 投票日期全国一律。只有出生时为合众国公民，或在本宪法实施时已
为合众国公民者，可被选为总统 凡年龄未满三十五岁，或居住合众国境内未
满十四年者，不得被选为总统。如遇总统被免职，或因死亡、 辞职或丧失能力而
不能执行其权力及职务时，总统职权应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定，在
总统及副总统均被免职，或死亡、辞职或丧失能力时，由何人代理总统职务，该
人应即遵此视事，至总 统能力恢复，或新总统被选出时为止。总统得因其服务而
在规定的时间内接受俸给，在其任期之内，俸金 数额不得增加或减低，他亦不得
在此任期内，自合众国政府和任何州政府接爱其它报酬。在他就职之前， 他应宣
誓或誓愿如下: －－「我郑重宣誓(或 矢言) 我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职
务，并尽我最大的能力，维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。
第二款 总统为合众国陆海军的总司令，并在各州民团奉召为合众国执行任
务的担任统帅 他可以要求每个行政部门的主管官员提出有关他们职务的任何
事件的书面意见 ，除了弹劫案之外，他有权对於违犯合众国法律者颁赐缓刑和

5

特 赦。总统有权缔订条约，但须争取参议院的意见和同意，并须出席的参议员中
三分之二的人赞成 他 有权提名，并於取得参议院的意见和同意後，任命大使、
公使及领事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在 本宪法中未经明定、但以後将依
法律的规定而设置之合众国官员 国会可以制定法律，酌情把这些较 低级官员
的任命权，授予总统本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部门的首长。在参议院休会
期间， 如遇有职位出缺，总统有权任命官员补充缺额，任期於参议院下届会议结
束时终结。
第三款 总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况，并向国会提出他认为必要和适
当的措施，供其考虑 在 特殊情况下，他得召集两院或其中一院开会，并得於
两院对於休会时间意见不一致时，命令两院休会到他 认为适当的时期为止 他
应接见大使和公使 他应注意使法律切实执行，并任命所有合众国的军官。
第四款 合众国总统、副总统及其他所有文官，因叛国、贿赂或其它重罪和
轻罪，被弹劾而判罪者，均应免职。
第三条
第一款 合众国的司法权属於一个最高法院以及由国会随时下令设立的低级< br>法院。最高法院和低级法院的法官，如果尽忠职守，应继续任职，并按期接受俸
给作为其服务之报 酬，在其继续任职期间，该项俸给不得削减。
第二款 司法权适用的范围，应包括在本宪法、合众 国法律、和合众国已订
的及将订的条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件 一切有关大使、
公使及领事的案件 一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件 合众国为当
事一方的诉讼; 州与州之间的诉讼，州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼，一州公民与
另 一州公民之间的诉讼，同州公民之间为不同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼，
以及一州或其公民与外国政 府、公民或其属民之间的诉讼。在一切有关大使、公
使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中，最高法院有最 初审理权。在上述所有其它
案件中，最高法院有关於法律和事实的受理上诉权，但由国会规定为例外及另 有
处理条例者，不在此限。对一切罪行的审判，除了弹劫案以外，均应由陪审团裁
定，并且该审 判应在罪案发生的州内举行 但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州
之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点学行。
第三款 只有对合众国发动战争，或投向它的敌人，予敌人以协助及方便者，

6

方构成叛国罪。无论何人，如非经由两个证人证明他的公然的叛国行为，或经由
本人在公开法庭认罪者，均不得被判叛国罪。国会有权宣布对於叛国罪的惩处，
但因叛国罪而被褫夺公权 者，其後人之继承权不受影响，叛国者之财产亦只能在
其本人生存期间被没收。
第四条
第一款 各州对其它各州的公共法案、记录、和司法程序，应给予完全的信
赖和尊重。国会 得制定一般法律，用以规定这种法案、记录、和司法程序如何证
明以及具有何等效力。
第二款 每州公民应享受各州公民所有之一切特权及豁免。凡在任何一州被
控犯有叛国罪、重罪或其它罪 行者，逃出法外而在另一州被缉获时，该州应即依
照该罪犯所逃出之州的行政当局之请求，将该罪犯交出 ，以便移交至该犯罪案件
有管辖权之州。凡根据一州之法律应在该州服役或服劳役者，逃往另一州时，不
得因另一州之任何法律或条例，解除其服役或劳役，而应依照有权要求该项服役
或劳役之当事一 方的要求，把人交出。
第三款 国会得准许新州加入联邦 如无有关各州之州议会及国会之同意，不得
於任何州之管辖区域内建立新州 亦不得合并两州或数州 、或数州之一部分而
成立新州。国会有权处置合众国之属地及其它产业，并制定有关这些属地及产业的一切必要的法规和章则 本宪法中任何条文，不得作有损於合众国或任何一
州之权利的解释。
第四款 合众国保证联邦中的每一州皆为共和政体，保障它们不受外来的侵
略 并且根据各州州议会或行政部门 (当州议会不能召集时) 的请求，平定其
内部的暴乱。
第五条
举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时，国会应提出对本宪法的修正
案 或者， 当现有诸州三分之二的州议会提出请求时，国会应召集修宪大会，
以上两种修正案，如经诸州四 分之三的州议会或四分之三的州修宪大会批准时，
即成为本宪法之一部分而发生全部效力，至於采用那一 种批准方式，则由国会议
决 但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影响本宪法第
一条第九款之第一、第四两项 ; 任何一州，没有它的同意，不得被剥夺它在参

7

议院中的平等投票权。
第六条
合众国政府於本宪法被批准 之前所积欠之债务及所签订之条约，於本宪法通
过後，具有和在邦联政府时同等的效力。本宪法及依本宪 法所制定之合众国法律;
以及合众国已经缔结及将要缔结的一切条约，皆为全国之最高法律 每个 州的
法官都应受其约束，任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时，均不得有违
这一规定。 前述之参议员及众议员，各州州议会议员，合众国政府及各州政府之
一切行政及司法官员，均应宣誓或誓 愿拥护本宪法 但合众国政府之任何职位
或公职，皆不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。
第七条
本宪法经过九个州的制宪大会批准後，即在批准本宪法的各州之间开始生
效 。


THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
March 4, 1789
Preamble
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense,
promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of
twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall

8

not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states
which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including
those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number
of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall
have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall
have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall
have one ately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the
Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the
second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of
the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies
happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty
years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when

9

elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall
have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in
the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of
the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for
that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under
the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the
Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the
places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different
n 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to
do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under
such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish
the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas
and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one

10

fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United
States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be
privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses,
and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either
House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time;
and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other
Bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he
approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House
in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that
House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds
of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill
shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had

11

signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment)
shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of
the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and
with the Indian tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the
standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times
to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and
discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning
captures on land and water;

12

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be
for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress
insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States,
reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority
of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance
of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise
like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and
other needful buildings;
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the
government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census
or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the

13

ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state,
be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of receipts and
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding
any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but
gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it s
inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on
imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with
another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in
such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together
with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a
number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed

14

an elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number
of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat
of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The
person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one
who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if
no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall
in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be
taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice
of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall
be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes,
the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which
they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the
age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation,
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of
removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President,

15

declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation,
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument
from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or
affirmation:--
of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution of the United States.
Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of
the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual
service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate,
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors,
other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers
of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment
of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of
law, or in the heads of departments.
The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of
their next session.
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the
state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both

16

Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to
the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the
laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States,
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery,
or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III
Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold
their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their
services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in
office.
Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which
shall be made, under their authority; --to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls; --to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; --to
controversies to which the United States shall be a party; --to controversies between
two or more states; --between a state and citizens of another state; --between citizens
of different states; --between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of
different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens
or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those
in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In
all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations
as the Congress shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and
such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;

17

but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as
the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or on confession in open court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life
of the person attainted.
Article IV
Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts,
records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by
general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall
be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee
from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority
of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having
jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom
such service or labor may be due.
Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no
new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor
any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without
the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and
regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;

18

and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and
on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be
convened) against domestic violence.
Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall
propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of
two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments,
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or
by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification
may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state,
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI
All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as
under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in
pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every
state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the
contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the
several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this

19

Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the
seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the
witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos.
FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris
Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett,
Jaco: Broom
Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll
Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr.
North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson
South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney,
Pierce Butler
Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin
第一条修正案
国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律 ：确立一种宗教或禁止信教
自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求伸冤的权 利。


20

第二条修正案
纪律良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全实属必要；故
人民持有和携带武器的权利，不得予以侵犯 。

第三条修正案
任何兵士，在和平时期，未得屋 主的许可，不得居住民房；在
战争时期，除非照法律规定行事，亦一概不得自行占住。

第四条修正案
人人具有保障人身、住所、檔及财物的安全，不受无理之 搜索
和拘捕的权利；此项权利，不得侵犯；除非有可成立的理由，加上宣誓或誓愿保
证，并具体 指明必须搜索的地点，必须拘捕的人，或必须扣押的物品，否则一概
不得颁发搜捕状。

第五条修正案
非经大陪审团提起公诉，人民不应受判处死罪或会因重罪 而被
剥夺部分公权之审判；惟于战争或社会动乱时期中，正在服役的陆海军或民兵中
发生的案件 ，不在此例；人民不得为同一罪行而两次被置于危及生命或肢体之处
境；不得被强迫在任何刑事案件中自 证其罪，不得不经过适当法律程序而被剥夺
生命、自由或财产；人民私有产业，如无合理赔偿，不得被征 为公用。

第六条修正案
在所有刑事案中，被告人 应有权提出下列要求：要求由罪案发
生地之州及区的公正的陪审团予以迅速及公开之审判，并由法律确定 其应属何
区；要求获悉被控的罪名和理由；要求与原告的证人对质；要求以强制手段促使
对被告 有利的证人出庭作证；并要求由律师协助辩护。

第七条修正案
在引用习惯法的诉讼中，其争执所涉及者价值超过二十元，则

21

当事人有权要求陪审团审判；任何业经陪审回审判之事实，除依照习惯法之规定
外，不得在合众国任何法 院中重审。

第八条修正案
不得要求过重的保释金，不得课以过高的罚款，不得施予残酷
的、逾常的刑罚。

第九条修正案
宪法中列举的某些权利，不得被解释为否认或轻视人民所拥有
的其它权利。

第十条修正案
举凡宪法未授予合众国政府行使，而又不禁止各州行使的各种
权力，均保留给各州政府或人民行使之。

第十一条修正案 (一七九八年)
合众国的司法权 ，不得被解释适用于由任何一州的公民或任何
外国公民或国民依普通法或衡平法对合众国一州提出或起诉 的任何诉讼。

第十二条修正案 (一八〇四年)
各选举人应在其本身所属的州内集会，投票选举总统和副总
统，其中至少应有一人不属本州岛居民。选举 人应在选票上写明被选为总统之人
的姓名，并在另一选票上写明被选为副总统之人的姓名。选举人应将所 有被选为
总统之人和所有被选为副总统之人，分别开列名单，写明每人所得票数；他们应
在该名 单上签名作证，并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地，交与参议院议
长。参议院议长应在参众全院全 体议员面前开拆所有来件，然后计算票数。获得
总统选票最多的人，如所得票数超过所选举人总数的半数 ，即当选为总统。如无
人获得过半数票，众议院应立即从被选为总统之名单中得票数多但不超过三人之< br>中进行投票选举总统。但以此法选总统时，投票应以州为单位，即每州代表共有

22

一票。如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定
人数，当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。如选举总统的权利转移到众议院，而
该院在次年三月四日前尚 未选出总统时，则由副总统代理总统，与总统死亡或宪
法规定的其它丧失任职能力的情况相同。得副总统 选票最多的人，如所得票数超
过所选派选举人总数的半数，即当选为副总统。如无人得过半数票，参议院 应从
名单上两个得票最多的人中选举副总统。选举副总统的法定人数为参议员总数的
三分之二， 当选副总统者需获参议员总数的过半数票。但依宪法无资格担任总统
的人，也无资格担任合众国副总统。

第十三条修正案 (一八六五年)
第一款 苦役或强迫劳役，除用以惩罚依法判刑的罪犯之外，
不得在合众国境内或受合众国管辖之任何地方存在。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第十四条修正案 (一八六八年)
第一款 任何人，凡在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其 管辖者，
均为合众国及所居住之州的公民。任何州不得制定或执行任何剥夺合众国公民特
权或豁 免权的法律。任何州，如未经适当法律程序，均不得剥夺任何人的生命、
自由或财产；亦不得对任何在其 管辖下的人，拒绝给予平等的法律保护。
第二款 各州众议员的数目，应按照各该州的人 口数目配分；
此项人口，除了不纳税的印第安人以外，包括各该州全体人口的总数。但如果一
个 州拒绝任何年满二十一岁的合众国男性公民，参加对于美国总统及副总统选举
人、国会众议员、本州岛行 政及司法官员或本州岛州议会议员等各项选举，或以
其它方法剥夺其上述各项选举权(除非是因参加叛变 或因其它罪行而被剥夺)，则
该州在众议院议席的数目，应按照该州这类男性公民的数目对该州年满二十 一岁
男性公民总数的比例加以削减。
第三款 任何人，凡是曾经以国会议员、合 众国政府官员、州
议会议员或任何州的行政或司法官员的身分，宣誓拥护合众国宪法，而后来从事
于颠覆或反叛国家的行为，或给予国家的敌人以协助或方便者，均不得为国会的

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参议员、众议员、总统与副总统选举人，或合众国政府或任何州政府的任何文职
或军 职官员。但国会可由参议院与众议院各以三分之二的多数表决，撤销该项限
制。
第四款 对于法律批准的合众国公共债务，包括因支付平定作
乱或反叛有功人员的年金和奖金而产生的债 务，其效力不得有所怀疑，但无论合
众国或任何一州，都不得承担或偿付因援助对合众国的作乱或反叛而 产生的任何
债务或义务，或因丧失或解放任何奴隶而提出的任何赔偿要求；所有这类债务、
义务 和要求，都应被视为非法和无效。
第五款 国会有权适当立法实施本条规定。

第十五条修正案 (一八七〇年)
第一款 合众国政府或任何州政府，不得因种族、肤色，或以
前曾服劳役而拒绝给予或剥夺合众国公民的选举权。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第十六条修正案 (一九一三年)
国会有权对任何来源的收入课征所得税，无须在各州按 比例进
行分配，也无须考虑任何人口普查或人口统计数。

第十七条修正案 (一九一三年)
第一款 合众国参议院由每州人民各选参议员二人组成 ，任期
六年；每名参议员有一票的表决权。各州选举人，应具有该州议会中人数最多一
院所必需 之选举人资格。
第二款 当任何一州有参议员出缺时，该州行政当局应颁布选
举 令，以便补充空额。各州州议会授权该州行政当局任命临时参议员，其任期至
该州人民依照州议会的指示 进行选举补缺为止。
第三款 对本条修正案所作之解释，不得影响在此修正案作为
宪法的一部分而生效以前当选的任何参议员的选举或任期。


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第十八条修正案 (一九一九年)
第一款 本条批准一 年后，禁止在合众国及其管辖下的所有领
土内酿造、出售和运送作为饮料的致醉酒类；禁止此等酒类输入 或输出合众国及
其管辖下的所有领土。
第二款 国会和各州同样有权以适当立法实施本条。
第三款 本条除非在国会将其提交各州之日起 七年以内，由各
州议会按宪法规定批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第十九条修正案 (一九二〇年)
第一款 合众国公民的选举权，不得因性别缘故而被合众国或
任何一州加以否定或剥夺。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

第二十条修正案 (一九三三年)
第一款 如本条未获批准，总统和副总统的任期应在原定任期
届 满之年的一月二十日正午结束，参议员和众议员的任期应在原定任期届满之年
的一月三日正午结束，他们 的继任人的任期应在同时开始。
第二款 国会每年至少应开会一次，除国会依法另订日期外，
此种会议应在一月三日正午开始。
第三款 如当选总统在规定总统任期开始之时已经死亡，当选
副总统应即成为总统。如在规定总统任期开 始的时间以前，总统尚未选出，或当
选总统不合资格，当选副总统应在有合乎资格的总统之前代理总统职 务。倘当选
总统或当选副总统均不合乎资格时，国会得依法作出规定，宣布何人代理总统，
或宣 布遴选代理总统的方法。此人在有合乎资格的总统或副总统前，应代行总统
职务。
第四款 在选举总统的权利交到众议院，而可选为总统的人中
有人死亡时；在选举副总统的权利交到参议 院，而可选为副总统的人中有人死亡
时；国会得依法对这些情况作出决定。
第五款 第一款和第二款应在紧接本条批准以后的十月十五日

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生效。
第六款 本条除非在其提交各州之日起七年以内，由四分之三
的州议会批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第二十一条修正案 (一九三三年)
第一款 美利坚合众国宪法修正案第十八条现予废除。
第二款 禁止在合众国任何州、准州或属地，违反当地法律，
为发货或使用而运送或输入致醉酒类。
第三款 本条限非在国会将其提交各州之日起七年以内，由各
州修宪会议依照本宪法规定批准为宪法修正 案，否则不发生效力。

第二十二条修正案 (一九五一年)
第一款 无论何人，当选担任总统职务不得超过两次；无论何
人，于他人当选总统任期内担任总统职务或 代理总统两年以上者，不得当选担任
总统职务超过一次。但本条不适用于在国会提出本条时正在担任总统 职务的任何
人；也不妨碍在本条开始生效时正在担任总统职务或代行总统职务的任何人，在
此届 任期届满前继续担任总统职务或代行总统职务。
第二款 本条除非在国会将其提交各州之日起七年以内，由四
分之三州议会批准为宪法修正案，否则不发生效力。

第二十三条修正案 (一九六一年)
第一款 合众 国政府所在地的特区，应依国会规定方式选派；
一定数目的总统和副总统选举人，特区如同州一样，其选 举人的数目等于它有权
在国会拥有的参议员和众议员人数的总和，但决不得超过人口最少之州的选举人< br>数目。他们是各州所选派的选举人以外另行增添的选举人，但为选举总统和副总
统目的，应被视为 一个州选派的选举人；他们应在特区集会，履行第十二条修正
案所规定的职责。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。


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第二十四条修正案
合众国公民在总统或副总统、总统 或副总统选举人、或国会参
议员或众议员的任何预选或其它选举中的选举权，不得因未交纳任何人头税或 其
它税而被合众国或任何一州加以否定或剥夺。

第二十五条修正案 (一九六七年)
第一款 如遇总统免职、死亡或辞职时，副总统应成为总统。
第二款 当副总统职位出缺时，总统应提名一名副总统，在国
会全院均以过半数票批准后就职。
第三款 当总统向参议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声
明，声称他不能够履行其职务的权力和责任时 ，在他再向他们提交一份内容相反
的书面声明前，此种权力和责任应由副总统以代总统身分履行。
第四款 当副总统和行政各部或国会一类的其它机构的多数长
官，依法律规定向参 议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声明，声称总统不能够
履行总统职务的权力和责任时，副总统应立即 以代总统身分承受总统职务的权力
和责任。此后，当总统向参议院临时议长和众议院议长提交书面声明， 声称丧失
能力的情况并不存在时，他应恢复总统职务的权力和责任，除非副总统和行政各
部或国 会一类的其它机构的多数长官依法在四天内向参议院临时议长和众议院
议长提交书面声明，声称总统不能 够履行其职务的权力和责任。在此种情况下，
国会应对此问题做出决定；如国会正在休会期间，应为此目 的在四十八小时内召
集会议。如国会在收到后一书面声明后的二十一天以内，或如适逢休会期间，在国会按照要求召集会议以后的二十一天以内，以两院的三分之二多数票决定总统
不能够履行其职务的 权力和责任时，副总统应继续代理总统职务；否则总统应恢
复其职务的权力和责任。

第二十六条修正案 (一九七一年)
第一款 已满十八岁和十八岁以上 的合众国公民的选举权，不
得因为年龄关系而被合众国或任何一州加以否定或剥夺。
第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条。

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第二十七条修正案 (一九九二年)
新一届众议员选出之前，任何有关改变参议员和众议员的任职
报酬的法律，均不得生效。


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