西安文理学院招生网-酒店辞职申请书

国外敏捷制造的发展

【摘 要】介绍了国外敏捷制造的发展现状，针对敏捷 制造提出的背景、内涵和国际上相关的研究活动
及其发展趋势进行了探讨。

【关键词】敏捷制造；敏捷性
一、敏捷制造的发展现状
(一)敏捷制造提出的背景和内涵
80年代以来，随着全球交通、通信技术的飞速发展，商 务环境的变化大大超出了企业的跟踪、应变能
力，市场竞争日趋激烈。新产品、新技术的出现和交替速度 越来越快，用户在追求高质量的同时必然要求
多品种、低成本和短交货期。面对市场众多要求的新形势， 制造业的战略必须变革。以美国为例，为扭转
其产品在世界市场所占份额急剧下降的局面，其制造业的战 略已从 80年代的“质量竞争第一”发展到90年
代的“市场响应速度第一”。
为了在世 界经济中重振雄风，美国提出了21世纪的制造战略——敏捷制造。敏捷制造就是以“竞争—
合作(协同 )”的方式，提高企业竞争能力，实现对市场需求作出灵活快速反应的一种制造生产新模式,这种模
式要 求企业采用现代通信技术，以敏捷动态优化的形式组织新产品开发，通过动态联盟、先进柔性生产技
术和 高素质人员的全面集成，迅速响应客户需求，及时交付新产品并投入市场，从而赢得竞争优势。敏捷
制造 的内涵是企业通过与用户、合作伙伴在更大范围、更高程度上的集成，来最大限度地满足市场的需求，
适 应竞争，获取长期的经济效益，如图1所示。下面将从市场、企业能力和合作伙伴这三个方面对敏捷制
造 做简单的分析，不难理解敏捷制造的一些特点。
1.敏捷制造的着眼点是快速响应市场的需求 未来产品市场总的发展趋势是多元化和个人化，传统的大批量生产方式已不能满足瞬息万变的市场需
求。目前制造业已呈现从规模经济向品种经济发展的趋势。敏捷制造思想的出发点是在对产品和市场进行
综合分析时,首先考虑的问题是：
用户是谁？
用户的需求是什么？
企业对市场做出快速响应是否值得？
如果企业做出快速响应，能否获利？
由此 可见敏捷制造的着眼点在于快速响应市场需求，使产品设计、开发、生产等各项工作并行进行，
迅速设计 和制造高质量的新产品，以满足用户不断提高的要求。
2.敏捷制造要求企业不断提高自身能力，全面、协调地集成技术、管理和人员
企业要在激 烈的市场竞争中生存和发展，必须具有敏捷性，即能够适时抓住各种机遇，把握各种变化
的挑战，以及不 断通过技术创新来领导市场潮流。企业实施敏捷制造必须不断提高自身能力,实现对技术、
管理和人员全 面、协调的集成。企业的敏捷性体现在以下几个方面：
企业的应变能力;
先进制造技术;
企业信息网;
信息技术；
其中最关键的因素是企 业应变能力，敏捷企业在纷繁复杂的商务环境中能够以最快的速度，最好的质
量和最低的成本迅速、灵活 地响应市场、用户需求，从而赢得竞争。
3.敏捷制造强调“竞争－合作(协同)”，采用灵活多变的动态组织结构
瞬息万变的竞争 环境要求企业做出快速反应，为了赢得竞争优势，必须改变过去以固定专业部门为基
础的静态不变的组织 结构，以最快的速度从企业内部某些部门和企业外部不同公司中选出设计、制造该产
品的优势部分，组成 一个单一的经营实体。在这种竞争－合作(协同)的前提下,企业需要考虑的问题包括：
有哪些企业能成为合作伙伴？
怎样选择合作伙伴？
选择一家还是多家合作伙伴？
采取何种合作方式？
合作伙伴是否愿意共享数据和信息？
合作伙伴是否愿意持续不断地改进？
这个单一的经营实体在完成所承接的产品或项目后即行解体，实体的参与人员立即各自转入其他项目。
(二)敏捷制造的发展现状
1991年美国在《21世纪制造企业发展战略报告》中提出敏 捷制造的概念后，在世界范围内引起了强烈
的反响，受到政府及工业界的广泛重视。敏捷制造和国际上的 许多研究计划如STEP、 CALS、IMS等有
着密切的关系，正逐步成为一项国际性的研究计划。 美国几乎所有的大公司都参加了这一研究计划，欧洲
和日本等其他发达国家也纷纷成立了相应的机构，进 行相应的研究和实施工作。可以说，敏捷制造是一种
全新的制造组织模式，代表着下一世纪制造业的发展 方向。
1.美国的发展状况

1991年里海大学亚科卡研究所提出敏捷 制造概念后得到了政府、工业界和学术团体的积极支持。1992
年由美国国防部高级研究计划局（AR PA）和美国国家自然科学基金会（NSF）投资500 万美元组建了敏
捷制造企业协会（AMEF），现改为敏捷化协会（Agility Forum）。该 协会组织进行敏捷制造有关理论和实
践的探讨，每年召开一次有关敏捷制造的国际会议。目前大约有25 0个公司和组织参加了该协会的有关工
作，大多数公司和企业都派代表参加了不同领域的工作小组，这些 小组每年开六七次讨论会以共同研究该
领域的敏捷化问题。据报道，能源部在堪萨斯（Kansa s） 城的密苏里（Missouri）厂投资1500万美元建立
了一套集成制造系统，用于发展对美国工业 有用的敏捷制造技术。1993年，ARPA和NSF又投资1500万
美元支持敏捷制造实验项目，有 选择性地资助了3个学校的先进制造技术研究所，支持它们进行敏捷制造
方面的活动，分别研究电子工业 、机床工业、航天和国防工业中的敏捷制造问题。此外，ARPA还配套支
持了工业界进行的多项敏捷化 商务实践和敏捷企业决策支持研究等。从1994年开始，由AMEF牵头开展
了“最佳敏捷实践参考基 础”研究，有近百家公司和大学研究机构分别就敏捷制造中6个领域的问题进行了
研究与实践相结合的深 层次工作，1995年11月制造工程师协会的宣传使敏捷制造方案的研讨达到了高潮。
目前，美国已有 上百家公司、企业在进行敏捷制造的实践活动。
随着对敏捷制造哲理研究的日趋深入，美国一些大公 司应用敏捷制造哲理取得了显著成绩。例如德克
萨斯设备防御系统和电子集团（DSEG）在对其捕鲸叉 （Harpoon）导弹工厂的管理中参照敏捷制造的一些
哲理，采用了灵活多变的动态组织结构。它改 变了传统的按装配、测试、质量控制等功能布置工厂的方式，
按照多任务、自导向工作组的原则组成工作 单元，使每个工作单元拥有它所需要的资源，缩短产品流的距
离，从而将装配的线性传递距离减少了70 ％，并简化了运储设备的复杂性。又如IBM公司也将快速响应市
场，满足市场、用户需求做为企业的根 本出发点，用户只需通过电话或电子邮件订货就可获得满意的商品。
IBM公司在一条有40多工人的生 产线上可同时生产27种产品，而且每种产品因用户特殊要求而异。用户
的订货数据输入电脑数据库，第 二天产品就出现在用户面前。
目前敏捷制造已具备了一定的实践基础和雏形，典型行业敏捷制造的应 用示范正在进行中。例如，在
ARPA和NSF的支持下，由麻省理工学院、里海大学、沃特飞机公司和 其他几家公司组成的项目组开展了
汽车、飞机、服装、纺织和电子行业的应用示范项目，并针对飞机、汽 车这两个行业特点开发基准和工具，
在1996年进行项目演示。
2.国际上的相关活动
1995年日本开展了一项“智能制造系统（IMS）”的国际性研究计划，其中有两个项目与敏捷制造 有关，
一个是自治和分布制造系统，另一个是较为长期的自治和分布制造系统，其副标题为生物制造系统 。自治
和分布制造系统重点在于系统集成技术和自治模块化结构的研究，强调系统应由可重用模块快速组 成，当
某一个模块被修改或置换时不影响其他模块以及整个系统的正常运行,这一系统体现出了敏捷的特 性。
德国、法国和英国均参加了一项主题为“未来的工厂”的尤里卡项目，为实施敏捷制造进行基础 性研究
工作,德国对未来制造业开展了一些工作，如“21世纪制造业战略”等，许勒惠勒（HＵLLE R HILLE）有限
公司在敏捷制造系统方面还做出了开创性的工作。该公司开发出了一种模块式结构 的新型加工单元
SPECHT,既可以在生产线中作为柔性加工单元,又可以与自动装卸工件或托盘的输 送装置相联接作为柔性
制造系统或敏捷制造系统中的单元,充分体现了制造的敏捷性。英国在两篇报告中 提出了“敏捷”的目标，一
篇是RSA的“明天的公司”（重点在于人力资源），一篇是关于制造前景的 报告。目前欧洲正在酝酿成立敏
捷化协会，可能在多个国家设点，敏捷制造已在全球范围内受到广泛重视 。
二、敏捷制造的发展趋势
实施敏捷制造的过程是制造业在现有基础上不断提高的平滑转 变过程，而对敏捷制造的研究刚刚兴起，
完整的理论体系尚未形成，其实施方法、手段和途径仍有待进一 步探索。因此美国等国政府对敏捷制造的
开发与应用给予了高度重视，资助许多研究单位开发实现敏捷制 造的参考模型和支持工具，并鼓励在不同
行业进行示范应用，以期在边研究边应用的过程中积累经验，完 善敏捷制造工具产品，为更多的行业、企
业应用打下基础。因此，敏捷制造的发展趋势可以从以下两个方 面认识：
(一)在开发实现敏捷制造的参考模型和支持工具方面
建立并完善敏捷化工程 模型为了帮助企业认识敏捷制造哲理，给准备实施敏捷化工程的企业一个参考，
敏捷化工程模型正逐步受 到重视。例如，美国敏捷化协会开展了“最佳敏捷实践参考基础”研究，提出了一
个敏捷化工程的初始模 型，涉及到电子、汽车、飞机（军用）、化工、计算机和国防等各个领域。这一模
型包含了一个实施敏捷 化工程的结构框架，其中每项活动都有一些简单的实例和文献索引，其目的在于指
出那些尚未引起工业界 足够重视，而又对企业的竞争能力有重要意义的问题。由于美国工业界已基本具备
了解决这些问题的条件 ，参考这一模型来实施敏捷制造，美国有望在不久的将来有更多敏捷制造的成功实
例，并进一步扩大敏捷 化框架的内涵。
进一步加强经营决策工具和实验性实施设计策略开发工作在参考敏捷化工程模型的基 础上，还将进一
步加强经营决策工具和实验性实施设计策略开发工作，以便能包含更丰富的信息和形成更 成熟的标准。
探索企业的敏捷因素的评价准则和分析技术将受到广泛的重视。
进一步开 发支持实施敏捷制造的各种技术和工具例如，美国的ARPA和NSF支持的敏捷制造项目安排
了使能技 术的开发和演示。敏捷制造使能技术(Enabling technology)是指支持敏捷制造实施的必要 技术和工
具,包括决策支持系统、集成产品设计工具、先进的建模与仿真技术、集成制造计划和控制系统 以及敏捷车
间控制系统、先进的智能闭环加工能力、制造和企业系统集成工具等。德克萨斯大学自动化和 机器人研究
所正在研究面向对象的过程建模。

(二)在典型行业应用示范方面
敏捷制造示范项目大多有待探索和改进由于 现有的大批量生产模式与变批量、多品种生产模式之间存
在很大的差距，现有的生产过程又不具备足够的 柔性等各种限制因素的存在，敏捷制造示范项目仍有待于
探索和改进。企业一方面需要充分利用现有的制 造能力和技术经验有效地改进生产过程配置，一方面需要
建立企业信息网，完善各种数据库系统，同时开 发先进的并行基础结构，提供协同工作中人员、工具和产
品实现环境的三维集成，以促进企业集成的实现 ，这样才能尽快地完成从当前生产方式向敏捷生产方式的
转变。
深入研究敏捷的概念、内涵 以及实践，更好地应用于中小企业由于敏捷制造具有资源、技术等集成优
势，美国敏捷化协会的专家认为 受资源限制的中小企业，将成为应用敏捷制造的重要力量。今后敏捷的概
念、内涵以及实践都将得到更深 入的研究和进一步的发展，以便更好地应用于中小企业。
摘自：航天技术与民品

Foreign agile manufacturing development

[Abstractto] pick abroad were agile manufacturing development present
situation, proposed for agile manufacturing the background, connotation and international related
research activities and development trend are discussed.

[key words] agile manufacturing; agility
A, agile manufacturing development present situation
(a) agile manufacturing proposed background and content
In the 1980s, with global transportation, communications technology rapid development,
business environment changes greatly exceeded the enterprise tracking, strain capacity, market
competition becomes increasingly fierce. New products, new technologies to emerge and alternate
faster, users in the pursuit of high quality and inevitable requirement of many varieties, low cost
and short delivery time. Facing the market demands of the new situation, many manufacturing
strategy must change. In the United States, for example, to turn its products in the world market as
a share sharply declining situation, its manufacturing strategy has from the 80's of
compete in the 1990s of
In order to revive the penis, in the world economy of the 21st century America proposed
manufacturing strategy - agile manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is to -
cooperation (collaborative)
demand make flexible and rapid response a manufacture new models that require companies to
adopt modern communications technology, with agile dynamic optimization organize new product
development, through dynamic alliance, advanced flexible production technology and high-quality
staff comprehensive integration, rapid response to customer demand, prompt delivery of new
products and put into market, thus gain a competitive advantage. Agile manufacturing is the
connotation with the user, enterprise partner in wider range, a higher degree of integration, to
maximum satisfy the demand of the market, meet competition, obtain long-term economic benefit,
as shown in figure 1 shows. Below will from market, the enterprise ability and partners of these
three aspects of agile manufacturing do simple analysis, is not difficult to understand some
characteristics of agile manufacturing.
1. Agile manufacturing takes fast response to the demand of the market
The general development trend of future product market is diversity and personalization,
traditional mass production mode already cannot satisfy the changing market demand. Current
manufacture already emerge from the scale economy to a variety of economic development trend.
Agile manufacturing is the starting point of the products and market in the comprehensive analysis,
the first consider the question is:
The user who is it?
The demand of user is what?
Enterprise of market response rapidly is it worth it?
If the enterprise response rapidly, whether profit?
Thus agile manufacturing is a focal point of fast response to market demand, the product
design, development, production and other various work parallel, rapid design and manufacturing
high quality new products to meet customers continuously raise the requirements.
2. Agile manufacturing requirements enterprises to continuously improve their ability and
all-round, harmonious integration technology, management and personnel
Enterprises should in the fierce market competition survival and development, must have the

agility, namely can timely seize opportunities, holding all sorts of challenges, and constantly
changes through technology innovation to lead the market trend. Enterprises implement agile
manufacture must constantly improve their ability to realize technology, management and
personnel all-round, harmonious integration. Enterprise agility reflects in the following aspects:
Enterprise response capacity;
Advanced manufacturing technology,
Enterprise information network;
Information technology;
One of the most critical factor is the enterprise strain capacity, agile enterprise in the
complexity of the business environment can to the fastest speed, the best quality and lowest cost,
quick and flexible to respond to the market, the user needs, thereby winning the competition.
3. Agile manufacturing emphasize
dynamic organizational structure
Changing competitive environment requires enterprises rapid response, in order to gain a
competitive advantage, must change the fixed professional sector based static constant
organization structure, with the fastest speed from the enterprise internal some departments and
enterprise external different companies choose design, manufacturing the product advantage part,
consists of a single operation entity. In this competition - cooperation (collaborative), under the
precondition of enterprise need to consider problems include:
What are the enterprise can become partners?
How to choose a partner?
Choose one or several partner?
Take whatever cooperation way?
Partners are willing to share data and information?
Partners are willing to continuously improve?
This single operational entity in complete all the product or project to undertake after all right
namely disintegrated, entity agents in their turn to other projects. Immediately
(2) agile manufacturing development present situation
In 1991, the United States in the 21st century manufacturing enterprise development strategy
in the report on the concept of proposed agile manufacturing, worldwide aroused strong response
by government and industry, the extensive attention. Agile manufacturing and international many
research plan, such as STEP CALS, IMS etc have close relations, is gradually becoming an
international research plan. The United States almost all the big companies have participated in
this study plan, Europe and Japan and other developed countries have established the
corresponding institutions, carries on the corresponding research and implementation work. Can
say, agile manufacturing is a kind of brand-new manufacturing organization model, representing
the next century manufacturing development direction.
1. American development situation
1991 Caspian sea university subfamily card proposed agile manufacturing concept after
institute from the government, industry, and the active support of the academic community. 1992
by the us defense advanced research projects agency (ARPA) and the national science foundation
(NSF) investment of 5 million dollar is established in agile manufacturing enterprise association
(AMEF), is changed agilization association (Agility Forum). The association tissue for agile
manufacturing relevant theoretical and practical study, meets once a year to about agile
manufacturing international meetings. Currently has around 250 companies and organizations
attended this association of related work, most companies and enterprises are sent representatives
to participate in the different fields of work team, these groups each year to jointly open six or
seven times discussion in the field of agilization problem. According to reports, the department of
energy (s) in Kansas city, Missouri Kansa (Missouri) factory invested usd 15 million has
established a set of integrated manufacturing system, for the development of American industry
useful agile manufacturing technology. In 1993, ARPA and NSF and invested usd 15 million to
support agile manufacturing experiment item, selectively funded the three school advanced
manufacturing technology research institute, support them for agile manufacturing activities,
studied are the electronics industry, machine tool industry, aerospace and defence industry in agile
manufacturing problems. In addition, still support the industry ARPA supporting the multinomial
agilization business practices and agile enterprise decision support study, etc. Since 1994, by
AMEF eercised leadship agile practical reference basisresearch, there are nearly 100

companies and university research institutes respectively agile manufacturing in six areas of
problems in study of the combination of practice and deep work, November 1995 manufacturing
engineers association of propaganda that agile manufacturing solutions deliberation reached its
climax. Currently, the United States has about 100 companies, enterprises in agile manufacturing
practice activities.
As for agile manufacturing philosophy research is thorough, the United States a few big
companies application agile manufacturing philosophy have achieved remarkable results. For
example, Texas equipment defense system and electronic group (DSEG) on its whaling fork
(Harpoon) missile factory in the management of some reference agile manufacturing philosophy,
using a flexible dynamic organizational structure. It has changed the traditional according to the
assembly, test, quality control and other functional arrangement factory way, according to the
multitasking, since the orientation of the working group composed work unit, make the principle
of each work unit has what it needed resources, shortened product flow length, thus will assemble
the linear transmission distance reduced 70%, and simplify the complexity of the MRT. Store
equipment And such as IBM company will also fast response to market, meet the market,
customer demand as the enterprise essential starting point, the user simply by phone or E-mail
order can be obtained satisfactory products. IBM is a has more than 40 workers' production lines
can also produce 27 kinds of products, and each product for user's special demand and different.
Customers order enter data into the computer database, the second day products would appear to
users presence.
Currently agile manufacturing already have a certain amount of practice base and prototype,
typical industry agile manufacturing application demonstration is underway. For example, in
ARPA and NSF, under the support of by the Massachusetts institute of technology, the Caspian sea
university, walter aircraft company with a few other companies forming team conducted cars,
planes, garments, textiles and electronics industry, the application of demonstration projects, and
in the light of the aircraft, the automobile two profession characteristic development benchmarks
and tool, in 1996 project demonstration.
2. International related activities
In 1995, Japan has launched a manufacturing systems (IMS)international
research program, there are two projects and agile manufacturing related, one is autonomy and
distributed manufacturing system, another is the long-term period of autonomy and distributed
manufacturing system, the subtitle of biological manufacturing system. Autonomous distributed
manufacturing system with emphasis on system integration technology and autonomy modular
structure of research, emphasize system should be composed by reusable module fast, when one a
module be modified or replacement when does not affect other modules and the normal operation
of the whole system, this system embodies the characteristics of agile.
Germany, France and Britain all attend a theme of factoryeureka project, to
implement agile manufacturing for basic research work, Germany on future manufacturing has
carried out some work, such as 21st century manufacturing strategyetc, xu le wheeler
(HULLER HILLE) Co., LTD in agile manufacturing systems also made a groundbreaking work.
The company developed a module type structure of new processing unit SPECHT, either in
production line as flexible machining unit, and may and automatic unloading workpieces or tray
of transporting device connected as flexible manufacturing system or agile manufacturing system
of units, fully embodies the manufacturing agility. Britain in two report puts forward
a paper is RSA company(emphasis on human resources), an article is about
manufacturing prospects report. At present Europe was brewing association established agilization,
probably in many countries already prohibited, agile manufacture in the global scope has been
paid attention to.

Second, the development trend of agile manufacturing
Implement agile manufacturing process is based on the existing manufacturing continuously
raise the smooth transition of agile manufacturing process, and the research just started, complete
theoretical system has not been formed, its implementation method, means and ways remains to be
further explored. Thus the American government of agile manufacturing countries such as the
development and application of gave high attention, funding, many research institutes exploiture
agile manufacturing reference model and support tools, and encourage in different industries, in
order to demonstrate application research on the edge of the process of accumulating edge

application experience, perfect agile manufacturing tool product, for more industry, enterprise
applications to lay the foundation. Therefore, the development trend of agile manufacturing from
two aspects knowledge:
(a) in developing and realizing agile manufacturing reference model and support tools
To establish and perfect the agilization engineering models in order to help companies
understand agile manufacturing philosophy, to prepare for implementing agilization engineering
enterprise a reference, agilization engineering model are being attention. For example, the United
States agilization association launched agile practical reference basiswe propose a
agilization engineering of initial model, involves electronics and cars, planes (military), chemical,
computer and defense, etc. This model consists of a implementation agilization engineering
structural frame, which every activity has some simple examples and literature index, its purpose
is to argue that those who have not yet received industry enough attention, but again to the
enterprise the competitive ability significant problems. Because American industry has basically
met the solutions to these problems conditions, this model reference to implement agile
manufacturing, the United States is expected in the near future are more successful example of
agile manufacturing, and further expand agilization framework connotation.
To further strengthen the management decision making tool and experimental
implementation design strategy development work in reference agilization engineering based on
the model, still will further strengthen management decision- making tool and experimental
implementation design strategy development work, so that they can contain more abundant
information and form the more mature standards.
Explore enterprise agility factor assessment criteria and analytical techniques will be
extensive attention.
Further development support implement agile manufacturing various techniques and tools,
for example, American ARPA and NSF support agile manufacturing project arranged enabling
technology development and the demo. Agile manufacturing Enabling technologies (Enabling
technology) refers to the necessary support agile manufacturing implementation techniques and
tools, including decision support system, integrating product design tools, advanced modeling and
simulation technology, integrated manufacturing plan and control system, and agile workshop
control system, advanced intelligent closed-loop processing capacity, manufacturing and
enterprise system integration tools, etc. University of Texas automation and robotics institute are
studying object-oriented process modeling.
(2) in typical industry application demonstration
Agile manufacturing demonstration projects mostly due to explore and improve existing
mass production mode and variable batch production mode and multiple varieties between a large
gap, existing production processes and don't have enough flexibility, etc. Various kinds of the
presence of constraints, agile manufacture demonstrative project remains in exploration and
improvement. Enterprise on one hand need to make full use of the existing manufacturing
capability of technical experience and effectively improve the production process configuration,
on the one hand, need to build enterprise information network, improve various database system,
as well as developing advanced parallel foundation construction, providing collaborative work
personnel, tools and product realization environmental 3d integration, so as to promote the
realization of the enterprise integrated with as quickly as possible, such ability from the current
production mode to change the way of agile production.
In-depth study agile concept and connotation and practice, better applied in small and
medium-sized enterprise due to agile manufacturing has the resources, technology and integrated
advantage, American agilization association experts think by resource constraints of small and
medium-sized enterprises, will become an important force application agile manufacturing. Future
agile concept and connotation and practice will get more in-depth research and the further
development, in order to better applied to small and medium-sized enterprises.
J., aerospace technology and civilian consumer goods