2011《中国的和平发展》白皮书中英文对照
核工业地质局-五年级班务工作计划
中国的和平发展
国务院新闻办公室
２０１１年９月
目
录
一、中国和平发展道路的开辟
二、中国和平发展的总体目标
三、中国和平发展的对外方针政策
四、中国和平发展是历史的必然选择
五、中国和平发展的世界意义
在世界的东方，中国这个拥有１３亿多人口的文明古国，正在现
代化道路上阔步
前行。世界对中国的关注集中起来就是，中国选择了一条什么样的发展道路，中国的发展
对
世界意味着什么？
中国多次向世界宣示，中国始终不渝走和平发展道路，在坚持自
己和平发展的同
时，致力于维护世界和平，积极促进各国共同发展繁荣。在进入２１世纪第二个十年和中
国
共产党成立９０周年之际，中国再次向世界郑重宣告，和平发展是中国实现现代化和富民强
国
、为世界文明进步作出更大贡献的战略抉择。中国将坚定不移沿着和平发展道路走下去。
一、中国和平发展道路的开辟
在５０００多年文明发展历程中，中国各族人民以自己的勤劳智
慧，创造了璀璨
的中华文明，缔造了统一的多民族国家。中华文明具有独特的延续性、包容性、开放性。
在
长期对外交往中，中华民族努力学习借鉴其他民族的长处，自强不息，为人类文明进步作出
了
重大贡献。
１９世纪中叶，西方列强用炮舰打开中国封闭的门户，内忧外患导致中国逐步成<
br>为半殖民地半封建社会，国家积贫积弱、战乱不已，民不聊生。在民族存亡的危急关头，无
数仁人
志士前仆后继，苦苦追寻变革救亡之路。１９１１年的辛亥革命，结束了统治中国几
千年的君主专制制度
，激励中国人民为争取民族独立和国家富强而斗争。然而，这些探索和
斗争都未能改变中国半殖民地半封
建的社会性质和中国人民的悲惨命运。中国共产党肩负民
族的期望，带领中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝的奋斗
，于１９４９年建立了中华人民共和国，实
现了民族独立、人民解放，开创了中国历史新纪元。
新中国成立６０多年特别是改革开放３０多年来，中国一直致力于探索符合本国
国情和时代要求的社会主义现代化道路。虽然历经曲折，中国人民却孜孜以求、与时俱进，
不断
总结汲取本国及其他国家发展的经验教训，不断深化对人类社会发展规律的认识，不断
推动社会主义制度
自我完善和发展。通过艰苦努力，中国找到了一条符合自身国情的发展道
路，这就是中国特色社会主义道
路。
从更宽广的世界历史视野看，和平发展道路归结起来就是：既通过维护世界和平
发展自己，又通过自身发展维护世界和平；在强调依靠自身力量和改革创新实现发展的同时，
坚持对外开
放，学习借鉴别国长处；顺应经济全球化发展潮流，寻求与各国互利共赢和共同
发展；同国际社会一道努
力，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。这条道路最鲜明的
特征是科学发展、自主发展、开放发展
、和平发展、合作发展、共同发展。
科学发展。科学发展就是尊重并遵循经济社会和自然发
展规律，牢牢扭住经济建
设这个中心，坚持聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，不断解放和发展社会生产
力。中国把
科学发展观作为经济社会发展的重要指导方针，坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，坚<
br>持以人为本，坚持全面协调可持续发展，坚持统筹兼顾。坚持以人为本，始终尊重人权和人
的价值
，不断满足人民日益增长的物质文化需要，走共同富裕道路，促进人的全面发展，做
到发展为了人民、发
展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。坚持全面协调可持续发展，全面推
进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设
、社会建设以及生态文明建设，促进现代化建设各个环节、
各个方面相协调。坚持统筹兼顾，正确认识和
妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业中的重大关系，
统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人与自然和谐
发展、国内发展和对外开放。
自主发展。中国这样人口众多的发展中大国归根结底要靠自己
的力量来发展。中
国始终坚持独立自主，把国家发展的基点和重心放在国内，注重从本国国情出发，主要
依靠
自身力量和改革创新推动经济社会发展，不把问题和矛盾转嫁给别国。在经济全球化大背景
下，中国只有坚持自主发展，才能更有效地参与国际分工，才能更好地同世界各国开展互利
合作。
开放发展。中国从自身发展经验中深刻认识到，不能关起门来搞建设。中国把改
革开
放作为一项基本国策，把对内改革和对外开放结合起来，把坚持独立自主同参与经济全
球化结合起来，把
继承中华民族优良传统同学习借鉴人类社会一切文明成果结合起来，把国
际国内两个市场、两种资源结合
起来，以开放的姿态融入世界，不断拓展对外开放的广度和
深度，加强同世界各国交流合作，完善内外联
动、互利共赢、安全高效的开放型经济体系。
中国对外开放的大门绝不会关上，开放水平只会越来越高。
和平发展。中华民族是爱好和平的民族，中国人民从近代以后遭受战乱和贫穷的
惨痛
经历中，深感和平之珍贵、发展之迫切，深信只有和平才能实现人民安居乐业，只有发
展才能实现人民丰
衣足食，把为国家发展营造和平稳定的国际环境作为对外工作的中心任务。
同时，中国积极为世界和平与
发展作出自己应有的贡献，绝不搞侵略扩张，永远不争霸、不
称霸，始终是维护世界和地区和平稳定的坚
定力量。
合作发展。国际社会始终会存在竞争和矛盾。各国应该在良性竞争
中取长补短，
不断寻找合作机会，扩大合作领域，拓展共同利益。中国坚持以合作谋和平、以合作促发展
、
以合作化争端，同其他国家建立和发展不同形式的合作关系，致力于通过同各国不断扩大互
利
合作，有效应对日益增多的全球性挑战，协力解决关乎世界经济发展和人类生存进步的重
大问题。
共同发展。当今世界各国相互依存日益加深，只有实现世界各国共同发展，让更
多人
分享发展成果，世界和平稳定才有坚实基础和有效保障，世界各国发展才可以持续。因
此，中国坚持奉行
互利共赢的开放战略，坚持自身利益与人类共同利益的一致性，在追求自
身发展的同时努力实现与他国发
展的良性互动，促进世界各国共同发展。中国真诚期待同世
界各国并肩携手，实现共同发展繁荣。
沿着和平发展道路，中国经历了广泛而深刻的变革，取得了显著的发展成就，为
世界繁
荣稳定作出了重大贡献，与世界更加紧密地联系在一起。
实现综合国力大幅度提升。经济总量
从１９７８年到２０１０年翻了四番多，达
到５．８８万亿美元，占世界的比重从１．８％增加到９．３
％。中国现代化建设的物质基
础更加坚实，工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深入发展，社会主
义建设事业全面
推进。人民生活实现从温饱不足到总体小康的历史跨越，人均国民总收入相当于世界平均
水
平的比例从２００５年的２４．９％提高到２０１０年的４６．８％。实现从高度集中的计
划
经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的伟大历史转折，形成公有制为主体、多种
所有制经济共同
发展的基本经济制度，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用明显增强，宏观调控
体系日臻完善。覆盖城乡居民
的社会保障体系逐步建立，文化、教育、科技、卫生、体育等
社会事业全面发展。
实
现从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。从建立经济特区到开放沿海、
沿江、沿边、内陆地区，从
引进外资到鼓励中国企业对外投资，从敞开国门搞建设到加入世
界贸易组织，中国参与经济全球化和区域
经济合作，对外开放水平不断提高。进出口总额从
１９７８年的２０６亿美元增加到２０１０年的２９７
４０亿美元。１９７９年至２０１０
年，累计使用外商直接投资１０４８３．８亿美元。迄今同１６３个
国家和地区建立了双边
经贸合作机制，签署１０个自由贸易区协定，同１２９个国家签署双边投资保护协
定，同９
６个国家签署避免双重征税协定，成为贸易和投资自由化便利化的积极实践者。中国根据加入世界贸易组织的承诺逐步降低关税，关税总水平从加入世贸组织前的１５．３％降到目前
的９．８
％，并取消了大多数非关税措施。中国积极构建总体稳定、均衡发展、互利共赢的
大国关系框架，促进形
成机遇共享、共同发展的周边合作局面，巩固并加强了同发展中国家
传统友谊和团结合作，与各国相互依
存、利益交融日益加深，与世界各国交流合作更加广泛。
为世界经济稳定发展作出重要贡献。
２００１年加入世界贸易组织以来，中国年
均进口近７５００亿美元商品，相当于为相关国家和地区创造
了１４００多万个就业岗位。
过去１０年，在华外商投资企业从中国累计汇出利润２６１７亿美元，年均
增长３０％。２
０００年至２０１０年，中国非金融类年度对外直接投资从不足１０亿美元增加到５９０
亿
美元，有力促进了有关国家经济发展。２００９年境外中资企业实现境外纳税１０６亿
美元，
聘用当地员工４３．９万人。中国近年来对世界经济增长的贡献率均达到１０％以上。在１
９９７年亚洲金融危机引起周边国家和地区货币大幅贬值情况下，中国保持人民币汇率基本
稳定，为区
域经济稳定和发展作出了贡献。２００８年国际金融危机发生后，中国积极参与
二十国集团等全球经济治
理机制建设，推动国际金融体系改革，参与各国宏观经济政策协调，
参与国际贸易融资计划和金融合作，
组织大型采购团赴海外采购，向陷入困境的国家伸出援
手。中国认真落实联合国千年发展目标，成为全球
唯一提前实现贫困人口减半国家，并根据
自身能力积极开展对外援助。截至２００９年底，中国累计向１
６１个国家、３０多个国际
和区域组织提供了２５６３亿元人民币的援助，减免５０个重债穷国和最不发
达国家债务３
８０笔，为发展中国家培训人员１２万人次，累计派出２．１万名援外医疗队员和近１万名
援外教师。中国积极推动最不发达国家扩大对华出口，并已承诺对所有同中国建交的最不发
达国
家９５％的输华产品给予零关税待遇。
为维护世界和平、应对全球性挑战发挥重要作用。中国
是唯一公开承诺不首先使
用核武器、不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器的核国家。中
国累计向联
合国３０项维和行动派出各类人员约２．１万人次，是派出维和人员最多的联合国安理会常<
br>任理事国。中国积极参与反恐、防扩散领域国际合作，向遭受严重自然灾害的国家提供人道
主义援
助并派出救援队，为打击海盗行为向亚丁湾、索马里海域派遣海军护航编队。中国参
加了１００多个政府
间国际组织，签署３００多个国际公约，成为国际体系的参与者、建设
者和贡献者。中国是最早制定并实
施《应对气候变化国家方案》的发展中国家，也是近年节
能减排力度最大、新能源和可再生能源研发速度
最快的国家之一。中国为应对国际和地区热
点问题发挥了建设性作用，在朝核问题、伊朗核问题等热点问
题上坚持劝和促谈，推动形成
朝核问题六方会谈机制。中国同１２个陆地邻国解决了历史遗留的边界问题
，坚持通过对话
谈判处理同邻国领土和海洋权益争端，以建设性姿态提出“搁置争议、共同开发”的主张
，
尽最大努力维护南海、东海及周边和平稳定。中国通过开展双边合作并参与区域次区域合作，
致力于促进亚太地区共同发展繁荣。
新中国成立以来特别是改革开放３０多年的发展历程表明
，中国是国际社会的重
要成员，是推动国际政治经济秩序朝着更加公正合理方向发展并努力作出贡献的国
家。
二、中国和平发展的总体目标
中国和平发展的不懈追求是，对内求发
展、求和谐，对外求合作、求和平。具体
而言，就是通过中国人民的艰苦奋斗和改革创新，通过同世界各
国长期友好相处、平等互利
合作，让中国人民过上更好的日子，并为全人类发展进步作出应有贡献。这已
经上升为中国
的国家意志，转化为国家发展规划和大政方针，落实在中国发展进程的广泛实践中。
实现国家现代化和人民共同富裕是中国和平发展的总体目标。２０世纪７０年代
末实行
改革开放后，中国制定并实施了“三步走”的现代化发展战略。第一步，实现国民生
产总值比１９８０年
翻一番，解决人民温饱问题。第二步，到２０世纪末实现国民生产总值
再翻一番，人民生活达到小康水平
。这两步目标已经实现。第三步，到本世纪中叶中华人民
共和国成立１００年时，人均国
民生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，人民生活比较富裕，基
本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明和谐的社会
主义现代化国家。“三步走”目标的核心任务
是，提高人民物质文化生活水平，实现富民与强国的统一。
同时，要随着综合国力的不断增
强，履行相应的国际责任和义务。
全面建成惠及十几
亿人口的更高水平的小康社会是中国和平发展的中长期目标。
到２０２０年，中国将全面建成惠及十几亿
人口的更高水平的小康社会，使中国成为工业化
基本实现、综合国力显著增强、国内市场总体规模位居世
界前列的国家，成为人民富裕程度
普遍提高、生活质量明显改善、生态环境良好的国家，成为人民享有更
加充分民主权利、具
有更高文明素质和精神追求的国家，成为各方面制度更加完善、社会更加充满活力而
又安定
团结的国家，成为对外更加开放、更加具有亲和力、为人类文明作出更大贡献的国家。
实现“十二五”规划是中国和平发展的近中期目标。在全面建设小康社会目标指
引下，《中华人民共和国
国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》确立了“十二五”时
期（２０１１ ２０１５年）中国经济
社会发展的指导思想、总体思路、目标任务和重大举
措。今后５年，中国经济社会发展将坚持以科学发展
为主题、以加快转变经济发展方式为主
线，主要目标是：经济平稳较快发展，经济结构战略性调整取得重
大进展，科技教育水平明
显提高，资源节约和环境保护成效显著，人民生活持续改善，社会建设明显加强
，改革开放
不断深化。经过全国人民共同努力奋斗，使转变经济发展方式取得实质性进展，综合国力、<
br>国际竞争力、抵御风险能力显著提高，全面建成小康社会的基础更加牢固。同时，中国将积
极开展
国际交流合作，扩大和深化同各方利益汇合点，促进各国共同发展。
从温饱到小康再到中等发
达水平，使人民生活更加富裕，集中体现了中国和平发
展的战略意图。为了实现上述目标，中国决心在以
下方面作出努力。
加快转变经济发展方式
把经济结构战略性调整作为主
攻方向。坚持扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，通过
多种途径增强居民消费能力，调整优化国内投资结构，
同步推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代
化，促进经济增长由主要依靠投资和出口拉动向消费、投资、出口协
调拉动转变，由主要依
靠第二产业带动向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变，由主要依靠增加物质
资源消耗
向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变。深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略，致力于建设创新型国家。坚持观念创新和体制创新，注意学习吸收其他国家的先进技
术和管理
经验，不断提高经济增长质量和效益。
着力突破制约发展的资源环境瓶颈。确立绿色、低碳发
展理念，以节能减排为重
点，加快构建资源节约、环境友好的生产方式和消费模式。推动循环经济发展，
改善环境质
量，构建安全、稳定、经济、清洁的现代能源产业体系，提升资源保障程度，促进人与自然<
br>和谐发展，实现经济发展与人口资源环境相协调，坚持探索一条科技含量高、经济效益好、
资源消
耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的中国特色新型工业化道路。中国经
济实现全面协调可持
续发展，将为世界经济发展开辟更加广阔的空间。
进一步挖掘自身资源和市场优势
中国拥有丰富的人力物力资源和比较完备的工业体系，将坚持
以自力更生为主实
现持续发展。预计到２０１５年，中国人才资源总量将达到１．５６亿人，主要劳动年
龄人
口受过高等教育的比例将达到１５％，人才资源对经济增长的贡献率将达到３２％，可以为
中国经济持续发展提供充足的优质劳动力。中国矿产资源和耕地面积总量居世界前列，粮食
基本实现自给
自足。尽管人均国内资源拥有量较低，但通过充分发挥市场配置功能和推动科
技进步，可以最大限度减少
中国经济社会发展对资源的依赖。中国将发挥原材料、装备以及
消费品制造等产业优势，满足本国民众的
物质需求，为世界市场提供更多优质产品和服务。
人口规模和经济总量决定了中国拥有巨大国
内需求潜力。随着人均收入不断增加、
国内投资稳步提高、区域发展战略深入推进，中国还将形成新的经
济增长极和更大的市场空
间。未来５年，中国消费结构将进一步提升，居民消费潜力将得到进一步释放，
国内市场总
体规模将位居世界前列，进口规模累计有望达到８万亿美元，这将给世界各国带来更多商机。
加快构建和谐社会
中国将加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设，夯实社
会和谐的民生基础。推进
社会体制改革，建立健全基本公共服务体系，创新社会管理机制，提高社会管理
水平，完善
收入分配制度和社会保障体系，努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、
住有所居，形成社会和谐人人有责、和谐社会人人共享的生动局面，使发展成果惠及全体人
民。
加强社会主义民主政治建设，积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，发展社会主义民主，
建设社
会主义法治国家，保障人民当家作主。继续依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、
民主监督，保障人
民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，扩大公民有序政治参与。继续坚
持各民族一律平等和民族区域自
治，依法保障人民的宗教信仰自由，充分尊重并维护公民的
基本人权和其他合法权益。
实施互利共赢的开放战略
坚持对外开放的基本国策。奉行互利共赢的开放战略，充分利用经济
全球化和区
域经济合作提供的各种有利条件，实现对外开放由出口和吸收外资为主向进口和出口、吸收<
br>外资和对外投资并重转变，不断拓展新的开放领域和空间，完善开放型经济体系，提高开放
型经济
水平，以开放促发展、促改革、促创新。
加快转变外贸发展方式。继续积极参与国际分工，推
动外贸发展从规模扩张向质
量效益提高转变、从成本优势向综合竞争优势转变，大力发展服务贸易，扩大
进口规模，促
进国际贸易收支趋向基本平衡，反对贸易保护主义，妥善处理国际经贸摩擦。
努力提高利用外资水平。不断优化结构、丰富方式、拓宽渠道、提高质量，加快
引进智力、人才、技术，
引导外资投向重点领域和重点地区。保护外资企业在华合法权益，
对国际资本和先进技术
持开放态度，创造公平有序的投资环境。实施国家知识产权战略，大
力提高知识产权创造、运用、保护和
管理能力。
更加重视对外投资和合作。鼓励各类企业有序开展境外投资和合作经营，支持在<
br>境外开展技术研发投资合作，开展海外工程承包和劳务合作，扩大农业领域国际合作，深化
国际能
源资源开发互利合作。大力开展有利于改善东道国民生和增强东道国自主发展能力的
项目合作，尊重当地
宗教和风俗习惯，遵守驻在国法律，承担相应社会责任和义务，促进驻
在国发展。优化对外援助结构，创
新对外援助方式，提升对外援助效果。
有序扩大金融市场和金融业对外开放。构建服务高效、
风险可控的金融体系，完
善以市场供求为基础、有管理的浮动汇率制度，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换
。既为各国
对华开展贸易投资互利合作带来更大便利，也为维护国际货币金融市场稳定、促进经济全球<
br>化健康发展创造更好条件。
创造和平国际环境和有利外部条件
中
国坚持在和平共处五项基本原则的基础上同所有国家发展友好合作。同发达国
家加强战略对话，增进战略
互信，深化互利合作，妥善处理分歧，探索建立和发展新型大国
关系，推动相互关系长期稳定健康发展。
坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴、睦邻友好的方针，发展
同周边国家和亚洲其他国家的友好合作关系，积极开展
双边和区域合作，共同营造和平稳定、
平等互信、合作共赢的地区环境。加强同广大发展中国家的团结，
深化传统友谊，扩大互利
合作，通过援助和投资等方式，真诚帮助发展中国家实现自主发展，维护发展中
国家正当权
益和共同利益。积极参与多边事务和全球性问题治理，承担相应国际义务，发挥建设性作用，
推动国际政治经济秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。深入开展同各国议会、政党、地方、
民间
等各方面交流合作，扩大人文领域对外交流，增进中国人民同各国人民的相互了解和友
谊。
坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国有广阔的领土和辽阔的海洋，陆地边界２．２
万多公里，大陆海岸线１
．８万多公里。中国面临复杂多样的传统和非传统安全挑战，受到
分裂势力和恐怖主义等威胁。推进国防
现代化是中国合理的国家安全需求，是中国实现和平
发展的必要保障。中国军队现代化的根本目的是捍卫
国家主权、安全、领土完整，保障国家
发展利益。中国国防开支是合理适度的，是与维护国家安全需要相
适应的，中国不会也无意
同任何国家搞军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。中国坚持“人不犯我、
我不犯人”，
致力于和平解决国际争端和热点问题。中国重视加强国际军事交流，推动国际和地区安全合
作，反对一切形式的恐怖主义。
三、中国和平发展的对外方针政策
中国作为国际社会的一员，对未来的世界怀有美好期待，坚持与和平发展相适应
的国际关系理念和对外方
针政策。
推动建设和谐世界
维护世界和平、促进共同发
展是中国外交政策的宗旨。中国倡导并致力于同世界
各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
认为这既是一个长期目标，又是一项现
实任务。为了建设和谐世界，应努力做到：
政
治上相互尊重、平等协商，共同推进国际关系民主化。国家不分大小、强弱、
贫富，都是国际社会平等成
员，都应受到国际社会尊重。维护联合国在世界事务中的核心地
位，遵循联合国宪章宗旨和原则，恪守国
际法和公认的国际关系准则，在国际关系中弘扬民
主、和睦、协作、共赢精神。各国内部事务应由本国人
民自己决定，世界上的事情应由各国
平等协商，各国平等参与国际事务的权利应得到尊重和维护。
经济上相互合作、优势互补，共同推动经济全球化朝着均衡、普惠、共赢方向发
展。努
力建立公正、公开、合理、非歧视的多边贸易体制，使经济全球化成果惠及世界各国。
携手落实联合国千
年发展目标，使２１世纪成为人人享有发展成果的世纪。
文化上相互借鉴、求同存异，尊重世
界多样性，共同促进人类文明繁荣进步。大
力提倡不同文明间对话和交流，消除意识形态偏见和隔阂，使
人类社会一天比一天和谐和睦，
让世界更加丰富多彩。
安全上相互信任、加强合作，
坚持用和平方式而不是战争手段解决国际争端，共
同维护世界和平稳定。通过协商对话增进信任、减少分
歧、化解纠纷，避免使用武力或以武
力相威胁。
环保上相互帮助、协力推进，共同呵
护人类赖以生存的地球家园。提倡创新发展
模式，走可持续发展道路，促进人与自然和谐发展。坚持共同
但有区别的责任原则，加强环
境保护和应对气候变化的国际合作。
坚持独立自主的和平外交政策
中国人民坚持自己选择的社会制度和发展道路，不允许外部势力
干涉中国内政。
坚持在和平共处五项原则基础上，同所有国家发展友好合作，不同任何国家和国家集团结
盟，
不以社会制度和意识形态异同决定国家关系的亲疏。尊重各国人民自主选择社会制度和发展
道路的权利，不干涉别国内部事务，反对以大欺小、以强凌弱，反对霸权主义和强权政治。
坚持通过求同
存异、对话协商解决矛盾分歧，不把自己的意志强加于人。坚持从中国人民的
根本利益和世界人民的共同
利益出发，根据事情本身的是非曲直确定立场和政策，秉持公道，
伸张正义，在国际事务中积极发挥建设
性作用。
中国坚决维护国家核心利益。中国的核心利益包括：国家主权，国家安全，领土完整，国家统一，中国宪法确立的国家政治制度和社会大局稳定，经济社会可持续发展的基
本保障。
中国充分尊重各国维护本国利益的正当权利，在积极实现本国发展的同时，充分
顾及他国正当关切和利益，绝不做损人利己、以邻为壑的事情。
中国把中国人民的利
益同世界各国人民的共同利益结合起来，扩大同各方利益的
汇合点，同各国各地区建立并发展不同领域不
同层次的利益共同体，推动实现全人类共同利
益，共享人类文明进步成果。
倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观
中国倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，寻求实现综合安全、共同安全、
合作安全。
注重综合安全。在新的历史条件下，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，
安全内涵扩展到更多领域
。国际社会需要强化综合安全观念，坚持综合施策、标本兼治，携
手应对人类面临的多样化安全挑战。
追求共同安全。在经济全球化条件下各国命运休戚与共，国际社会应增强共同安
全意识
，既要维护本国安全，又要尊重别国安全关切。要摒弃冷战思维和同盟对抗，通过多
边合作维护共同安全
，协力防止冲突和战争。充分发挥联合国在维护世界和平与安全方面的
作用，建立公平有效的共同安全机
制。
促进合作安全。战争和对抗只会导致以暴易暴的恶性循环，对话和谈判是解决争
端的唯一有效和可靠途径。要以合作谋和平、以合作保安全、以合作化干戈、以合作促和谐，
反对动辄使
用武力或以武力相威胁。
秉持积极有为的国际责任观
作为世界上人口最
多的发展中国家，中国把自己的事情办好，本身就是对世界负
责任最重要的体现。作为国际社会负责任的
国家，中国遵循国际法和公认的国际关系准则，
认真履行应尽的国际责任。中国以积极姿态参与国际体系
变革和国际规则制定，参与全球性
问题治理，支持发展中国家发展，维护世界和平稳定。各国国情和发展
阶段不同，应按照责
任、权利、实力相一致的原则，着眼本国和人类共同利益，从自身国力出发，履行相
应国际
义务，发挥建设性作用。随着综合国力的不断增强，中国将力所能及地承担更多国际责任。
奉行睦邻友好的地区合作观
中国同周边各国积极开展睦邻友好合作，共同
推动建设和谐亚洲。主张地区各国
相互尊重、增进互信、求同存异，通过谈判对话和友好协商解决包括领
土和海洋权益争端在
内的各种矛盾和问题，共同维护地区和平稳定。密切经贸往来和互利合作，推进地区
经济一
体化进程，完善现有区域次区域合作机制，对其他区域合作构想持开放态度，欢迎地区外国
家在促进地区和平与发展中发挥建设性作用。中国不谋求地区霸权和势力范围，不排挤任何
国家，中国
的繁荣发展和长治久安对周边邻国是机遇而不是威胁。中国将始终秉承自强不息、
开拓进
取、开放包容、同舟共济的“亚洲精神”，永做亚洲其他国家的好邻居、好朋友、好
伙伴。
四、中国和平发展是历史的必然选择
走和平发展道路是中国政府和人民继承中华文化的优秀传
统、根据时代发展潮流
和中国根本利益作出的战略抉择，是中国发展的内在需要。
和平发展是中国历史文化的传承
中国文化自古就认为世界应是一个和谐整体，这个观念深深影
响了中华民族的思
想和行为，成为中国人处理人与人、人与自然乃至国与国关系的重要价值观。
中国人民历来崇尚“和而不同”、“天人合一”、“以和为贵”的理念，以和谐
精神凝
聚家庭、敦睦邻里、善待他人。和谐文化培育了中华民族热爱和平的民族禀性。举世
闻名的“丝绸之路”
是一条贸易之路、文化之路、和平之路，铭刻下中国古人追求同各国人
民友好交流、互利合作的历史足迹
。中国明代著名航海家郑和“七下西洋”，远涉亚非３０
多个国家和地区，展现的是中华灿烂文明和先进
科技，留下的是和平与友谊。
中华民族以“海纳百川，有容乃大”的胸怀，接受一切有益的外
来文化，促进了
中外文化融合，留下了不少对外文化交流的千古佳话。中国人民具有强烈的集体意识和社
会
责任感，崇尚“己所不欲，勿施于人”，尊重不同文化、不同观念，注重推己及人、将心比
心
，不将自己的意志强加于人。对外待之以礼，实行睦近交远。
从５０００多年文明史中走来的中国人民，继承了中华文化的优秀传统，又赋予
这一文化新的时代内涵。
和平发展是中国基本国情的要求
中国人口多、底子薄，用世界７．９％的
耕地和６．５％的淡水资源养活着世界
近２０％的人口，经济社会发展成就要由１３亿多人共享，不断满
足众多人口生存和发展需
求是巨大难题。２０１０年，中国人均国内生产总值约为４４００美元，居世界
１００位左
右。中国城乡、区域发展很不平衡，经济社会发展结构性矛盾突出，资源环境等发展的瓶颈<
br>制约突出，经济增长过于依赖物质资源投入，转变经济发展方式任务艰巨。中国自主创新能
力较弱
，在国际产业体系和贸易分工中仍处于产业链低端。中国人民生活水平还不高，社会
保障体系还很不完善
，与发达国家相比还有很大差距。
中国现代化是世界五分之一人口的现代化，这是一个很长的
历史过程。这一过程
中的困难和问题，无论规模还是难度，在当今世界都是绝无仅有的，在人类历史上也
是罕见
的。在相当长历史时期内，中国仍将是一个发展中国家，这就决定了中国必须集中力量推进
现代化，集中精力解决发展和民生问题；始终需要和平稳定的国际环境，开展对外交流合作。
<
br>即使中国将来强大起来，和平依然是发展的基本前提，没有理由偏离和平发展道路。基本国
情、文
化传统和国家根本利益、长远利益是中国和平发展的决定因素和内生动力。
和平发展是顺应世界潮流的选择
和平与发展是当今时代的两大主题，和平、发展、合作是不可
阻挡的世界潮流。
当前，世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展，国际体系变革的要求突出，国际社会正面临
越来
越多新的历史课题。共同用好发展机遇，共同应对各种风险，成为各国人民的愿望。
经济全球化成为影响国际关系的重要趋势。不同制度、不同类型、不同发展阶段
的国家相互依存、利益交
融，形成“你中有我、我中有你”的命运共同体。人类再也承受不
起世界大战，大国全面冲突对抗只会造
成两败俱伤。
全球性挑战成为世界主要威胁。人类共同安全问题日益突出，恐怖主义、大规模
杀伤性武器扩散、金融危机、严重自然灾害、气候变化、能源资源安全、粮食安全、公共卫
生安
全等攸关人类生存和经济社会可持续发展的全球性问题日益增多。任何国家都不可能单
独解决这些问题，
国际社会必须携手应对。如果不能通过全面持续的国际合作抑制各种负面
因素，世界和平与发展将面临重
大障碍，甚至可能遭受更大灾难。
世界多极化发展进程难以阻挡。新兴市场国家、区域集团和
亚洲等地区力量不断
发展壮大，各类非国家行为体迅速成长，借助经济全球化和社会信息化拓展影响，成
为各国
和国际舞台上的重要力量。
世界潮流浩浩荡荡，顺之则昌，逆之则亡。国际社
会应该超越国际关系中陈旧的
“零和博弈”，超越危险的冷战、热战思维，超越曾把人类一次次拖入对抗
和战乱的老路。
要以命运共同体的新视角，以同舟共济、合作共赢的新理念，寻求多元文明交流互鉴的新
局
面，寻求人类共同利益和共同价值的新内涵，寻求各国合作应对多样化挑战和实现包容性发
展
的新道路。要和平，不要战争；要发展，不要停滞；要对话，不要对抗；要理解，不要隔
阂，乃大势所趋
、人心所向。中国走和平发展道路，正是在这一时代大背景下的必然选择。
五、中国和平发展的世界意义
和平发展道路是中国这个世界上最大的发展中国家探索出的一条
新型发展道路，
随着时间的推移，这条道路已经并将进一步显示出其世界意义。这条道路的成功既需要中
国
人民坚持不懈努力，也需要外部世界理解和支持。
中国和平发展打破了“国强必霸
”的大国崛起传统模式。建立殖民体系、争夺势
力范围、对外武力扩张，是近代历史上一些大国崛起的老
路。特别是在２０世纪，追逐霸权、
实力对抗、兵戎相见，使人类惨遭两次世界大战的浩劫。中国基于自
己几千年历史文化传统，
基于对经济全球化本质的认识，对２１世纪国际关系和国际安全格局变化的认识
，对人类共
同利益和共同价值的认识，郑重选择和平发展、合作共赢作为实现国家现代化、参与国际事<
/p>
务和处理国际关系的基本途径。几十年来的实践证明，中国走和平发展道路走对了，没有任
何理由加以改变。
经济全球化和科技革命为更多国家提供了通过经济发展和互利合作
实现振兴的历
史条件，越来越多发展中国家走上快速发展的道路。正是因为这样，世界经济规模和发展空
间才越来越大，国际社会抵御经济和金融危机的能力才明显增强，国际经济体系变革才有了
更强
劲的动力。中国和平发展顺应了这一世界发展大势，中国乐见并支持越来越多的发展中
国家改变自身命运
，也乐见和支持发达国家继续繁荣发展。
在世界发生翻天覆地变化的今天，无论什么主义、什
么制度、什么模式、什么道
路，都在经历时代和实践的检验。各国国情千差万别，世界上不存在最好的、
万能的、一成
不变的发展模式，只有最适合本国国情的发展道路。中国的发展道路形成于、立足于本国国
情。中国深刻认识到走和平发展道路的重要性和长期性，认识到国内外环境变化的深刻性和
复杂
性，将更加注意总结和运用自身的成功经验，更加注意学习借鉴其他国家的有益经验，
更加注意研究前进
道路上的新问题、新挑战，为和平发展开辟更为广阔的前景。
中国发展离不开世界，世界繁荣
稳定也离不开中国。中国取得的发展成就与世界
各国友好合作密不可分，中国未来发展更需要国际社会理
解和支持，我们衷心感谢所有理解、
关心、支持、帮助中国发展的国家和人民。有十几亿人口的中国走和
平发展道路，这是人类
发展史上新的伟大探索和实践，不可能做得十全十美，我们欢迎一切友好建议和善
意批评。
我们真诚希望国际社会更加深入地了解中国源远流长的文明传统，尊重中国人民对国家主权、<
br>安全、领土完整和社会稳定的珍视，理解中国作为最大发展中国家需要逐步解决的各种发展
难题，
理解中国人民渴望彻底摆脱贫困、过上富裕日子的心情，相信中国人民走和平发展道
路的诚意和决心，支
持而不是阻碍中国走和平发展道路。
回顾历史，展望未来，我们坚信，一个繁荣发展的中国，
一个民主法治的中国，
一个和谐稳定的中国，必将为世界作出更大贡献。中国人民愿同世界各国人民一道
，为实现
人类美好理想而不懈努力。
China’s Peaceful Development
Information Office of the State Council The
People’s Republic of China
September 2011,
Beijing
Contents
I. The Path
of China’s Peaceful Development: What It Is About
II. What China Aims to Achieve by Pursuing
Peaceful Development
III. China’s Foreign
Policies for Pursuing Peaceful Development
IV.
China’s Path of Peaceful Development Is a Choice
Necessitated by History
IV. What China’s
Peaceful Development Means to the Rest of the
World
Situated in the East, China, a country
with an ancient civilization and a population of
over 1.3
billion, is making big strides in its
advance toward modernization. What path of
development has
China chosen? What will
China’s development bring to the rest of the
world? These issues are the
focus of the whole
world.
China has declared to the rest of the
world on many occasions that it takes a path of
peaceful
development and is committed to
upholding world peace and promoting common
development
and prosperity for all countries.
At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st
century and on
the occasion of the 90th
anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party
of China (CPC),
China declared solemnly again
to the world that peaceful development is a
strategic choice made
by China to realize
modernization, make itself strong and prosperous,
and make more
contribution to the progress of
human civilization. China will unswervingly follow
the path of
peaceful development.
I. The
Path of China’s Peaceful Development: What It Is
About
Over the past 5,000 years, people of all
ethnic groups in China, with diligence and wisdom,
have
created a splendid civilization and built
a unified multi-ethnic country. The Chinese
civilization has
a unique feature of being
enduring, inclusive and open. The Chinese nation
has endeavored to
learn from other nations and
improved itself through centuries of interactions
with the rest of
the world, making major
contribution to the progress of human
civilization.
In the mid-19th century, Western
powers forced open China’s door with gunboats.
Internal
turmoil and foreign aggression
gradually turned China into a semi-colonial and
semi-feudal
society. The country became poor
and weak, and the people suffered from wars and
chaos.
Facing imminent danger of national
subjugation, one generation of patriots after
another fought
hard to find a way to reform
and save the nation. The Revolution of 1911 put an
end to the
system of monarchy which had ruled
China for several thousand years, and inspired the
Chinese
people to struggle for independence
and prosperity. However, such efforts and struggle
failed to
change the nature of China as a
semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, or lift the
Chinese people
out of misery. Living up to the
people’s expectation, the CPC led them in carrying
out arduous
struggle, and finally founded the
People’s Republic of China in 1949. This marked
the realization
of China’s independence and
liberation of its people and ushered in a new
epoch in China’s
history.
In the past six
decades and more since the founding of New China,
and particularly since the
introduction of the
reform and opening-up policies in 1978, the
Chinese government has worked
hard to explore
a path of socialist modernization that conforms to
China’s conditions and the
trend of the times.
Overcoming difficulties and setbacks, the Chinese
people have advanced with
the times, drawn on
both experience and lessons from the development
of China itself and other
countries, deepened
understanding of the laws governing the
development of human society,
and promoted the
self-improvement and growth of the socialist
system. Through arduous
struggle, the Chinese
people have succeeded in finding a path of
development conforming to
China’s reality ―
the path of socialism with Chinese
characteristics.
Viewed in the broader,
global and historical context, the path of
peaceful development may be
defined as
follows: China should develop itself through
upholding world peace and contribute to
world
peace through its own development. It should
achieve development with its own efforts
and
by carrying out reform and innovation; at the same
time, it should open itself to the outside
and
learn from other countries. It should seek mutual
benefit and common development with
other
countries in keeping with the trend of economic
globalization, and it should work together
with other countries to build a harmonious
world of durable peace and
common prosperity.
This is a path of scientific, independent, open,
peaceful, cooperative and
common development.
― Scientific development. Scientific
development means respecting and following the
laws
governing the development of economy,
society and nature, focusing on development and
freeing and developing the productive forces.
China takes the Scientific Outlook on Development
as an important principle guiding economic and
social development, and gives top priority to
development in governing and rejuvenating the
country by the Party. It puts people first,
promotes comprehensive, balanced, and
sustainable development, and takes all factors
into
consideration when making balanced
overall plans. In putting people first, the
Chinese
government always respects human
rights and human values and works to meet the
ever-growing material and cultural needs of
the people and promote prosperity for all. It
strives
to advance the all-round development
of man, to ensure that development is for the
people, by
the people and with the people
sharing its fruits. In promoting comprehensive,
balanced, and
sustainable development, the
Chinese government promotes comprehensive economic
development as well as political, cultural and
social progress and ecological improvement, and
coordinated development of all links and
aspects of the modernization drive. In making
balanced
overall plans, the Chinese government
seeks to identify and properly handle the major
relationships in the cause of building
socialism with Chinese characteristics and
maintain balance
between urban and rural
development, development of different regions,
economic and social
development, man and
nature, and domestic development and opening to
the outside world.
― Independent development.
As a populous developing country, China must rely
on itself in
pursuing development. China
maintains independence, focuses on domestic
development, acts
in keeping with its national
conditions, carries out reform and innovation for
economic and social
development through its
own efforts, and it does not shift problems and
difficulties onto other
countries. In the era
of economic globalization, only by pursuing
independent development can
China more
effectively participate in international division
of labor, and promote mutually
beneficial
cooperation with other countries.
― Open
development. China has learned from its
development course that it cannot develop
itself with its door closed. Taking reform and
opening-up as a basic policy, China both carries
out
domestic reform and opens itself to the
outside world, both pursues independent
development
and takes part in economic
globalization and both carries forward the fine
traditions of the
Chinese nation and draws on
all the fine achievements of other civilizations.
It combines both the
domestic market and
foreign markets and uses both domestic resources
and foreign resources.
China integrates itself
with the rest of the world with an open attitude,
expands and deepens the
opening-up strategy,
and strengthens exchanges and cooperation with
other countries. It strives
to build an open
economic system which ensures better linkages with
the global economy,
mutually beneficial
cooperation as well as
security and
efficiency. China will never close its door to the
outside world, and will open itself
increasingly wider.
― Peaceful
development. The Chinese nation loves peace. From
their bitter sufferings from war
and poverty
in modern times, the Chinese people have learned
the value of peace and the
pressing need of
development. They see that only peace can allow
them to live and work in
prosperity and
contentment and that only development can bring
them decent living. Therefore,
the central
goal of China’s diplomacy is to create a peaceful
and stable international environment
for its
development. In the meantime, China strives to
make its due contribution to world peace
and
development. It never engages in aggression or
expansion, never seeks hegemony, and
remains a
staunch force for upholding regional and world
peace and stability.
― Cooperative
development. There are always competition and
conflicts in international
relations. Each
country should draw on others’ merits to offset
its own weakness through fair
competition,
find opportunities for cooperation, expand areas
of cooperation, and improve
common interests.
China uses cooperation as a way to pursue peace,
promote development and
settle disputes. It
seeks to establish and develop cooperative
relationships of different forms with
other
countries and effectively meet growing global
challenges by constantly expanding mutually
beneficial cooperation with other countries,
and works with them to solve major problems that
affect world economic development and human
survival and progress.
― Common development.
Countries are becoming increasingly
interdependent. Only when
common development
of all countries is realized and more people share
the fruit of development,
can world peace and
stability have a solid foundation and be
effectively guaranteed, and can
development be
sustainable in all countries. Therefore, China
unswervingly follows a strategy of
opening-up
and mutual benefit. It pursues both its own
interests and the common interests of
mankind
and works to ensure that its own development and
the development of other countries
are
mutually reinforcing, thus promoting the common
development of all countries. China
sincerely
hopes to work with other countries to realize
common development and prosperity.
Thanks to
its pursuit of peaceful development, China has
under-gone profound changes. It has
made
remarkable achievements in development, made major
contribution to world prosperity
and
stability, and is more closely linked with the
rest of the world.
China’s overall strength
has grown considerably. Its total economic output
reached US$$5.88
trillion in 2010, over 16
times that of 1978, rising to 9.3% of the world’s
total from 1.8% in 1978.
The material basis
for China’s modernization drive has become more
solid; steady progress has
been made in
turning China into an industrialized, information-
based, urbanized,
market-oriented and
internationalized country, and the cause of
socialist development is being
advanced in all
respects.
The Chinese people, once
inadequately fed and clad, are leading a decent
life on the whole ― a
historic breakthrough.
The share of China’s per capita income comparable
to the world average
grew from 24.9% in 2005
to 46.8% in 2010. A historic transformation from a
highly centralized
planned economy to a
dynamic socialist market economy has been achieved
in China. A basic
economic system in which
public ownership takes the lead and different
economic ownerships
grow side by side has come
into being. The market plays an increasingly
important role in
allocating resources, and
the system of macroeconomic regulation is
improving. A social security
system covering
both urban and rural residents is taking shape,
and culture, education, science
and
technology, health care, sports and other social
programs are flourishing.
A historic
transformation turning China from a closed or
semi-closed state to one featuring
all-round
opening up has been realized. With the setting up
of special economic zones, opening
of coastal
areas, regions along the major rivers and the
borders and inland areas to the outside
world,
absorbing foreign investment and making Chinese
investment overseas, and entry into the
World
Trade Organization, China has taken an active part
in economic globalization and regional
economic cooperation, and its opening-up has
steadily deepened. The country’s total import and
export volume grew from US$$20.6 billion-worth
in 1978 to US$$2.974 trillion-worth in 2010.
Utilized foreign direct investment from 1979
to 2010 totaled US$$1.04838 trillion. China
maintains
business and trade ties with 163
countries and regions. It has signed ten free-
trade-zone
agreements, bilateral investment
treaties with 129 countries, and double taxation
avoidance
agreements with 96 countries. All
this shows that China is actively promoting
liberalization and
facilitation of trade and
investment. To honor its commitments to the WTO,
China has reduced its
total tariff rate from
15.3% before its entry into the WTO to the present
9.8%, and abolished
most non-tariff measures.
China has been working to build a framework in
which its relations
with other major countries
are generally stable and mutually beneficial and
develop in a
balanced way, and which ensures
that China and its neighbors share opportunities
and develop
together. It has strengthened
traditional friendship, solidarity and cooperation
with other
developing countries. China is
becoming increasingly interdependent with other
countries; it is
more closely linked with them
in terms of interests, and its exchanges and
cooperation with
other countries are becoming
more extensive than ever before.
China has
made important contribution to the stable
development of the world economy. Since
its
entry into the WTO in 2001, China has imported
goods worth nearly US$$750 billion every year,
and created over 14 million jobs for those
exporting countries and regions. Over the past
decade,
foreign-funded companies in China have
remitted a total of US$$261.7 billion of profits,
with an
annual increase of 30%. From 2000 to
2010, China’s annual non-financial direct overseas
investment grew from less than US$$1 billion to
US$$59 billion, thus boosting the economic
development in the recipient countries. In
2009, overseas China-invested companies paid taxes
worth US$$10.6 billion, and employed 439,000
local people. China has contributed over 10% to
world economic growth every year in recent
years. In 1997
when the Asian financial crisis
caused a dramatic devaluation of currencies in
countries and
regions close to it, China
succeeded in keeping the RMB exchange rate
basically stable,
contributing to regional
economic stability and development. Since the
international financial
crisis erupted in
2008, China has taken an active part in the G20’s
efforts to build a global
economic governance
mechanism, promoted the reform of the
international financial system, got
involved
in multi-country macroeconomic policy
coordination, and participated in international
trade financing schemes and financial
cooperation. It has sent large overseas purchasing
missions
and helped countries in difficulties.
China conscientiously meets the Millennium
Development
Goals of the United Nations, and
is the only country in the world that has halved
the number of
people living in poverty ahead
of schedule. In addition, China provides
assistance to other
countries and regions as
its capacity permits. By the end of 2009, China
had given assistance
worth RMB 256.3 billion
to 161 countries and over 30 international and
regional organizations,
reduced and canceled
380 debts incurred by 50 heavily indebted poor
countries and
least-developed countries,
trained 120,000 people for other developing
countries, and sent
21,000 medical personnel
and nearly 10,000 teachers abroad to help other
countries. China
encourages the least-
developed countries to expand exports to China and
has pledged zero tariff
treatment to over 95%
of the exports to China by all the least-developed
countries which have
diplomatic relations with
China.
China plays an important role in
safeguarding world peace and meeting global
challenges. China
is the only nuclear-weapon
country that has publicly stated that it will not
be the first to use
nuclear weapons, or use or
threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-
nuclear-weapon states
or nuclear-weapon-free
zones. China has dispatched about 21,000 personnel
on 30 UN
peacekeeping missions, which is the
highest number among the permanent members of the
UN
Security Council. China takes an active
part in international cooperation in anti-
terrorism and
nonproliferation. It provides
humanitarian aid and dispatches rescue teams to
countries hit by
severe natural disasters and
deploys naval escort fleets to combat piracy in
the Gulf of Aden and
off the coast of Somalia.
China is a member of over 100 intergovernmental
international
organizations, a party to over
300 international conventions, and an active
participant in building
the international
system. China is the first developing country to
formulate and implement the
National Climate
Change Program. It is also one of the countries
which have made the greatest
efforts in energy
saving and emission reduction and which have made
the fastest progress in
developing new and
renewable energy sources in recent years. China
has played a constructive
role in addressing
international and regional hotspot problems. For
instance, it calls for resolving
the Korean
nuclear issue, the Iranian nuclear issue and other
hotspot issues through peaceful
talks, and has
helped to establish the Six-Party Talks mechanism
on the Korean nuclear issue.
China has settled
historical boundary issues with 12 land neighbors.
It calls for settling disputes
over territory
and maritime rights and interests with neighboring
countries through dialogue and
negotiation.
For instance, China has made a constructive
proposal to “shelve disputes and seek
joint
development” and done its utmost to uphold peace
and stability in the South China Sea,
East
China Sea and the surrounding areas. China seeks
to promote common development and
prosperity
in the Asia-Pacific region by pursuing bilateral
cooperation and participating in
regional and
sub-regional cooperation.
China’s development
since New China was founded in 1949 and
particularly since the reform and
opening-up
policies were introduced in 1978 shows that China
is an important member of the
international
community which has contributed its due share to
bringing about a more just and
equitable
international political and economic order.
II. What China Aims to Achieve by Pursuing
Peaceful Development
China’s overall goal of
pursuing peaceful development is to promote
development and harmony
domestically and
pursue cooperation and peace internationally.
Specifically, this means that
China will
endeavor to make life better for its people and
contribute to human progress through
hard
work, innovation and reform carried out by the
Chinese people and growing long-term
friendly
relations and promoting equality and mutually-
beneficial cooperation with other
countries.
This has become a national commitment which is
manifest in strategies for national
development, and progress made in the course
of China’s development.
To achieve
modernization and common prosperity for the people
is the overall goal of China’s
pursuit of
peaceful development. Following the introduction
of the policies of reform and
opening-up to
the outside world in the late 1970s, China adopted
and implemented a three-step
strategy for
achieving modernization. The first step was to
double the GNP of 1980 and ensure
people’s
basic living needs. The second step was to
redouble the output of 1980 and achieve
initial prosperity by the end of the
20th century. The goals of these two steps have
been met. The
third step aims to make the per
capita GNP reach the level of that of the medium-
developed
countries, bring about general
prosperity, basically realize modernization and
build China into a
rich, strong, democratic,
civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country
by the 100th
anniversary of the People’s
Republic of China in the mid-21st century. The
central goal of this
three-step development
strategy is to improve people’s material and
cultural lives, and make the
people rich and
the country strong. Meanwhile, as its
comprehensive strength increases, China
will
shoulder corresponding international
responsibilities and obligations.
To build a
society of higher-level initial prosperity in an
all-round way which benefits over one
billion
Chinese people is the medium-and long-term goal of
China’s pursuit of peaceful
development. By
2020, China will have built a society of higher-
level initial prosperity in an
all-round way
that benefits the over one billion Chinese people.
This will make China a country
which has
basically realized industrialization,
significantly increased its comprehensive national
strength and taken the lead in the world in
terms of the total size of the domestic market.
The
general living standard and quality of
life of the Chinese people will be raised, and the
country’s
natural environment will be well
protected. The Chinese people will enjoy full
democratic rights,
are better educated and
pursue common aspirations. China’s social system
and institutions will
be further improved, the
Chinese society will be more dynamic, stable and
unified, and China will
be a more open and
engaging country and contribute more to human
civilization.
To implement the Twelfth Five-
Year Plan of development is the near and medium-
term goal of
China’s pursuit of peaceful
development. To build a society of initial
prosperity in an all-round
way, the Outline of
the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic
and Social Development of
the People’s
Republic of China (2011-2015) laid down the
guiding principles, goals and major
tasks for
this period. In the coming five years, China will
focus on scientific development and
accelerate
the shifting of model of growth in pursuing
economic and social development, and
efforts
will be made to achieve the following goals:
ensuring stable and fairly fast development of
the economy, making great progress in carrying
out strategic adjustment of the economy,
significantly improving science, technology
and education, making major progress in saving
resources and protecting the environment,
continuing to improve people’s lives, enhancing
social
services and further deepening the
reform and opening-up to the outside world.
Through the
concerted efforts of the Chinese
people, we will make major progress in shifting
the model of
growth, markedly improve China’s
comprehensive strength, international
competitiveness and
the ability to ward off
risks and consolidate the foundation for building
a society of initial
prosperity in an all-
round way. Meanwhile, China will energetically
conduct international
exchanges and
cooperation, and expand and deepen the shared
interests of all countries to
promote common
development.
From ensuring people’s basic
living needs to building a society of initial
prosperity and then to
reaching the level of
the medium-developed countries ― this is what
China’s strategy for
peaceful development is
all about. To reach these goals, China will make
the following efforts:
― Accelerating the
shifting of the model of growth
Making
adjustment of the economic sectors will receive
top priority. Domestic demand,
especially
consumer demand, will be stimulated by increasing
individual consumption through
multiple
channels and by adjusting and improving the
domestic investment mix. Industrialization,
urbanization and agricultural modernization
will be promoted simultaneously so that economic
growth will be driven by the combined
forces of consumption, investment and export
instead of
investment and export only. China’s
economic growth will be driven by the combined
forces of
the primary, secondary and tertiary
sectors instead of the secondary sector only. It
will also be
driven by progress in R&D, better
quality of the labor force and managerial
innovation instead of
increase of material and
resource consumption. Moreover, we are carrying
out strategies of
accelerating development
through developing science and technology, and
fostering people with
capabilities to build
China into a country of innovation. We should be
open to new ideas and be
innovative in
improving institutions, draw on the advanced
technologies and managerial
expertise of other
countries, and improve the sustainability and
efficiency of economic growth.
We will make
more efforts to remove bottlenecks in resources
and the environment that impede
development.
We will adopt a green and low-carbon development
approach with emphasis on
energy-saving and
emission reduction, and accelerate the forming of
energy-saving and
eco-friendly modes of
production and consumption. We will build a
circular economy, improve
environmental
quality, build safe, stable, efficient, clean and
modern energy industries, enhance
resources
supply, promote harmonious development between man
and nature, and strike a
balance among
economic development, population, resources and
the environment. We will
explore a new path
towards industrialization based on science and
technology, with high
economic returns, low
consumption of resources, less pollution, and full
utilization of human
resources. The all-round,
coordinated and sustainable growth of China’s
economy will create
great space for the growth
of the world economy.
― Further exploiting
China’s domestic resources and its market
strengths
With abundant human and material
resources and a fairly complete industrial system,
China will
mainly rely on itself in pursuing
sustainable development. It is estimated that by
2015 the
number of skilled personnel will
reach 156 million in China, 15% of the workforce
will have
received higher education, and the
rate of contribution to economic growth by skilled
people will
reach 32%. This will ensure ample
supply of quality labor force to sustain China’s
economic
development. China ranks among the
first in the world in terms of deposits of mineral
resources
and farmland and is basically self
sufficient in grain supply. Although China’s per
capita share of
resources is low, we can
minimize dependence on resources by China’s
economic and social
development by giving full
play to market’s role of resources allocation and
progress in R&D.
China will fully tap the
strengths of its industries of raw material,
equipment manufacturing and
consumer goods
production to meet the consumption demands of the
Chinese people and
provide more quality goods
and services to the international market.
The
size of China’s population and its total economic
output mean a huge potential of domestic
demand. With the continuous increase of per
capita income, steady growth of domestic
investment, and further progress in
implementing the strategy for regional
development, China
will see the emergence of
growth engines and its market will further expand.
In the coming five
years, China’s consumption
structure will be further upgraded, and the
potential of individual
consumption will be
further released. The size of China’s domestic
market will be one of the
biggest in the
world, and the accumulated import volume is
expected to reach US$$8 trillion. All
this will
create more business opportunities to other
countries.
― Accelerating the building of a
harmonious society China will accelerate the
building of a
harmonious society with emphasis
on improving people’s lives, thus strengthening
the
foundation of achieving social harmony. It
will accelerate the reform of social systems,
improve
basic public services, develop
new mechanisms for social management and make such
management more efficient, and improve income
distribution and the social security system. Our
goal is to ensure that all people have the
right to education, employment and pay, medical
and
old-age services and housing, so that all
the people share the responsibility of creating a
harmonious society and enjoy life and the full
benefit of development in such a society.
We
will strengthen the building of socialist
democracy, advance the political structural reform
actively and steadily, develop socialist
democracy and turn China into a socialist country
under
the rule of law and ensure that the
people control their own destiny. We will continue
to conduct
democratic election, decision-
making, governance and supervision in accordance
with the law,
uphold people’s right to have
access to information, to participate in
governance, to express their
views and to
supervise the government, and we will expand
orderly public participation in the
political
process. We will continue to treat all ethnic
groups as equals and practice the system of
regional autonomy of ethnic minorities,
protect people’s freedom of religious belief
according to
law, and fully respect and uphold
basic human rights and other lawful rights and
interests of
citizens.
― Implementing the
opening-up strategy of mutual benefit China will
continue to pursue the
basic state policy of
opening up to the outside world and the opening-up
strategy of mutual
benefit. By making full use
of the favorable conditions created by economic
globalization and
regional economic
cooperation in the course of opening-up, we will
move away from focusing on
export and
absorbing foreign investment towards putting equal
emphasis on import and export
and on absorbing
foreign investment and making overseas investment.
We will continuously
explore new ways of
opening up and improving the open economic system
and make the open
economy work better so as to
promote China’s development, reform and innovation
through
opening-up.
We will speed up the
way of conducting foreign trade and continue to
actively participate in
international division
of labor. We will move away from focusing on
increasing volume of trade
only to improving
the quality and efficiency of trade, and raise the
overall competitiveness of
China’s foreign
trade instead of relying on low cost production.
We will make great efforts to
promote service
trade, increase import, and bring about basic
balance of payment in
international trade. We
oppose trade protectionism and handle properly
frictions in international
trade.
We will
make better use of foreign investment by
continuously improving the investment
structure, diversifying ways of investment and
expanding investment channels. We will also
speed up the introduction of intellectual
resources, talented people and new technologies,
and
encourage foreign investment in key areas
and regions. We will protect the legitimate rights
and
interests of foreign companies in China,
adopt an open attitude towards foreign capital and
advanced technologies, and foster a fair and
orderly investment environment. We will continue
to implement the national strategy for
intellectual property rights and enhance ability
to create,
apply, protect and manage
intellectual property.
We will attach greater
importance to overseas investment and
international cooperation. We
encourage
companies of all types to make overseas investment
and engage in joint operations in
an orderly
way, make R&D-related investment and undertake
overseas project contracting and
provide labor
services. In addition, we will expand
international cooperation in agriculture and
deepen mutually beneficial cooperation with
other countries in the development of energy and
other resources. We will undertake more
cooperation projects in host countries which
improve
life of the local people and enhance
the ability for self-development of the host
countries. The
Chinese companies are requested
to respect local religions and customs, observe
local laws,
undertake due social
responsibilities and obligations, and promote the
development of the host
countries. We will
improve and develop new ways of providing aid so
as to make aid more
effective.
We will
continue to open China’s financial market and
financial sectors in an orderly way. We will
build a financial system that pro-vides
efficient services and places risks under control.
We will
im-prove the managed, floating
exchange rate system based on market supply and
demand, and
make the RMB convertible under
capital account in a phased way. These measures
will not only
facilitate foreign trade and
investment cooperation with China, but also create
better conditions
for maintaining the
stability of international currencies and
financial market and promoting the
sound
development of economic globalization.
―
Creating a peaceful international environment and
favorable external conditions
China will
continue to promote friendly relations with the
other countries on the basis of the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. We will
increase strategic dialogue with the developed
countries to promote strategic mutual trust,
deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, handle
differences properly, explore ways to
establish and develop a new type of relationship
among the
major countries and promote long-
term, steady and sound growth of China’s relations
with these
countries. We will continue the
policy of developing good-neighborly relations and
treating
China’s neighbors as partners and
enhance friendship and cooperation with both the
neighboring
countries and other Asian
countries. We will expand bilateral and regional
cooperation and
jointly create a regional
environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual
trust, cooperation and
mutual benefit. We will
enhance unity with other developing countries,
deepen traditional
friendship, expand mutually
beneficial cooperation, sincerely help the other
developing countries
achieve independent
development by providing aid and making investment
and uphold their
legitimate rights and
interests as well as their common interests. We
will actively engage in
handling multilateral
issues and addressing global issues, undertake our
due international
obligations and play a
constructive role in making the international
political and economic order
fairer and more
equitable. We will continue to carry out exchanges
and cooperation with the
parliaments, parties,
local authorities and NGOs of other countries,
expand people-to-people and
cultural exchanges
to enhance understanding and friendship between
the Chinese people and
the people of other
countries.
China is committed to pursuing a
defense policy which is defensive in nature. China
has a vast
land territory and sea area, with a
borderline of over 22,000 kilometers and a
coastline of over
18,000 kilometers. China
faces multiple traditional and non-traditional
security challenges and
the threat of
separatists and terrorism. It is therefore
necessary and justified to modernize
China’s
defense capabilities in order to uphold China’s
security and protect its peaceful
development.
The fundamental purpose of modernizing the Chinese
armed forces is to safeguard
China’s
sovereignty, security, territorial integrity and
interests of national development. China’s
defense expenditures are appropriate and
moderate, and are in keeping with the need to
safeguard its security. China will not engage
in arms race with any other country, and it does
not
pose a military threat to any other
country. China follows the principle of not
attacking others
unless it is attacked, and it
is committed to solving international disputes and
hotspot issues with
peaceful means.
China actively carries out international military
exchanges, promotes
international and regional
security cooperation and opposes terrorism in all
forms.
III. China’s Foreign Policies for
Pursuing Peaceful Development
As a member of
the international community, China has great hope
for the future world, and
adopts the following
thinking on international relations and foreign
policies that conform to
peaceful development.
― Promoting the building of a harmonious world
China’s foreign policy aims to uphold world
peace and promote common development. China
advocates the building of a harmonious world
of durable peace and common prosperity and
works with other countries in pursuing this
goal. To China, it is both a long-term objective
and a
current task. To build a harmonious
world, we should make the following efforts:
Politically, countries should respect each
other and treat each other as equals, and work
together
to promote democracy in international
relations. All the countries in the world, whether
big or
small, strong or weak, rich or poor,
are equal members of the international community
and
should receive due respect of the
international community. Countries should also
safeguard the
UN’s core role in handling
global affairs, adhere to the purposes and
principles of the UN Charter,
abide by
international law and the generally-accepted
principles governing international relations,
and promote democracy, harmony, coordination
and win-win spirit in international relations. The
internal affairs of a country should be
decided by its own people, international affairs
should be
decided by all countries through
consultation on an equal footing, and every
country’s right to
equally participate in
international affairs should be respected and
upheld.
Economically, countries should
cooperate with each other, draw on each other’s
strengths and
make economic globalization a
balanced and win-win process that benefits all
countries.
Countries should also seek to
establish an international multilateral trading
system that is fair,
open, equitable and
nondiscriminatory so that the benefit of economic
globalization will cover all
countries. All
countries should work together to fulfill the UN
Millennium Development Goals and
enable
everyone to enjoy the benefit of development in
the 21st century.
Culturally, countries should
draw on each other’s strengths, seek common ground
while putting
aside differences, respect the
diversity of the world, and promote progress in
human civilization.
Dialogues and exchanges
among civilizations should be encouraged to do
away with ideological
prejudice and distrust,
and make human society more harmonious and the
world more colorful.
In terms of security,
countries should trust each other and strengthen
cooperation, settle
international disputes and
conflicts peacefully rather than resorting to war
and jointly safeguard
world peace and
stability. Consultation and dialogue should be
carried out to enhance mutual
trust, reduce
differences and settle disputes. Use or threat of
use of military force should be
avoided.
In terms of the environment, all countries
should help each other and make concerted efforts
to
better protect our only home ― the Earth.
Countries should develop new modes of development,
take the path of sustainable development and
promote the harmonious development of man and
nature. We should follow the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities, and
enhance international cooperation in
environmental protection and in addressing climate
change.
― Pursuing an independent foreign
policy of peace
The Chinese people adhere to
the social system and path of development chosen
by themselves
and will never allow any
external forces to interfere in China’s internal
affairs. China promotes
friendly and
cooperative relations with all the other countries
on the basis of the Five Principles
of
Peaceful Coexistence. It does not form alliance
with any other country or group of countries,
nor does it use social system or ideology as a
yardstick to determine what kind of relations it
should have with other countries. China
respects the right of the people of other
countries to
independently choose their own
social system and path of development, and does
not interfere
in other countries’ internal
affairs. It is opposed to the practices of the big
bullying the small and
the strong oppressing
the weak, and to hegemonism and power politics.
China calls for settling
disputes and
conflicts through talks and consultation and by
seeking common ground while
putting aside
differences. It does not impose its own will upon
others and acts in the
fundamental interests
of the Chinese people and the common interests of
all peoples throughout
the world. China bases
its decision on a particular issue according to
its merits. Upholding justice,
China plays an
active and constructive role in international
affairs.
China is firm in upholding its core
interests which include the following: state
sovereignty,
national security, territorial
integrity and national reunification, China’s
political system
established by the
Constitution and overall social stability, and the
basic safeguards for ensuring
sustainable
economic and social development.
China fully
respects other countries’ legitimate rights to
protect their interests. While developing
itself, it fully accommodates other countries’
legitimate concerns and interests and never makes
gains at others’ expense or shifts its own
troubles onto others.
China aligns its own
interests with the common interests of the people
of the world and seeks to
expand common
interests of all the parties. It works to
establish and expand community of
common
interests in various fields and at various levels
with other countries and regions. China is
committed to promoting the common interests of
all humanity and bringing the benefit of
human
civilization to everyone.
― Promoting new
thinking on security featuring mutual trust,
mutual benefit, equality and
coordination
China advocates a new thinking on security
featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality
and
coordination, and pursues comprehensive
security, common security and cooperative
security.
In terms of comprehensive security,
the security issue has new dimensions as
traditional and
non-traditional security
threats have become intertwined under the new
historical conditions.
The international
community should appreciate the need of ensuring
comprehensive security
and adopt comprehensive
measures to address security threats and their
root causes and
countries around the world
should work together to meet various challenges to
security.
Regarding common security, all
countries share a common stake in the era of
economic
globalization. The international
community should heighten awareness of common
security.
Countries should safeguard their own
security while respecting others’ security
concerns. They
should abandon the Cold War
mentality and confrontation between different
alliances, uphold
common security through
multilateral cooperation and work together to
prevent conflicts and
wars. It is important to
give full play to the UN’s role in maintaining
world peace and security and
establish a fair
and effective mechanism for upholding common
security.
With regards to cooperative
security, war and confrontation will only lead to
a vicious cycle of
violence begetting
violence, while dialogue and negotiation are the
only effective and reliable
way to settle
disputes. Countries should seek peace, safeguard
security, settle disputes and
promote
harmony through cooperation, and oppose the use or
threat of use of military force
against one
another.
― Actively living up to international
responsibility
For China, the most populous
developing country, to run itself well is the most
important
fulfillment of its international
responsibility. As a responsible member of the
international
community, China abides by
international law and the generally recognized
principles governing
international relations,
and eagerly fulfills its international
responsibility. China has actively
participated in reforming international
systems, formulating international rules and
addressing
global issues. It supports the
development of other developing countries, and
works to safeguard
world peace and stability.
As countries vary in national conditions and are
in different stages of
development, they
should match responsibility with rights in
accordance with their national
strength. They
should play a constructive role by fulfilling
their due international responsibility in
accordance with their own capability and on
the basis of aligning their own interests with the
common interests of mankind. For its part,
China will assume more international
responsibility as
its comprehensive strength
increases.
― Promoting regional cooperation
and good-neighborly relations
China actively
enhances friendly cooperation with its neighbors
and works with them to promote
a harmonious
Asia. China calls on countries in the region to
respect each other, increase mutual
trust,
seek common ground while putting aside
differences, safeguard regional peace and
stability, and settle disputes including those
over territorial claims and maritime rights and
interests through dialogue and friendly
negotiation. Countries should increase trade and
mutually beneficial cooperation, promote
regional economic integration, improve the current
regional and sub-regional cooperative
mechanisms, be open-minded to other proposals for
regional cooperation, and welcome countries
outside the region to play a constructive role in
promoting regional peace and development.
China does not seek regional hegemony or sphere
of influence, nor does it want to exclude any
country from participating in regional
cooperation.
China’s prosperity, development
and long-term stability represent an opportunity
rather than a
threat to its neighbors. China
will uphold the Asian spirit of standing on its
own feet, being bold
in opening new ground,
being open and inclusive and sharing weal and woe.
It will remain a good
neighbor, friend and
partner of other Asian countries.
IV. China’s
Path of Peaceful Development Is a Choice
Necessitated by History
Taking the path of
peaceful development is a strategic choice made by
the Chinese government
and people in keeping
with the fine tradition of Chinese culture, the
development trend of the
times and the
fundamental interests of China, and it is also a
choice which China’s development
calls for.
― Peaceful development carries forward the
Chinese historical and cultural tradition.
The
world has been believed to be a harmonious whole
in the Chinese culture ever since the
ancient
times. This belief has a lasting impact on the
thinking and acts of the Chinese nation,
which
is an important value that the Chinese people
follow in handling interpersonal
relationships, the relationship between man
and nature and relations between different
countries.
The Chinese people have always
cherished a world view of “unity without
uniformity,” “harmony
between man and nature,”
and “harmony is invaluable.” This belief calls for
the fostering of
harmonious family bond,
neighborhood harmony and good interpersonal
relationships. Under
the influence of
the culture of harmony, peace-loving has been
deeply ingrained in the Chinese
character. The
world-renowned Silk Road, for example, was a road
of trade, cultural exchanges
and peace, which
testifies to the pursuit of friendship and
mutually beneficial cooperation with
other
peoples by the ancient Chinese. The famous Ming
Dynasty navigator Zheng He made seven
voyages
to the Western Seas, visiting over 30 countries
and regions across Asia and Africa. He
took
along with him the cream of the Chinese culture
and technology as well as a message of
peace
and friendship.
Imbued with the belief that
one should be as inclusive as the vast ocean which
admits hundreds
of rivers, the Chinese nation
has embraced all that is fine in foreign cultures.
This has forged
strong cultural ties, leaving
behind much-told anecdotes about the cultural
interactions between
China and the world. The
Chinese have a strong collective consciousness and
sense of social
responsibility. We believe
that “you should not do unto others what you would
not have them do
unto you.” We respect
different cultures and views, treat others in the
same way as we expect to
be treated, and do
not impose our will upon others. We treat all
foreign countries with courtesy,
foster
harmonious ties with neighbors and make friends
with distant states.
The Chinese people have
inherited the fine tradition of Chinese culture of
over 5,000 years and
added to it new
dimensions of the times.
― Peaceful
development is determined by China’s basic
national conditions.
China has a large
population yet a weak economic base. It has to
feed close to 20% of the world’s
population
with 7.9% of the world’s farmland and 6.5% of the
world’s fresh water. What has been
achieved in
its social and economic development must meet the
need of 1.3 billion people, which
presents a
great challenge to China. China’s per capita GDP
in 2010 was about US$$4,400, ranking
around the
100th place in the world. Unbalanced development
still exists between the urban and
rural areas
and among different regions; the structural
problems in economic and social
development
remain acute; and economic growth, which
excessively depends on resource input,
is
increasingly constrained by resource shortages and
environmental problems. All this has made
the
shifting of the growth model a daunting task.
China’s capacity for independent innovation is
weak, and it is at the low end of the value
chain in both international division of labor and
trade.
The standard of living of the Chinese
is not high, and China’s social security system is
inadequate,
lagging far behind those of the
developed countries.
China’s modernization
involves one fifth of the world’s population and
will be a long-term process.
The scale and
magnitude of the difficulties and problems
involved are unprecedented in the
present
world and rare in human history. China will remain
a developing country for a long time
to come,
which means that China must dedicate itself to
advancing its modernization drive,
promoting
development and improving its people’s livelihood.
This calls for maintaining a
peaceful and
stable international environment and conducting
international exchanges and
cooperation. China
could become strong in the future. Yet peace will
remain critical for its
development, and China
has no reason to deviate from the path of peaceful
development.
China’s basic conditions, its
cultural traditions, its fundamental national
interests and its
long-term interests ― all
these factors have created the innate force
driving China’s peaceful
development.
―
Peaceful development is a choice that represents
the global trend.
Peace and development are
the two major issues of today’s world. Peace,
development and
cooperation are part of the
irresistible global trend. The world today is
moving towards
multipolarity and
economic globalization is gaining momentum. There
is a growing call for change
in the
international system and the world is facing more
historical challenges. To share
opportunities
presented by development and jointly ward off
risks is the common desire of the
people of
the world.
Economic globalization has become
an important trend in the evolution of
international relations.
Countries of
different systems and different types and at
various development stages are in a
state of
mutual dependence, with their interests
intertwined. This has turned the world into a
community of common destiny in which the
members are closely interconnected. Another world
war would be disastrous for the whole of
mankind, and no one would emerge victorious in an
all-out conflict between big powers.
Global challenges have become major threats to
the world. Common security issues are
becoming
ever more severe. They include terrorism, the
spread of weapons of mass destruction,
financial crises, natural disasters, climate
change, and security of energy, resources, food
and
public health, and the list is growing.
These and other global problems have a major
impact on
human survival and sustainable
economic and social development. No country can
handle these
issues on its own, which should
be addressed by all countries together. If these
problems are not
addressed through
comprehensive and sustained international
cooperation, world peace and
development will
run into huge obstacles and could even suffer
disastrous setback.
The global trend towards
multipolarity is irresistible. The emerging
economies, regional groups
and Asian and other
regions are be-coming stronger, and various non-
state actors are growing
fast, which, taking
advantage of economic globalization and the
information age, expand their
influence and
have become an important force in various
countries and in the international
arena.
The global trend is surging forward: those who
go along with it will prosper and those who go
against it will perish. The international
community should reject the zero-sum game which
was a
product of the old international
relations, the dangerous cold and hot war
mentality, and all
those beaten tracks which
repeatedly led mankind to confrontation and war.
It should find new
perspectives from the angle
of the community of common destiny ― sharing weal
and woe and
pursuing mutually beneficial
cooperation, exploring new ways to enhance
exchanges and mutual
learning among different
civilizations, identifying new dimensions in the
common interests and
values of mankind, and
looking for new ways to handle multiple challenges
through cooperation
among countries and
realize inclusive development. We want peace and
not war; development
and not stagnation;
dialogue and not confrontation; understanding and
not misunderstanding.
This is the general
trend of the world and the common aspiration of
all people. It is against this
historical
background that China has chosen the path of
peaceful development.
V. What China’s Peaceful
Development Means to the Rest of the World
The
path of peaceful development is a new path of
development which China, the biggest
developing country in the world has embarked
upon, and its global impact will manifest itself
over time. Its success calls for both the
untiring efforts of the Chinese people and
understanding
and support from the
international community.
China’s peaceful
development has broken away from the traditional
pattern where a rising power
was bound to seek
hegemony. In modern history, some rising powers
established colonies, fought
for spheres of
influence, and conducted military expansion
against other countries. This reached
climax
in the 20th century, when rivalry for hegemony and
military confrontation plunged
mankind
into the abyss of two devastating world wars. With
a keen appreciation of its historical
and
cultural tradition of several thousand years, the
nature of economic globalization, changes in
international relations and the international
security landscape in the 21st century as well as
the
common interests and values of humanity,
China has decided upon peaceful development and
mutually beneficial cooperation as a
fundamental way to realize its modernization,
participate in
international affairs and
handle international relations. The experiences of
the past several
decades have proved that
China is correct in embarking upon the path of
peaceful development,
and there is no reason
whatsoever for China to deviate from this path.
Economic globalization and revolution in
science and technology have created historical
conditions for more countries to revitalize
themselves by pursuing economic development and
mutually beneficial cooperation, and made it
possible for more developing countries to embark
on the path of rapid development. Because of
this, the size of the world economy and the
potential for development are both increasing,
the international community is better positioned
to resist economic and financial crises, and
there is stronger impetus for reforming the
international economic system. China’s
peaceful development conforms with this global
trend.
China is glad to see and supports more
and more developing countries in changing their
destiny,
and it is also glad to see and
supports the developed countries in maintaining
prosperity and
development.
In the ever-
changing world of today, all doctrines, systems,
models and paths are subject to the
test of
the times and practice. As national conditions
vary from country to country, there is no
such
thing as a fixed mode of development which claims
to be the only effective one and
applicable to
all. A path of development is viable only when it
suits the national conditions of a
country.
China’s path of development has taken shape in the
Chinese environment. China is fully
aware that
taking the path of peaceful development is an
important and long-term process and
that the
current domestic and foreign environments are
going through profound and complex
changes. It
will thus better summarize and apply its own
successful experience, draw on the
practices
of other countries, and stay alert about new
problems and challenges that may arise, so
as
to open up brighter prospects for peaceful
development.
China cannot develop itself in
isolation from the rest of the world, and global
prosperity and
stability cannot be maintained
without China. China’s achievements are
inseparable from its
friendly cooperation with
the outside world; in pursuing development, it
needs further
understanding and support from
the rest of the world. We are deeply appreciative
to all the
countries and peoples who have
shown understanding and solicitude for and given
support and
help to China’s development.
Taking the path of peaceful development by China
with its over one
billion population is a
great new undertaking in the history of human
development, and we do
not claim that what we
do leave nothing more to be desired. We welcome
all friendly suggestions
and well-intentioned
criticism. We sincerely hope that the
international community will have a
deeper
appreciation of China’s time-honored cultural
traditions, and respect its sovereignty,
security, territorial integrity and social
stability, which the Chinese people hold dear. We
hope
that it will appreciate China’s need to
settle, step by step, various difficulties in
development it
faces as the largest developing
country, and the aspiration of the Chinese people
to shake off
poverty and live a prosperous
life. We also hope that the international
community will have
confidence in the Chinese
people’s sincerity and determination to achieve
peaceful development,
and support rather than
obstruct China’s pursuit of peaceful development.
Looking back at the past and looking
ahead to the future, we are convinced that a
prosperous
and developing China, a democratic,
harmonious and stable country under the rule of
law, will
make more contribution to the world.
The Chinese people will make unremitting efforts
together
with other peoples to bring about a
bright future for mankind.
Information Office
of the State Council The People’s Republic of
China
September 2011, Beijing
中国的和平发展
国务院新闻办公室
２０１１年９月
目 录
一、中国和平发展道路的开辟
二、中国和平发展的总体目标
三、中国和平发展的对外方针政策
四、中国和平发展是历史的必然选择
五、中国和平发展的世界意义
在世界的东方，中国这个拥有１３亿多人口的
文明古国，正在现代化道路上阔步
前行。世界对中国的关注集中起来就是，中国选择了一条什么样的发展
道路，中国的发展对
世界意味着什么？
中国多次向世界宣示，中国始终不渝走和平发
展道路，在坚持自己和平发展的同
时，致力于维护世界和平，积极促进各国共同发展繁荣。在进入２１世
纪第二个十年和中国
共产党成立９０周年之际，中国再次向世界郑重宣告，和平发展是中国实现现代化和
富民强
国、为世界文明进步作出更大贡献的战略抉择。中国将坚定不移沿着和平发展道路走下去。
一、中国和平发展道路的开辟
在５０００多年文明发展历程中，中国各族人
民以自己的勤劳智慧，创造了璀璨
的中华文明，缔造了统一的多民族国家。中华文明具有独特的延续性、
包容性、开放性。在
长期对外交往中，中华民族努力学习借鉴其他民族的长处，自强不息，为人类文明进
步作出
了重大贡献。
１９世纪中叶，西方列强用炮舰打开中国封闭的门户，内忧外患
导致中国逐步成
为半殖民地半封建社会，国家积贫积弱、战乱不已，民不聊生。在民族存亡的危急关头，
无
数仁人志士前仆后继，苦苦追寻变革救亡之路。１９１１年的辛亥革命，结束了统治中国几
千
年的君主专制制度，激励中国人民为争取民族独立和国家富强而斗争。然而，这些探索和
斗争都未能改变
中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质和中国人民的悲惨命运。中国共产党肩负民
族的期望，带领中国人民进行
了艰苦卓绝的奋斗，于１９４９年建立了中华人民共和国，实
现了民族独立、人民解放，开创了中国历史
新纪元。
新中国成立６０多年特别是改革开放３０多年来，中国一直致力于探
索符合本国
国情和时代要求的社会主义现代化道路。虽然历经曲折，中国人民却孜孜以求、与时俱进，<
br>不断总结汲取本国及其他国家发展的经验教训，不断深化对人类社会发展规律的认识，不断
推动社
会主义制度自我完善和发展。通过艰苦努力，中国找到了一条符合自身国情的发展道
路，这就是中国特色
社会主义道路。
从更宽广的世界历史视野看，和平发展道路归结起来就是：既通过维护世界和
平
发展自己，又通过自身发展维护世界和平；在强调依靠自身力量和改革创新实现发展的同时，
坚持对外开放，学习借鉴别国长处；顺应经济全球化发展潮流，寻求与各国互利共赢和共同
发展；同国际
社会一道努力，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。这条道路最鲜明的
特征是科学发展、自主发展
、开放发展、和平发展、合作发展、共同发展。
科学发展。科学发展就是尊重并遵循经济社
会和自然发展规律，牢牢扭住经济建
设这个中心，坚持聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，不断解放和发
展社会生产力。中国把
科学发展观作为经济社会发展的重要指导方针，坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一
要务，坚
持以人为本，坚持全面协调可持续发展，坚持统筹兼顾。坚持以人为本，始终尊重人权和人的价值，不断满足人民日益增长的物质文化需要，走共同富裕道路，促进人的全面发展，做
到发展为
了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。坚持全面协调可持续发展，全面推
进经济建设、政治建设
、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，促进现代化建设各个环节、
各个方面相协调。坚持统筹兼顾，
正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业中的重大关系，
统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人
与自然和谐发展、国内发展和对外开放。
自主发展。中国这样人口众多的发展中大国归根结
底要靠自己的力量来发展。中
国始终坚持独立自主，把国家发展的基点和重心放在国内，注重从本国国情
出发，主要依靠
自身力量和改革创新推动经济社会发展，不把问题和矛盾转嫁给别国。在经济全球化大背
景
下，中国只有坚持自主发展，才能更有效地参与国际分工，才能更好地同世界各国开展互利
合
作。
开放发展。中国从自身发展经验中深刻认识到，不能关起门来搞建设。中国把改
革开放作为一项基本国策，把对内改革和对外开放结合起来，把坚持独立自主同参与经济全
球化结合起
来，把继承中华民族优良传统同学习借鉴人类社会一切文明成果结合起来，把国
际国内两个市场、两种资
源结合起来，以开放的姿态融入世界，不断拓展对外开放的广度和
深度，加强同世界各国交流合作，完善
内外联动、互利共赢、安全高效的开放型经济体系。
中国对外开放的大门绝不会关上，开放水平只会越来
越高。
和平发展。中华民族是爱好和平的民族，中国人民从近代以后遭受战乱和贫穷的惨痛经历中，深感和平之珍贵、发展之迫切，深信只有和平才能实现人民安居乐业，只有发
展才能实
现人民丰衣足食，把为国家发展营造和平稳定的国际环境作为对外工作的中心任务。
同时，中国积极为世
界和平与发展作出自己应有的贡献，绝不搞侵略扩张，永远不争霸、不
称霸，始终是维护世界和地区和平
稳定的坚定力量。
合作发展。国际社会始终会存在竞争和矛盾。各国应该在
良性竞争中取长补短，
不断寻找合作机会，扩大合作领域，拓展共同利益。中国坚持以合作谋和平、以合
作促发展、
以合作化争端，同其他国家建立和发展不同形式的合作关系，致力于通过同各国不断扩大互<
br>利合作，有效应对日益增多的全球性挑战，协力解决关乎世界经济发展和人类生存进步的重
大问题
。
共同发展。当今世界各国相互依存日益加深，只有实现世界各国共同发展，让更
多人分享发展成果，世界和平稳定才有坚实基础和有效保障，世界各国发展才可以持续。因
此，中国坚持
奉行互利共赢的开放战略，坚持自身利益与人类共同利益的一致性，在追求自
身发展的同时努力实现与他
国发展的良性互动，促进世界各国共同发展。中国真诚期待同世
界各国并肩携手，实现共同发展繁荣。
沿着和平发展道路，中国经历了广泛而深刻的变革，取得了显著的发展成就，为
世界繁
荣稳定作出了重大贡献，与世界更加紧密地联系在一起。
实现综合国力大幅度提升。经济总量
从１９７８年到２０１０年翻了四番多，达
到５．８８万亿美元，占世界的比重从１．８％增加到９．３
％。中国现代化建设的物质基
础更加坚实，工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深入发展，社会主
义建设事业全面
推进。人民生活实现从温饱不足到总体小康的历史跨越，人均国民总收入相当于世界平均
水
平的比例从２００５年的２４．９％提高到２０１０年的４６．８％。实现从高度集中的计
划
经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的伟大历史转折，形成公有制为主体、多种
所有制经济共同
发展的基本经济制度，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用明显增强，宏观调控
体系日臻完善。覆盖城乡居民
的社会保障体系逐步建立，文化、教育、科技、卫生、体育等
社会事业全面发展。
实
现从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。从建立经济特区到开放沿海、
沿江、沿边、内陆地区，从
引进外资到鼓励中国企业对外投资，从敞开国门搞建设到加入世
界贸易组织，中国参与经济全球化和区域
经济合作，对外开放水平不断提高。进出口总额从
１９７８年的２０６亿美元增加到２０１０年的２９７
４０亿美元。１９７９年至２０１０
年，累计使用外商直接投资１０４８３．８亿美元。迄今同１６３个
国家和地区建立了双边
经贸合作机制，签署１０个自由贸易区协定，同１２９个国家签署双边投资保护协
定，同９
６个国家签署避免双重征税协定，成为贸易和投资自由化便利化的积极实践者。中国根据加入世界贸易组织的承诺逐步降低关税，关税总水平从加入世贸组织前的１５．３％降到目前
的９．８
％，并取消了大多数非关税措施。中国积极构建总体稳定、均衡发展、互利共赢的
大国关系框架，促进形
成机遇共享、共同发展的周边合作局面，巩固并加强了同发展中国家
传统友谊和团结合作，与各国相互依
存、利益交融日益加深，与世界各国交流合作更加广泛。
为世界经济稳定发展作出重要贡献。
２００１年加入世界贸易组织以来，中国年
均进口近７５００亿美元商品，相当于为相关国家和地区创造
了１４００多万个就业岗位。
过去１０年，在华外商投资企业从中国累计汇出利润２６１７亿美元，年均
增长３０％。２
０００年至２０１０年，中国非金融类年度对外直接投资从不足１０亿美元增加到５９０
亿
美元，有力促进了有关国家经济发展。２００９年境外中资企业实现境外纳税１０６亿
美元，
聘用当地员工４３．９万人。中国近年来对世界经济增长的贡献率均达到１０％以上。在１
９９７年亚洲金融危机引起周边国家和地区货币大幅贬值情况下，中国保持人民币汇率基本
稳定，为区
域经济稳定和发展作出了贡献。２００８年国际金融危机发生后，中国积极参与
二十国集团等全球经济治
理机制建设，推动国际金融体系改革，参与各国宏观经济政策协调，
参与国际贸易融资计划和金融合作，
组织大型采购团赴海外采购，向陷入困境的国家伸出援
手。中国认真落实联合国千年发展目标，成为全球
唯一提前实现贫困人口减半国家，并根据
自身能力积极开展对外援助。截至２００９年底，中国累计向１
６１个国家、３０多个国际
和区域组织提供了２５６３亿元人民币的援助，减免５０个重债穷国和最不发
达国家债务３
８０笔，为发展中国家培训人员１２万人次，累计派出２．１万名援外医疗队员和近１万名
援外教师。中国积极推动最不发达国家扩大对华出口，并已承诺对所有同中国建交的最不发
达国
家９５％的输华产品给予零关税待遇。
为维护世界和平、应对全球性挑战发挥重要作用。中国
是唯一公开承诺不首先使
用核武器、不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器的核国家。中
国累计向联
合国３０项维和行动派出各类人员约２．１万人次，是派出维和人员最多的联合国安理会常<
br>任理事国。中国积极参与反恐、防扩散领域国际合作，向遭受严重自然灾害的国家提供人道
主义援
助并派出救援队，为打击海盗行为向亚丁湾、索马里海域派遣海军护航编队。中国参
加了１００多个政府
间国际组织，签署３００多个国际公约，成为国际体系的参与者、建设
者和贡献者。中国是最早制定并实
施《应对气候变化国家方案》的发展中国家，也是近年节
能减排力度最大、新能源和可再生能源研发速度
最快的国家之一。中国为应对国际和地区热
点问题发挥了建设性作用，在朝核问题、伊朗核问题等热点问
题上坚持劝和促谈，推动形成
朝核问题六方会谈机制。中国同１２个陆地邻国解决了历史遗留的边界问题
，坚持通过对话
谈判处理同邻国领土和海洋权益争端，以建设性姿态提出“搁置争议、共同开发”的主张
，
尽最大努力维护南海、东海及周边和平稳定。中国通过开展双边合作并参与区域次区域合作，
致力于促进亚太地区共同发展繁荣。
新中国成立以来特别是改革开放３０多年的发展历程表明
，中国是国际社会的重
要成员，是推动国际政治经济秩序朝着更加公正合理方向发展并努力作出贡献的国
家。
二、中国和平发展的总体目标
中国和平发展的不懈追求是，对内求发
展、求和谐，对外求合作、求和平。具体
而言，就是通过中国人民的艰苦奋斗和改革创新，通过同世界各
国长期友好相处、平等互利
合作，让中国人民过上更好的日子，并为全人类发展进步作出应有贡献。这已
经上升为中国
的国家意志，转化为国家发展规划和大政方针，落实在中国发展进程的广泛实践中。
实现国家现代化和人民共同富裕是中国和平发展的总体目标。２０世纪７０年代
末实行
改革开放后，中国制定并实施了“三步走”的现代化发展战略。第一步，实现国民生
产总值比１９８０年
翻一番，解决人民温饱问题。第二步，到２０世纪末实现国民生产总值
再翻一番，人民生活达到小康水平
。这两步目标已经实现。第三步，到本世纪中叶中华人民
共和国成立１００年时，人均国
民生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，人民生活比较富裕，基
本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明和谐的社会
主义现代化国家。“三步走”目标的核心任务
是，提高人民物质文化生活水平，实现富民与强国的统一。
同时，要随着综合国力的不断增
强，履行相应的国际责任和义务。
全面建成惠及十几
亿人口的更高水平的小康社会是中国和平发展的中长期目标。
到２０２０年，中国将全面建成惠及十几亿
人口的更高水平的小康社会，使中国成为工业化
基本实现、综合国力显著增强、国内市场总体规模位居世
界前列的国家，成为人民富裕程度
普遍提高、生活质量明显改善、生态环境良好的国家，成为人民享有更
加充分民主权利、具
有更高文明素质和精神追求的国家，成为各方面制度更加完善、社会更加充满活力而
又安定
团结的国家，成为对外更加开放、更加具有亲和力、为人类文明作出更大贡献的国家。
实现“十二五”规划是中国和平发展的近中期目标。在全面建设小康社会目标指
引下，《中华人民共和国
国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》确立了“十二五”时
期（２０１１ ２０１５年）中国经济
社会发展的指导思想、总体思路、目标任务和重大举
措。今后５年，中国经济社会发展将坚持以科学发展
为主题、以加快转变经济发展方式为主
线，主要目标是：经济平稳较快发展，经济结构战略性调整取得重
大进展，科技教育水平明
显提高，资源节约和环境保护成效显著，人民生活持续改善，社会建设明显加强
，改革开放
不断深化。经过全国人民共同努力奋斗，使转变经济发展方式取得实质性进展，综合国力、<
br>国际竞争力、抵御风险能力显著提高，全面建成小康社会的基础更加牢固。同时，中国将积
极开展
国际交流合作，扩大和深化同各方利益汇合点，促进各国共同发展。
从温饱到小康再到中等发
达水平，使人民生活更加富裕，集中体现了中国和平发
展的战略意图。为了实现上述目标，中国决心在以
下方面作出努力。
加快转变经济发展方式
把经济结构战略性调整作为主
攻方向。坚持扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，通过
多种途径增强居民消费能力，调整优化国内投资结构，
同步推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代
化，促进经济增长由主要依靠投资和出口拉动向消费、投资、出口协
调拉动转变，由主要依
靠第二产业带动向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变，由主要依靠增加物质
资源消耗
向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变。深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略，致力于建设创新型国家。坚持观念创新和体制创新，注意学习吸收其他国家的先进技
术和管理
经验，不断提高经济增长质量和效益。
着力突破制约发展的资源环境瓶颈。确立绿色、低碳发
展理念，以节能减排为重
点，加快构建资源节约、环境友好的生产方式和消费模式。推动循环经济发展，
改善环境质
量，构建安全、稳定、经济、清洁的现代能源产业体系，提升资源保障程度，促进人与自然<
br>和谐发展，实现经济发展与人口资源环境相协调，坚持探索一条科技含量高、经济效益好、
资源消
耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的中国特色新型工业化道路。中国经
济实现全面协调可持
续发展，将为世界经济发展开辟更加广阔的空间。
进一步挖掘自身资源和市场优势
中国拥有丰富的人力物力资源和比较完备的工业体系，将坚持
以自力更生为主实
现持续发展。预计到２０１５年，中国人才资源总量将达到１．５６亿人，主要劳动年
龄人
口受过高等教育的比例将达到１５％，人才资源对经济增长的贡献率将达到３２％，可以为
中国经济持续发展提供充足的优质劳动力。中国矿产资源和耕地面积总量居世界前列，粮食
基本实现自给
自足。尽管人均国内资源拥有量较低，但通过充分发挥市场配置功能和推动科
技进步，可以最大限度减少
中国经济社会发展对资源的依赖。中国将发挥原材料、装备以及
消费品制造等产业优势，满足本国民众的
物质需求，为世界市场提供更多优质产品和服务。
人口规模和经济总量决定了中国拥有巨大国
内需求潜力。随着人均收入不断增加、
国内投资稳步提高、区域发展战略深入推进，中国还将形成新的经
济增长极和更大的市场空
间。未来５年，中国消费结构将进一步提升，居民消费潜力将得到进一步释放，
国内市场总
体规模将位居世界前列，进口规模累计有望达到８万亿美元，这将给世界各国带来更多商机。
加快构建和谐社会
中国将加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设，夯实社
会和谐的民生基础。推进
社会体制改革，建立健全基本公共服务体系，创新社会管理机制，提高社会管理
水平，完善
收入分配制度和社会保障体系，努力使全体人民学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、
住有所居，形成社会和谐人人有责、和谐社会人人共享的生动局面，使发展成果惠及全体人
民。
加强社会主义民主政治建设，积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，发展社会主义民主，
建设社
会主义法治国家，保障人民当家作主。继续依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、
民主监督，保障人
民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，扩大公民有序政治参与。继续坚
持各民族一律平等和民族区域自
治，依法保障人民的宗教信仰自由，充分尊重并维护公民的
基本人权和其他合法权益。
实施互利共赢的开放战略
坚持对外开放的基本国策。奉行互利共赢的开放战略，充分利用经济
全球化和区
域经济合作提供的各种有利条件，实现对外开放由出口和吸收外资为主向进口和出口、吸收<
br>外资和对外投资并重转变，不断拓展新的开放领域和空间，完善开放型经济体系，提高开放
型经济
水平，以开放促发展、促改革、促创新。
加快转变外贸发展方式。继续积极参与国际分工，推
动外贸发展从规模扩张向质
量效益提高转变、从成本优势向综合竞争优势转变，大力发展服务贸易，扩大
进口规模，促
进国际贸易收支趋向基本平衡，反对贸易保护主义，妥善处理国际经贸摩擦。
努力提高利用外资水平。不断优化结构、丰富方式、拓宽渠道、提高质量，加快
引进智力、人才、技术，
引导外资投向重点领域和重点地区。保护外资企业在华合法权益，
对国际资本和先进技术
持开放态度，创造公平有序的投资环境。实施国家知识产权战略，大
力提高知识产权创造、运用、保护和
管理能力。
更加重视对外投资和合作。鼓励各类企业有序开展境外投资和合作经营，支持在<
br>境外开展技术研发投资合作，开展海外工程承包和劳务合作，扩大农业领域国际合作，深化
国际能
源资源开发互利合作。大力开展有利于改善东道国民生和增强东道国自主发展能力的
项目合作，尊重当地
宗教和风俗习惯，遵守驻在国法律，承担相应社会责任和义务，促进驻
在国发展。优化对外援助结构，创
新对外援助方式，提升对外援助效果。
有序扩大金融市场和金融业对外开放。构建服务高效、
风险可控的金融体系，完
善以市场供求为基础、有管理的浮动汇率制度，逐步实现人民币资本项目可兑换
。既为各国
对华开展贸易投资互利合作带来更大便利，也为维护国际货币金融市场稳定、促进经济全球<
br>化健康发展创造更好条件。
创造和平国际环境和有利外部条件
中
国坚持在和平共处五项基本原则的基础上同所有国家发展友好合作。同发达国
家加强战略对话，增进战略
互信，深化互利合作，妥善处理分歧，探索建立和发展新型大国
关系，推动相互关系长期稳定健康发展。
坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴、睦邻友好的方针，发展
同周边国家和亚洲其他国家的友好合作关系，积极开展
双边和区域合作，共同营造和平稳定、
平等互信、合作共赢的地区环境。加强同广大发展中国家的团结，
深化传统友谊，扩大互利
合作，通过援助和投资等方式，真诚帮助发展中国家实现自主发展，维护发展中
国家正当权
益和共同利益。积极参与多边事务和全球性问题治理，承担相应国际义务，发挥建设性作用，
推动国际政治经济秩序朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。深入开展同各国议会、政党、地方、
民间
等各方面交流合作，扩大人文领域对外交流，增进中国人民同各国人民的相互了解和友
谊。
坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国有广阔的领土和辽阔的海洋，陆地边界２．２
万多公里，大陆海岸线１
．８万多公里。中国面临复杂多样的传统和非传统安全挑战，受到
分裂势力和恐怖主义等威胁。推进国防
现代化是中国合理的国家安全需求，是中国实现和平
发展的必要保障。中国军队现代化的根本目的是捍卫
国家主权、安全、领土完整，保障国家
发展利益。中国国防开支是合理适度的，是与维护国家安全需要相
适应的，中国不会也无意
同任何国家搞军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。中国坚持“人不犯我、
我不犯人”，
致力于和平解决国际争端和热点问题。中国重视加强国际军事交流，推动国际和地区安全合
作，反对一切形式的恐怖主义。
三、中国和平发展的对外方针政策
中国作为国际社会的一员，对未来的世界怀有美好期待，坚持与和平发展相适应
的国际关系理念和对外方
针政策。
推动建设和谐世界
维护世界和平、促进共同发
展是中国外交政策的宗旨。中国倡导并致力于同世界
各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
认为这既是一个长期目标，又是一项现
实任务。为了建设和谐世界，应努力做到：
政
治上相互尊重、平等协商，共同推进国际关系民主化。国家不分大小、强弱、
贫富，都是国际社会平等成
员，都应受到国际社会尊重。维护联合国在世界事务中的核心地
位，遵循联合国宪章宗旨和原则，恪守国
际法和公认的国际关系准则，在国际关系中弘扬民
主、和睦、协作、共赢精神。各国内部事务应由本国人
民自己决定，世界上的事情应由各国
平等协商，各国平等参与国际事务的权利应得到尊重和维护。
经济上相互合作、优势互补，共同推动经济全球化朝着均衡、普惠、共赢方向发
展。努
力建立公正、公开、合理、非歧视的多边贸易体制，使经济全球化成果惠及世界各国。
携手落实联合国千
年发展目标，使２１世纪成为人人享有发展成果的世纪。
文化上相互借鉴、求同存异，尊重世
界多样性，共同促进人类文明繁荣进步。大
力提倡不同文明间对话和交流，消除意识形态偏见和隔阂，使
人类社会一天比一天和谐和睦，
让世界更加丰富多彩。
安全上相互信任、加强合作，
坚持用和平方式而不是战争手段解决国际争端，共
同维护世界和平稳定。通过协商对话增进信任、减少分
歧、化解纠纷，避免使用武力或以武
力相威胁。
环保上相互帮助、协力推进，共同呵
护人类赖以生存的地球家园。提倡创新发展
模式，走可持续发展道路，促进人与自然和谐发展。坚持共同
但有区别的责任原则，加强环
境保护和应对气候变化的国际合作。
坚持独立自主的和平外交政策
中国人民坚持自己选择的社会制度和发展道路，不允许外部势力
干涉中国内政。
坚持在和平共处五项原则基础上，同所有国家发展友好合作，不同任何国家和国家集团结
盟，
不以社会制度和意识形态异同决定国家关系的亲疏。尊重各国人民自主选择社会制度和发展
道路的权利，不干涉别国内部事务，反对以大欺小、以强凌弱，反对霸权主义和强权政治。
坚持通过求同
存异、对话协商解决矛盾分歧，不把自己的意志强加于人。坚持从中国人民的
根本利益和世界人民的共同
利益出发，根据事情本身的是非曲直确定立场和政策，秉持公道，
伸张正义，在国际事务中积极发挥建设
性作用。
中国坚决维护国家核心利益。中国的核心利益包括：国家主权，国家安全，领土完整，国家统一，中国宪法确立的国家政治制度和社会大局稳定，经济社会可持续发展的基
本保障。
中国充分尊重各国维护本国利益的正当权利，在积极实现本国发展的同时，充分
顾及他国正当关切和利益，绝不做损人利己、以邻为壑的事情。
中国把中国人民的利
益同世界各国人民的共同利益结合起来，扩大同各方利益的
汇合点，同各国各地区建立并发展不同领域不
同层次的利益共同体，推动实现全人类共同利
益，共享人类文明进步成果。
倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观
中国倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，寻求实现综合安全、共同安全、
合作安全。
注重综合安全。在新的历史条件下，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，
安全内涵扩展到更多领域
。国际社会需要强化综合安全观念，坚持综合施策、标本兼治，携
手应对人类面临的多样化安全挑战。
追求共同安全。在经济全球化条件下各国命运休戚与共，国际社会应增强共同安
全意识
，既要维护本国安全，又要尊重别国安全关切。要摒弃冷战思维和同盟对抗，通过多
边合作维护共同安全
，协力防止冲突和战争。充分发挥联合国在维护世界和平与安全方面的
作用，建立公平有效的共同安全机
制。
促进合作安全。战争和对抗只会导致以暴易暴的恶性循环，对话和谈判是解决争
端的唯一有效和可靠途径。要以合作谋和平、以合作保安全、以合作化干戈、以合作促和谐，
反对动辄使
用武力或以武力相威胁。
秉持积极有为的国际责任观
作为世界上人口最
多的发展中国家，中国把自己的事情办好，本身就是对世界负
责任最重要的体现。作为国际社会负责任的
国家，中国遵循国际法和公认的国际关系准则，
认真履行应尽的国际责任。中国以积极姿态参与国际体系
变革和国际规则制定，参与全球性
问题治理，支持发展中国家发展，维护世界和平稳定。各国国情和发展
阶段不同，应按照责
任、权利、实力相一致的原则，着眼本国和人类共同利益，从自身国力出发，履行相
应国际
义务，发挥建设性作用。随着综合国力的不断增强，中国将力所能及地承担更多国际责任。
奉行睦邻友好的地区合作观
中国同周边各国积极开展睦邻友好合作，共同
推动建设和谐亚洲。主张地区各国
相互尊重、增进互信、求同存异，通过谈判对话和友好协商解决包括领
土和海洋权益争端在
内的各种矛盾和问题，共同维护地区和平稳定。密切经贸往来和互利合作，推进地区
经济一
体化进程，完善现有区域次区域合作机制，对其他区域合作构想持开放态度，欢迎地区外国
家在促进地区和平与发展中发挥建设性作用。中国不谋求地区霸权和势力范围，不排挤任何
国家，中国
的繁荣发展和长治久安对周边邻国是机遇而不是威胁。中国将始终秉承自强不息、
开拓进
取、开放包容、同舟共济的“亚洲精神”，永做亚洲其他国家的好邻居、好朋友、好
伙伴。
四、中国和平发展是历史的必然选择
走和平发展道路是中国政府和人民继承中华文化的优秀传
统、根据时代发展潮流
和中国根本利益作出的战略抉择，是中国发展的内在需要。
和平发展是中国历史文化的传承
中国文化自古就认为世界应是一个和谐整体，这个观念深深影
响了中华民族的思
想和行为，成为中国人处理人与人、人与自然乃至国与国关系的重要价值观。
中国人民历来崇尚“和而不同”、“天人合一”、“以和为贵”的理念，以和谐
精神凝
聚家庭、敦睦邻里、善待他人。和谐文化培育了中华民族热爱和平的民族禀性。举世
闻名的“丝绸之路”
是一条贸易之路、文化之路、和平之路，铭刻下中国古人追求同各国人
民友好交流、互利合作的历史足迹
。中国明代著名航海家郑和“七下西洋”，远涉亚非３０
多个国家和地区，展现的是中华灿烂文明和先进
科技，留下的是和平与友谊。
中华民族以“海纳百川，有容乃大”的胸怀，接受一切有益的外
来文化，促进了
中外文化融合，留下了不少对外文化交流的千古佳话。中国人民具有强烈的集体意识和社
会
责任感，崇尚“己所不欲，勿施于人”，尊重不同文化、不同观念，注重推己及人、将心比
心
，不将自己的意志强加于人。对外待之以礼，实行睦近交远。
从５０００多年文明史中走来的中国人民，继承了中华文化的优秀传统，又赋予
这一文化新的时代内涵。
和平发展是中国基本国情的要求
中国人口多、底子薄，用世界７．９％的
耕地和６．５％的淡水资源养活着世界
近２０％的人口，经济社会发展成就要由１３亿多人共享，不断满
足众多人口生存和发展需
求是巨大难题。２０１０年，中国人均国内生产总值约为４４００美元，居世界
１００位左
右。中国城乡、区域发展很不平衡，经济社会发展结构性矛盾突出，资源环境等发展的瓶颈<
br>制约突出，经济增长过于依赖物质资源投入，转变经济发展方式任务艰巨。中国自主创新能
力较弱
，在国际产业体系和贸易分工中仍处于产业链低端。中国人民生活水平还不高，社会
保障体系还很不完善
，与发达国家相比还有很大差距。
中国现代化是世界五分之一人口的现代化，这是一个很长的
历史过程。这一过程
中的困难和问题，无论规模还是难度，在当今世界都是绝无仅有的，在人类历史上也
是罕见
的。在相当长历史时期内，中国仍将是一个发展中国家，这就决定了中国必须集中力量推进
现代化，集中精力解决发展和民生问题；始终需要和平稳定的国际环境，开展对外交流合作。
<
br>即使中国将来强大起来，和平依然是发展的基本前提，没有理由偏离和平发展道路。基本国
情、文
化传统和国家根本利益、长远利益是中国和平发展的决定因素和内生动力。
和平发展是顺应世界潮流的选择
和平与发展是当今时代的两大主题，和平、发展、合作是不可
阻挡的世界潮流。
当前，世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展，国际体系变革的要求突出，国际社会正面临
越来
越多新的历史课题。共同用好发展机遇，共同应对各种风险，成为各国人民的愿望。
经济全球化成为影响国际关系的重要趋势。不同制度、不同类型、不同发展阶段
的国家相互依存、利益交
融，形成“你中有我、我中有你”的命运共同体。人类再也承受不
起世界大战，大国全面冲突对抗只会造
成两败俱伤。
全球性挑战成为世界主要威胁。人类共同安全问题日益突出，恐怖主义、大规模
杀伤性武器扩散、金融危机、严重自然灾害、气候变化、能源资源安全、粮食安全、公共卫
生安
全等攸关人类生存和经济社会可持续发展的全球性问题日益增多。任何国家都不可能单
独解决这些问题，
国际社会必须携手应对。如果不能通过全面持续的国际合作抑制各种负面
因素，世界和平与发展将面临重
大障碍，甚至可能遭受更大灾难。
世界多极化发展进程难以阻挡。新兴市场国家、区域集团和
亚洲等地区力量不断
发展壮大，各类非国家行为体迅速成长，借助经济全球化和社会信息化拓展影响，成
为各国
和国际舞台上的重要力量。
世界潮流浩浩荡荡，顺之则昌，逆之则亡。国际社
会应该超越国际关系中陈旧的
“零和博弈”，超越危险的冷战、热战思维，超越曾把人类一次次拖入对抗
和战乱的老路。
要以命运共同体的新视角，以同舟共济、合作共赢的新理念，寻求多元文明交流互鉴的新
局
面，寻求人类共同利益和共同价值的新内涵，寻求各国合作应对多样化挑战和实现包容性发
展
的新道路。要和平，不要战争；要发展，不要停滞；要对话，不要对抗；要理解，不要隔
阂，乃大势所趋
、人心所向。中国走和平发展道路，正是在这一时代大背景下的必然选择。
五、中国和平发展的世界意义
和平发展道路是中国这个世界上最大的发展中国家探索出的一条
新型发展道路，
随着时间的推移，这条道路已经并将进一步显示出其世界意义。这条道路的成功既需要中
国
人民坚持不懈努力，也需要外部世界理解和支持。
中国和平发展打破了“国强必霸
”的大国崛起传统模式。建立殖民体系、争夺势
力范围、对外武力扩张，是近代历史上一些大国崛起的老
路。特别是在２０世纪，追逐霸权、
实力对抗、兵戎相见，使人类惨遭两次世界大战的浩劫。中国基于自
己几千年历史文化传统，
基于对经济全球化本质的认识，对２１世纪国际关系和国际安全格局变化的认识
，对人类共
同利益和共同价值的认识，郑重选择和平发展、合作共赢作为实现国家现代化、参与国际事<
/p>
务和处理国际关系的基本途径。几十年来的实践证明，中国走和平发展道路走对了，没有任
何理由加以改变。
经济全球化和科技革命为更多国家提供了通过经济发展和互利合作
实现振兴的历
史条件，越来越多发展中国家走上快速发展的道路。正是因为这样，世界经济规模和发展空
间才越来越大，国际社会抵御经济和金融危机的能力才明显增强，国际经济体系变革才有了
更强
劲的动力。中国和平发展顺应了这一世界发展大势，中国乐见并支持越来越多的发展中
国家改变自身命运
，也乐见和支持发达国家继续繁荣发展。
在世界发生翻天覆地变化的今天，无论什么主义、什
么制度、什么模式、什么道
路，都在经历时代和实践的检验。各国国情千差万别，世界上不存在最好的、
万能的、一成
不变的发展模式，只有最适合本国国情的发展道路。中国的发展道路形成于、立足于本国国
情。中国深刻认识到走和平发展道路的重要性和长期性，认识到国内外环境变化的深刻性和
复杂
性，将更加注意总结和运用自身的成功经验，更加注意学习借鉴其他国家的有益经验，
更加注意研究前进
道路上的新问题、新挑战，为和平发展开辟更为广阔的前景。
中国发展离不开世界，世界繁荣
稳定也离不开中国。中国取得的发展成就与世界
各国友好合作密不可分，中国未来发展更需要国际社会理
解和支持，我们衷心感谢所有理解、
关心、支持、帮助中国发展的国家和人民。有十几亿人口的中国走和
平发展道路，这是人类
发展史上新的伟大探索和实践，不可能做得十全十美，我们欢迎一切友好建议和善
意批评。
我们真诚希望国际社会更加深入地了解中国源远流长的文明传统，尊重中国人民对国家主权、<
br>安全、领土完整和社会稳定的珍视，理解中国作为最大发展中国家需要逐步解决的各种发展
难题，
理解中国人民渴望彻底摆脱贫困、过上富裕日子的心情，相信中国人民走和平发展道
路的诚意和决心，支
持而不是阻碍中国走和平发展道路。
回顾历史，展望未来，我们坚信，一个繁荣发展的中国，
一个民主法治的中国，
一个和谐稳定的中国，必将为世界作出更大贡献。中国人民愿同世界各国人民一道
，为实现
人类美好理想而不懈努力。
China’s Peaceful Development
Information Office of the State Council The
People’s Republic of China
September 2011,
Beijing
Contents
I. The Path
of China’s Peaceful Development: What It Is About
II. What China Aims to Achieve by Pursuing
Peaceful Development
III. China’s Foreign
Policies for Pursuing Peaceful Development
IV.
China’s Path of Peaceful Development Is a Choice
Necessitated by History
IV. What China’s
Peaceful Development Means to the Rest of the
World
Situated in the East, China, a country
with an ancient civilization and a population of
over 1.3
billion, is making big strides in its
advance toward modernization. What path of
development has
China chosen? What will
China’s development bring to the rest of the
world? These issues are the
focus of the whole
world.
China has declared to the rest of the
world on many occasions that it takes a path of
peaceful
development and is committed to
upholding world peace and promoting common
development
and prosperity for all countries.
At the beginning of the second decade of the 21st
century and on
the occasion of the 90th
anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party
of China (CPC),
China declared solemnly again
to the world that peaceful development is a
strategic choice made
by China to realize
modernization, make itself strong and prosperous,
and make more
contribution to the progress of
human civilization. China will unswervingly follow
the path of
peaceful development.
I. The
Path of China’s Peaceful Development: What It Is
About
Over the past 5,000 years, people of all
ethnic groups in China, with diligence and wisdom,
have
created a splendid civilization and built
a unified multi-ethnic country. The Chinese
civilization has
a unique feature of being
enduring, inclusive and open. The Chinese nation
has endeavored to
learn from other nations and
improved itself through centuries of interactions
with the rest of
the world, making major
contribution to the progress of human
civilization.
In the mid-19th century, Western
powers forced open China’s door with gunboats.
Internal
turmoil and foreign aggression
gradually turned China into a semi-colonial and
semi-feudal
society. The country became poor
and weak, and the people suffered from wars and
chaos.
Facing imminent danger of national
subjugation, one generation of patriots after
another fought
hard to find a way to reform
and save the nation. The Revolution of 1911 put an
end to the
system of monarchy which had ruled
China for several thousand years, and inspired the
Chinese
people to struggle for independence
and prosperity. However, such efforts and struggle
failed to
change the nature of China as a
semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, or lift the
Chinese people
out of misery. Living up to the
people’s expectation, the CPC led them in carrying
out arduous
struggle, and finally founded the
People’s Republic of China in 1949. This marked
the realization
of China’s independence and
liberation of its people and ushered in a new
epoch in China’s
history.
In the past six
decades and more since the founding of New China,
and particularly since the
introduction of the
reform and opening-up policies in 1978, the
Chinese government has worked
hard to explore
a path of socialist modernization that conforms to
China’s conditions and the
trend of the times.
Overcoming difficulties and setbacks, the Chinese
people have advanced with
the times, drawn on
both experience and lessons from the development
of China itself and other
countries, deepened
understanding of the laws governing the
development of human society,
and promoted the
self-improvement and growth of the socialist
system. Through arduous
struggle, the Chinese
people have succeeded in finding a path of
development conforming to
China’s reality ―
the path of socialism with Chinese
characteristics.
Viewed in the broader,
global and historical context, the path of
peaceful development may be
defined as
follows: China should develop itself through
upholding world peace and contribute to
world
peace through its own development. It should
achieve development with its own efforts
and
by carrying out reform and innovation; at the same
time, it should open itself to the outside
and
learn from other countries. It should seek mutual
benefit and common development with
other
countries in keeping with the trend of economic
globalization, and it should work together
with other countries to build a harmonious
world of durable peace and
common prosperity.
This is a path of scientific, independent, open,
peaceful, cooperative and
common development.
― Scientific development. Scientific
development means respecting and following the
laws
governing the development of economy,
society and nature, focusing on development and
freeing and developing the productive forces.
China takes the Scientific Outlook on Development
as an important principle guiding economic and
social development, and gives top priority to
development in governing and rejuvenating the
country by the Party. It puts people first,
promotes comprehensive, balanced, and
sustainable development, and takes all factors
into
consideration when making balanced
overall plans. In putting people first, the
Chinese
government always respects human
rights and human values and works to meet the
ever-growing material and cultural needs of
the people and promote prosperity for all. It
strives
to advance the all-round development
of man, to ensure that development is for the
people, by
the people and with the people
sharing its fruits. In promoting comprehensive,
balanced, and
sustainable development, the
Chinese government promotes comprehensive economic
development as well as political, cultural and
social progress and ecological improvement, and
coordinated development of all links and
aspects of the modernization drive. In making
balanced
overall plans, the Chinese government
seeks to identify and properly handle the major
relationships in the cause of building
socialism with Chinese characteristics and
maintain balance
between urban and rural
development, development of different regions,
economic and social
development, man and
nature, and domestic development and opening to
the outside world.
― Independent development.
As a populous developing country, China must rely
on itself in
pursuing development. China
maintains independence, focuses on domestic
development, acts
in keeping with its national
conditions, carries out reform and innovation for
economic and social
development through its
own efforts, and it does not shift problems and
difficulties onto other
countries. In the era
of economic globalization, only by pursuing
independent development can
China more
effectively participate in international division
of labor, and promote mutually
beneficial
cooperation with other countries.
― Open
development. China has learned from its
development course that it cannot develop
itself with its door closed. Taking reform and
opening-up as a basic policy, China both carries
out
domestic reform and opens itself to the
outside world, both pursues independent
development
and takes part in economic
globalization and both carries forward the fine
traditions of the
Chinese nation and draws on
all the fine achievements of other civilizations.
It combines both the
domestic market and
foreign markets and uses both domestic resources
and foreign resources.
China integrates itself
with the rest of the world with an open attitude,
expands and deepens the
opening-up strategy,
and strengthens exchanges and cooperation with
other countries. It strives
to build an open
economic system which ensures better linkages with
the global economy,
mutually beneficial
cooperation as well as
security and
efficiency. China will never close its door to the
outside world, and will open itself
increasingly wider.
― Peaceful
development. The Chinese nation loves peace. From
their bitter sufferings from war
and poverty
in modern times, the Chinese people have learned
the value of peace and the
pressing need of
development. They see that only peace can allow
them to live and work in
prosperity and
contentment and that only development can bring
them decent living. Therefore,
the central
goal of China’s diplomacy is to create a peaceful
and stable international environment
for its
development. In the meantime, China strives to
make its due contribution to world peace
and
development. It never engages in aggression or
expansion, never seeks hegemony, and
remains a
staunch force for upholding regional and world
peace and stability.
― Cooperative
development. There are always competition and
conflicts in international
relations. Each
country should draw on others’ merits to offset
its own weakness through fair
competition,
find opportunities for cooperation, expand areas
of cooperation, and improve
common interests.
China uses cooperation as a way to pursue peace,
promote development and
settle disputes. It
seeks to establish and develop cooperative
relationships of different forms with
other
countries and effectively meet growing global
challenges by constantly expanding mutually
beneficial cooperation with other countries,
and works with them to solve major problems that
affect world economic development and human
survival and progress.
― Common development.
Countries are becoming increasingly
interdependent. Only when
common development
of all countries is realized and more people share
the fruit of development,
can world peace and
stability have a solid foundation and be
effectively guaranteed, and can
development be
sustainable in all countries. Therefore, China
unswervingly follows a strategy of
opening-up
and mutual benefit. It pursues both its own
interests and the common interests of
mankind
and works to ensure that its own development and
the development of other countries
are
mutually reinforcing, thus promoting the common
development of all countries. China
sincerely
hopes to work with other countries to realize
common development and prosperity.
Thanks to
its pursuit of peaceful development, China has
under-gone profound changes. It has
made
remarkable achievements in development, made major
contribution to world prosperity
and
stability, and is more closely linked with the
rest of the world.
China’s overall strength
has grown considerably. Its total economic output
reached US$$5.88
trillion in 2010, over 16
times that of 1978, rising to 9.3% of the world’s
total from 1.8% in 1978.
The material basis
for China’s modernization drive has become more
solid; steady progress has
been made in
turning China into an industrialized, information-
based, urbanized,
market-oriented and
internationalized country, and the cause of
socialist development is being
advanced in all
respects.
The Chinese people, once
inadequately fed and clad, are leading a decent
life on the whole ― a
historic breakthrough.
The share of China’s per capita income comparable
to the world average
grew from 24.9% in 2005
to 46.8% in 2010. A historic transformation from a
highly centralized
planned economy to a
dynamic socialist market economy has been achieved
in China. A basic
economic system in which
public ownership takes the lead and different
economic ownerships
grow side by side has come
into being. The market plays an increasingly
important role in
allocating resources, and
the system of macroeconomic regulation is
improving. A social security
system covering
both urban and rural residents is taking shape,
and culture, education, science
and
technology, health care, sports and other social
programs are flourishing.
A historic
transformation turning China from a closed or
semi-closed state to one featuring
all-round
opening up has been realized. With the setting up
of special economic zones, opening
of coastal
areas, regions along the major rivers and the
borders and inland areas to the outside
world,
absorbing foreign investment and making Chinese
investment overseas, and entry into the
World
Trade Organization, China has taken an active part
in economic globalization and regional
economic cooperation, and its opening-up has
steadily deepened. The country’s total import and
export volume grew from US$$20.6 billion-worth
in 1978 to US$$2.974 trillion-worth in 2010.
Utilized foreign direct investment from 1979
to 2010 totaled US$$1.04838 trillion. China
maintains
business and trade ties with 163
countries and regions. It has signed ten free-
trade-zone
agreements, bilateral investment
treaties with 129 countries, and double taxation
avoidance
agreements with 96 countries. All
this shows that China is actively promoting
liberalization and
facilitation of trade and
investment. To honor its commitments to the WTO,
China has reduced its
total tariff rate from
15.3% before its entry into the WTO to the present
9.8%, and abolished
most non-tariff measures.
China has been working to build a framework in
which its relations
with other major countries
are generally stable and mutually beneficial and
develop in a
balanced way, and which ensures
that China and its neighbors share opportunities
and develop
together. It has strengthened
traditional friendship, solidarity and cooperation
with other
developing countries. China is
becoming increasingly interdependent with other
countries; it is
more closely linked with them
in terms of interests, and its exchanges and
cooperation with
other countries are becoming
more extensive than ever before.
China has
made important contribution to the stable
development of the world economy. Since
its
entry into the WTO in 2001, China has imported
goods worth nearly US$$750 billion every year,
and created over 14 million jobs for those
exporting countries and regions. Over the past
decade,
foreign-funded companies in China have
remitted a total of US$$261.7 billion of profits,
with an
annual increase of 30%. From 2000 to
2010, China’s annual non-financial direct overseas
investment grew from less than US$$1 billion to
US$$59 billion, thus boosting the economic
development in the recipient countries. In
2009, overseas China-invested companies paid taxes
worth US$$10.6 billion, and employed 439,000
local people. China has contributed over 10% to
world economic growth every year in recent
years. In 1997
when the Asian financial crisis
caused a dramatic devaluation of currencies in
countries and
regions close to it, China
succeeded in keeping the RMB exchange rate
basically stable,
contributing to regional
economic stability and development. Since the
international financial
crisis erupted in
2008, China has taken an active part in the G20’s
efforts to build a global
economic governance
mechanism, promoted the reform of the
international financial system, got
involved
in multi-country macroeconomic policy
coordination, and participated in international
trade financing schemes and financial
cooperation. It has sent large overseas purchasing
missions
and helped countries in difficulties.
China conscientiously meets the Millennium
Development
Goals of the United Nations, and
is the only country in the world that has halved
the number of
people living in poverty ahead
of schedule. In addition, China provides
assistance to other
countries and regions as
its capacity permits. By the end of 2009, China
had given assistance
worth RMB 256.3 billion
to 161 countries and over 30 international and
regional organizations,
reduced and canceled
380 debts incurred by 50 heavily indebted poor
countries and
least-developed countries,
trained 120,000 people for other developing
countries, and sent
21,000 medical personnel
and nearly 10,000 teachers abroad to help other
countries. China
encourages the least-
developed countries to expand exports to China and
has pledged zero tariff
treatment to over 95%
of the exports to China by all the least-developed
countries which have
diplomatic relations with
China.
China plays an important role in
safeguarding world peace and meeting global
challenges. China
is the only nuclear-weapon
country that has publicly stated that it will not
be the first to use
nuclear weapons, or use or
threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-
nuclear-weapon states
or nuclear-weapon-free
zones. China has dispatched about 21,000 personnel
on 30 UN
peacekeeping missions, which is the
highest number among the permanent members of the
UN
Security Council. China takes an active
part in international cooperation in anti-
terrorism and
nonproliferation. It provides
humanitarian aid and dispatches rescue teams to
countries hit by
severe natural disasters and
deploys naval escort fleets to combat piracy in
the Gulf of Aden and
off the coast of Somalia.
China is a member of over 100 intergovernmental
international
organizations, a party to over
300 international conventions, and an active
participant in building
the international
system. China is the first developing country to
formulate and implement the
National Climate
Change Program. It is also one of the countries
which have made the greatest
efforts in energy
saving and emission reduction and which have made
the fastest progress in
developing new and
renewable energy sources in recent years. China
has played a constructive
role in addressing
international and regional hotspot problems. For
instance, it calls for resolving
the Korean
nuclear issue, the Iranian nuclear issue and other
hotspot issues through peaceful
talks, and has
helped to establish the Six-Party Talks mechanism
on the Korean nuclear issue.
China has settled
historical boundary issues with 12 land neighbors.
It calls for settling disputes
over territory
and maritime rights and interests with neighboring
countries through dialogue and
negotiation.
For instance, China has made a constructive
proposal to “shelve disputes and seek
joint
development” and done its utmost to uphold peace
and stability in the South China Sea,
East
China Sea and the surrounding areas. China seeks
to promote common development and
prosperity
in the Asia-Pacific region by pursuing bilateral
cooperation and participating in
regional and
sub-regional cooperation.
China’s development
since New China was founded in 1949 and
particularly since the reform and
opening-up
policies were introduced in 1978 shows that China
is an important member of the
international
community which has contributed its due share to
bringing about a more just and
equitable
international political and economic order.
II. What China Aims to Achieve by Pursuing
Peaceful Development
China’s overall goal of
pursuing peaceful development is to promote
development and harmony
domestically and
pursue cooperation and peace internationally.
Specifically, this means that
China will
endeavor to make life better for its people and
contribute to human progress through
hard
work, innovation and reform carried out by the
Chinese people and growing long-term
friendly
relations and promoting equality and mutually-
beneficial cooperation with other
countries.
This has become a national commitment which is
manifest in strategies for national
development, and progress made in the course
of China’s development.
To achieve
modernization and common prosperity for the people
is the overall goal of China’s
pursuit of
peaceful development. Following the introduction
of the policies of reform and
opening-up to
the outside world in the late 1970s, China adopted
and implemented a three-step
strategy for
achieving modernization. The first step was to
double the GNP of 1980 and ensure
people’s
basic living needs. The second step was to
redouble the output of 1980 and achieve
initial prosperity by the end of the
20th century. The goals of these two steps have
been met. The
third step aims to make the per
capita GNP reach the level of that of the medium-
developed
countries, bring about general
prosperity, basically realize modernization and
build China into a
rich, strong, democratic,
civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country
by the 100th
anniversary of the People’s
Republic of China in the mid-21st century. The
central goal of this
three-step development
strategy is to improve people’s material and
cultural lives, and make the
people rich and
the country strong. Meanwhile, as its
comprehensive strength increases, China
will
shoulder corresponding international
responsibilities and obligations.
To build a
society of higher-level initial prosperity in an
all-round way which benefits over one
billion
Chinese people is the medium-and long-term goal of
China’s pursuit of peaceful
development. By
2020, China will have built a society of higher-
level initial prosperity in an
all-round way
that benefits the over one billion Chinese people.
This will make China a country
which has
basically realized industrialization,
significantly increased its comprehensive national
strength and taken the lead in the world in
terms of the total size of the domestic market.
The
general living standard and quality of
life of the Chinese people will be raised, and the
country’s
natural environment will be well
protected. The Chinese people will enjoy full
democratic rights,
are better educated and
pursue common aspirations. China’s social system
and institutions will
be further improved, the
Chinese society will be more dynamic, stable and
unified, and China will
be a more open and
engaging country and contribute more to human
civilization.
To implement the Twelfth Five-
Year Plan of development is the near and medium-
term goal of
China’s pursuit of peaceful
development. To build a society of initial
prosperity in an all-round
way, the Outline of
the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic
and Social Development of
the People’s
Republic of China (2011-2015) laid down the
guiding principles, goals and major
tasks for
this period. In the coming five years, China will
focus on scientific development and
accelerate
the shifting of model of growth in pursuing
economic and social development, and
efforts
will be made to achieve the following goals:
ensuring stable and fairly fast development of
the economy, making great progress in carrying
out strategic adjustment of the economy,
significantly improving science, technology
and education, making major progress in saving
resources and protecting the environment,
continuing to improve people’s lives, enhancing
social
services and further deepening the
reform and opening-up to the outside world.
Through the
concerted efforts of the Chinese
people, we will make major progress in shifting
the model of
growth, markedly improve China’s
comprehensive strength, international
competitiveness and
the ability to ward off
risks and consolidate the foundation for building
a society of initial
prosperity in an all-
round way. Meanwhile, China will energetically
conduct international
exchanges and
cooperation, and expand and deepen the shared
interests of all countries to
promote common
development.
From ensuring people’s basic
living needs to building a society of initial
prosperity and then to
reaching the level of
the medium-developed countries ― this is what
China’s strategy for
peaceful development is
all about. To reach these goals, China will make
the following efforts:
― Accelerating the
shifting of the model of growth
Making
adjustment of the economic sectors will receive
top priority. Domestic demand,
especially
consumer demand, will be stimulated by increasing
individual consumption through
multiple
channels and by adjusting and improving the
domestic investment mix. Industrialization,
urbanization and agricultural modernization
will be promoted simultaneously so that economic
growth will be driven by the combined
forces of consumption, investment and export
instead of
investment and export only. China’s
economic growth will be driven by the combined
forces of
the primary, secondary and tertiary
sectors instead of the secondary sector only. It
will also be
driven by progress in R&D, better
quality of the labor force and managerial
innovation instead of
increase of material and
resource consumption. Moreover, we are carrying
out strategies of
accelerating development
through developing science and technology, and
fostering people with
capabilities to build
China into a country of innovation. We should be
open to new ideas and be
innovative in
improving institutions, draw on the advanced
technologies and managerial
expertise of other
countries, and improve the sustainability and
efficiency of economic growth.
We will make
more efforts to remove bottlenecks in resources
and the environment that impede
development.
We will adopt a green and low-carbon development
approach with emphasis on
energy-saving and
emission reduction, and accelerate the forming of
energy-saving and
eco-friendly modes of
production and consumption. We will build a
circular economy, improve
environmental
quality, build safe, stable, efficient, clean and
modern energy industries, enhance
resources
supply, promote harmonious development between man
and nature, and strike a
balance among
economic development, population, resources and
the environment. We will
explore a new path
towards industrialization based on science and
technology, with high
economic returns, low
consumption of resources, less pollution, and full
utilization of human
resources. The all-round,
coordinated and sustainable growth of China’s
economy will create
great space for the growth
of the world economy.
― Further exploiting
China’s domestic resources and its market
strengths
With abundant human and material
resources and a fairly complete industrial system,
China will
mainly rely on itself in pursuing
sustainable development. It is estimated that by
2015 the
number of skilled personnel will
reach 156 million in China, 15% of the workforce
will have
received higher education, and the
rate of contribution to economic growth by skilled
people will
reach 32%. This will ensure ample
supply of quality labor force to sustain China’s
economic
development. China ranks among the
first in the world in terms of deposits of mineral
resources
and farmland and is basically self
sufficient in grain supply. Although China’s per
capita share of
resources is low, we can
minimize dependence on resources by China’s
economic and social
development by giving full
play to market’s role of resources allocation and
progress in R&D.
China will fully tap the
strengths of its industries of raw material,
equipment manufacturing and
consumer goods
production to meet the consumption demands of the
Chinese people and
provide more quality goods
and services to the international market.
The
size of China’s population and its total economic
output mean a huge potential of domestic
demand. With the continuous increase of per
capita income, steady growth of domestic
investment, and further progress in
implementing the strategy for regional
development, China
will see the emergence of
growth engines and its market will further expand.
In the coming five
years, China’s consumption
structure will be further upgraded, and the
potential of individual
consumption will be
further released. The size of China’s domestic
market will be one of the
biggest in the
world, and the accumulated import volume is
expected to reach US$$8 trillion. All
this will
create more business opportunities to other
countries.
― Accelerating the building of a
harmonious society China will accelerate the
building of a
harmonious society with emphasis
on improving people’s lives, thus strengthening
the
foundation of achieving social harmony. It
will accelerate the reform of social systems,
improve
basic public services, develop
new mechanisms for social management and make such
management more efficient, and improve income
distribution and the social security system. Our
goal is to ensure that all people have the
right to education, employment and pay, medical
and
old-age services and housing, so that all
the people share the responsibility of creating a
harmonious society and enjoy life and the full
benefit of development in such a society.
We
will strengthen the building of socialist
democracy, advance the political structural reform
actively and steadily, develop socialist
democracy and turn China into a socialist country
under
the rule of law and ensure that the
people control their own destiny. We will continue
to conduct
democratic election, decision-
making, governance and supervision in accordance
with the law,
uphold people’s right to have
access to information, to participate in
governance, to express their
views and to
supervise the government, and we will expand
orderly public participation in the
political
process. We will continue to treat all ethnic
groups as equals and practice the system of
regional autonomy of ethnic minorities,
protect people’s freedom of religious belief
according to
law, and fully respect and uphold
basic human rights and other lawful rights and
interests of
citizens.
― Implementing the
opening-up strategy of mutual benefit China will
continue to pursue the
basic state policy of
opening up to the outside world and the opening-up
strategy of mutual
benefit. By making full use
of the favorable conditions created by economic
globalization and
regional economic
cooperation in the course of opening-up, we will
move away from focusing on
export and
absorbing foreign investment towards putting equal
emphasis on import and export
and on absorbing
foreign investment and making overseas investment.
We will continuously
explore new ways of
opening up and improving the open economic system
and make the open
economy work better so as to
promote China’s development, reform and innovation
through
opening-up.
We will speed up the
way of conducting foreign trade and continue to
actively participate in
international division
of labor. We will move away from focusing on
increasing volume of trade
only to improving
the quality and efficiency of trade, and raise the
overall competitiveness of
China’s foreign
trade instead of relying on low cost production.
We will make great efforts to
promote service
trade, increase import, and bring about basic
balance of payment in
international trade. We
oppose trade protectionism and handle properly
frictions in international
trade.
We will
make better use of foreign investment by
continuously improving the investment
structure, diversifying ways of investment and
expanding investment channels. We will also
speed up the introduction of intellectual
resources, talented people and new technologies,
and
encourage foreign investment in key areas
and regions. We will protect the legitimate rights
and
interests of foreign companies in China,
adopt an open attitude towards foreign capital and
advanced technologies, and foster a fair and
orderly investment environment. We will continue
to implement the national strategy for
intellectual property rights and enhance ability
to create,
apply, protect and manage
intellectual property.
We will attach greater
importance to overseas investment and
international cooperation. We
encourage
companies of all types to make overseas investment
and engage in joint operations in
an orderly
way, make R&D-related investment and undertake
overseas project contracting and
provide labor
services. In addition, we will expand
international cooperation in agriculture and
deepen mutually beneficial cooperation with
other countries in the development of energy and
other resources. We will undertake more
cooperation projects in host countries which
improve
life of the local people and enhance
the ability for self-development of the host
countries. The
Chinese companies are requested
to respect local religions and customs, observe
local laws,
undertake due social
responsibilities and obligations, and promote the
development of the host
countries. We will
improve and develop new ways of providing aid so
as to make aid more
effective.
We will
continue to open China’s financial market and
financial sectors in an orderly way. We will
build a financial system that pro-vides
efficient services and places risks under control.
We will
im-prove the managed, floating
exchange rate system based on market supply and
demand, and
make the RMB convertible under
capital account in a phased way. These measures
will not only
facilitate foreign trade and
investment cooperation with China, but also create
better conditions
for maintaining the
stability of international currencies and
financial market and promoting the
sound
development of economic globalization.
―
Creating a peaceful international environment and
favorable external conditions
China will
continue to promote friendly relations with the
other countries on the basis of the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. We will
increase strategic dialogue with the developed
countries to promote strategic mutual trust,
deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, handle
differences properly, explore ways to
establish and develop a new type of relationship
among the
major countries and promote long-
term, steady and sound growth of China’s relations
with these
countries. We will continue the
policy of developing good-neighborly relations and
treating
China’s neighbors as partners and
enhance friendship and cooperation with both the
neighboring
countries and other Asian
countries. We will expand bilateral and regional
cooperation and
jointly create a regional
environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual
trust, cooperation and
mutual benefit. We will
enhance unity with other developing countries,
deepen traditional
friendship, expand mutually
beneficial cooperation, sincerely help the other
developing countries
achieve independent
development by providing aid and making investment
and uphold their
legitimate rights and
interests as well as their common interests. We
will actively engage in
handling multilateral
issues and addressing global issues, undertake our
due international
obligations and play a
constructive role in making the international
political and economic order
fairer and more
equitable. We will continue to carry out exchanges
and cooperation with the
parliaments, parties,
local authorities and NGOs of other countries,
expand people-to-people and
cultural exchanges
to enhance understanding and friendship between
the Chinese people and
the people of other
countries.
China is committed to pursuing a
defense policy which is defensive in nature. China
has a vast
land territory and sea area, with a
borderline of over 22,000 kilometers and a
coastline of over
18,000 kilometers. China
faces multiple traditional and non-traditional
security challenges and
the threat of
separatists and terrorism. It is therefore
necessary and justified to modernize
China’s
defense capabilities in order to uphold China’s
security and protect its peaceful
development.
The fundamental purpose of modernizing the Chinese
armed forces is to safeguard
China’s
sovereignty, security, territorial integrity and
interests of national development. China’s
defense expenditures are appropriate and
moderate, and are in keeping with the need to
safeguard its security. China will not engage
in arms race with any other country, and it does
not
pose a military threat to any other
country. China follows the principle of not
attacking others
unless it is attacked, and it
is committed to solving international disputes and
hotspot issues with
peaceful means.
China actively carries out international military
exchanges, promotes
international and regional
security cooperation and opposes terrorism in all
forms.
III. China’s Foreign Policies for
Pursuing Peaceful Development
As a member of
the international community, China has great hope
for the future world, and
adopts the following
thinking on international relations and foreign
policies that conform to
peaceful development.
― Promoting the building of a harmonious world
China’s foreign policy aims to uphold world
peace and promote common development. China
advocates the building of a harmonious world
of durable peace and common prosperity and
works with other countries in pursuing this
goal. To China, it is both a long-term objective
and a
current task. To build a harmonious
world, we should make the following efforts:
Politically, countries should respect each
other and treat each other as equals, and work
together
to promote democracy in international
relations. All the countries in the world, whether
big or
small, strong or weak, rich or poor,
are equal members of the international community
and
should receive due respect of the
international community. Countries should also
safeguard the
UN’s core role in handling
global affairs, adhere to the purposes and
principles of the UN Charter,
abide by
international law and the generally-accepted
principles governing international relations,
and promote democracy, harmony, coordination
and win-win spirit in international relations. The
internal affairs of a country should be
decided by its own people, international affairs
should be
decided by all countries through
consultation on an equal footing, and every
country’s right to
equally participate in
international affairs should be respected and
upheld.
Economically, countries should
cooperate with each other, draw on each other’s
strengths and
make economic globalization a
balanced and win-win process that benefits all
countries.
Countries should also seek to
establish an international multilateral trading
system that is fair,
open, equitable and
nondiscriminatory so that the benefit of economic
globalization will cover all
countries. All
countries should work together to fulfill the UN
Millennium Development Goals and
enable
everyone to enjoy the benefit of development in
the 21st century.
Culturally, countries should
draw on each other’s strengths, seek common ground
while putting
aside differences, respect the
diversity of the world, and promote progress in
human civilization.
Dialogues and exchanges
among civilizations should be encouraged to do
away with ideological
prejudice and distrust,
and make human society more harmonious and the
world more colorful.
In terms of security,
countries should trust each other and strengthen
cooperation, settle
international disputes and
conflicts peacefully rather than resorting to war
and jointly safeguard
world peace and
stability. Consultation and dialogue should be
carried out to enhance mutual
trust, reduce
differences and settle disputes. Use or threat of
use of military force should be
avoided.
In terms of the environment, all countries
should help each other and make concerted efforts
to
better protect our only home ― the Earth.
Countries should develop new modes of development,
take the path of sustainable development and
promote the harmonious development of man and
nature. We should follow the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities, and
enhance international cooperation in
environmental protection and in addressing climate
change.
― Pursuing an independent foreign
policy of peace
The Chinese people adhere to
the social system and path of development chosen
by themselves
and will never allow any
external forces to interfere in China’s internal
affairs. China promotes
friendly and
cooperative relations with all the other countries
on the basis of the Five Principles
of
Peaceful Coexistence. It does not form alliance
with any other country or group of countries,
nor does it use social system or ideology as a
yardstick to determine what kind of relations it
should have with other countries. China
respects the right of the people of other
countries to
independently choose their own
social system and path of development, and does
not interfere
in other countries’ internal
affairs. It is opposed to the practices of the big
bullying the small and
the strong oppressing
the weak, and to hegemonism and power politics.
China calls for settling
disputes and
conflicts through talks and consultation and by
seeking common ground while
putting aside
differences. It does not impose its own will upon
others and acts in the
fundamental interests
of the Chinese people and the common interests of
all peoples throughout
the world. China bases
its decision on a particular issue according to
its merits. Upholding justice,
China plays an
active and constructive role in international
affairs.
China is firm in upholding its core
interests which include the following: state
sovereignty,
national security, territorial
integrity and national reunification, China’s
political system
established by the
Constitution and overall social stability, and the
basic safeguards for ensuring
sustainable
economic and social development.
China fully
respects other countries’ legitimate rights to
protect their interests. While developing
itself, it fully accommodates other countries’
legitimate concerns and interests and never makes
gains at others’ expense or shifts its own
troubles onto others.
China aligns its own
interests with the common interests of the people
of the world and seeks to
expand common
interests of all the parties. It works to
establish and expand community of
common
interests in various fields and at various levels
with other countries and regions. China is
committed to promoting the common interests of
all humanity and bringing the benefit of
human
civilization to everyone.
― Promoting new
thinking on security featuring mutual trust,
mutual benefit, equality and
coordination
China advocates a new thinking on security
featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality
and
coordination, and pursues comprehensive
security, common security and cooperative
security.
In terms of comprehensive security,
the security issue has new dimensions as
traditional and
non-traditional security
threats have become intertwined under the new
historical conditions.
The international
community should appreciate the need of ensuring
comprehensive security
and adopt comprehensive
measures to address security threats and their
root causes and
countries around the world
should work together to meet various challenges to
security.
Regarding common security, all
countries share a common stake in the era of
economic
globalization. The international
community should heighten awareness of common
security.
Countries should safeguard their own
security while respecting others’ security
concerns. They
should abandon the Cold War
mentality and confrontation between different
alliances, uphold
common security through
multilateral cooperation and work together to
prevent conflicts and
wars. It is important to
give full play to the UN’s role in maintaining
world peace and security and
establish a fair
and effective mechanism for upholding common
security.
With regards to cooperative
security, war and confrontation will only lead to
a vicious cycle of
violence begetting
violence, while dialogue and negotiation are the
only effective and reliable
way to settle
disputes. Countries should seek peace, safeguard
security, settle disputes and
promote
harmony through cooperation, and oppose the use or
threat of use of military force
against one
another.
― Actively living up to international
responsibility
For China, the most populous
developing country, to run itself well is the most
important
fulfillment of its international
responsibility. As a responsible member of the
international
community, China abides by
international law and the generally recognized
principles governing
international relations,
and eagerly fulfills its international
responsibility. China has actively
participated in reforming international
systems, formulating international rules and
addressing
global issues. It supports the
development of other developing countries, and
works to safeguard
world peace and stability.
As countries vary in national conditions and are
in different stages of
development, they
should match responsibility with rights in
accordance with their national
strength. They
should play a constructive role by fulfilling
their due international responsibility in
accordance with their own capability and on
the basis of aligning their own interests with the
common interests of mankind. For its part,
China will assume more international
responsibility as
its comprehensive strength
increases.
― Promoting regional cooperation
and good-neighborly relations
China actively
enhances friendly cooperation with its neighbors
and works with them to promote
a harmonious
Asia. China calls on countries in the region to
respect each other, increase mutual
trust,
seek common ground while putting aside
differences, safeguard regional peace and
stability, and settle disputes including those
over territorial claims and maritime rights and
interests through dialogue and friendly
negotiation. Countries should increase trade and
mutually beneficial cooperation, promote
regional economic integration, improve the current
regional and sub-regional cooperative
mechanisms, be open-minded to other proposals for
regional cooperation, and welcome countries
outside the region to play a constructive role in
promoting regional peace and development.
China does not seek regional hegemony or sphere
of influence, nor does it want to exclude any
country from participating in regional
cooperation.
China’s prosperity, development
and long-term stability represent an opportunity
rather than a
threat to its neighbors. China
will uphold the Asian spirit of standing on its
own feet, being bold
in opening new ground,
being open and inclusive and sharing weal and woe.
It will remain a good
neighbor, friend and
partner of other Asian countries.
IV. China’s
Path of Peaceful Development Is a Choice
Necessitated by History
Taking the path of
peaceful development is a strategic choice made by
the Chinese government
and people in keeping
with the fine tradition of Chinese culture, the
development trend of the
times and the
fundamental interests of China, and it is also a
choice which China’s development
calls for.
― Peaceful development carries forward the
Chinese historical and cultural tradition.
The
world has been believed to be a harmonious whole
in the Chinese culture ever since the
ancient
times. This belief has a lasting impact on the
thinking and acts of the Chinese nation,
which
is an important value that the Chinese people
follow in handling interpersonal
relationships, the relationship between man
and nature and relations between different
countries.
The Chinese people have always
cherished a world view of “unity without
uniformity,” “harmony
between man and nature,”
and “harmony is invaluable.” This belief calls for
the fostering of
harmonious family bond,
neighborhood harmony and good interpersonal
relationships. Under
the influence of
the culture of harmony, peace-loving has been
deeply ingrained in the Chinese
character. The
world-renowned Silk Road, for example, was a road
of trade, cultural exchanges
and peace, which
testifies to the pursuit of friendship and
mutually beneficial cooperation with
other
peoples by the ancient Chinese. The famous Ming
Dynasty navigator Zheng He made seven
voyages
to the Western Seas, visiting over 30 countries
and regions across Asia and Africa. He
took
along with him the cream of the Chinese culture
and technology as well as a message of
peace
and friendship.
Imbued with the belief that
one should be as inclusive as the vast ocean which
admits hundreds
of rivers, the Chinese nation
has embraced all that is fine in foreign cultures.
This has forged
strong cultural ties, leaving
behind much-told anecdotes about the cultural
interactions between
China and the world. The
Chinese have a strong collective consciousness and
sense of social
responsibility. We believe
that “you should not do unto others what you would
not have them do
unto you.” We respect
different cultures and views, treat others in the
same way as we expect to
be treated, and do
not impose our will upon others. We treat all
foreign countries with courtesy,
foster
harmonious ties with neighbors and make friends
with distant states.
The Chinese people have
inherited the fine tradition of Chinese culture of
over 5,000 years and
added to it new
dimensions of the times.
― Peaceful
development is determined by China’s basic
national conditions.
China has a large
population yet a weak economic base. It has to
feed close to 20% of the world’s
population
with 7.9% of the world’s farmland and 6.5% of the
world’s fresh water. What has been
achieved in
its social and economic development must meet the
need of 1.3 billion people, which
presents a
great challenge to China. China’s per capita GDP
in 2010 was about US$$4,400, ranking
around the
100th place in the world. Unbalanced development
still exists between the urban and
rural areas
and among different regions; the structural
problems in economic and social
development
remain acute; and economic growth, which
excessively depends on resource input,
is
increasingly constrained by resource shortages and
environmental problems. All this has made
the
shifting of the growth model a daunting task.
China’s capacity for independent innovation is
weak, and it is at the low end of the value
chain in both international division of labor and
trade.
The standard of living of the Chinese
is not high, and China’s social security system is
inadequate,
lagging far behind those of the
developed countries.
China’s modernization
involves one fifth of the world’s population and
will be a long-term process.
The scale and
magnitude of the difficulties and problems
involved are unprecedented in the
present
world and rare in human history. China will remain
a developing country for a long time
to come,
which means that China must dedicate itself to
advancing its modernization drive,
promoting
development and improving its people’s livelihood.
This calls for maintaining a
peaceful and
stable international environment and conducting
international exchanges and
cooperation. China
could become strong in the future. Yet peace will
remain critical for its
development, and China
has no reason to deviate from the path of peaceful
development.
China’s basic conditions, its
cultural traditions, its fundamental national
interests and its
long-term interests ― all
these factors have created the innate force
driving China’s peaceful
development.
―
Peaceful development is a choice that represents
the global trend.
Peace and development are
the two major issues of today’s world. Peace,
development and
cooperation are part of the
irresistible global trend. The world today is
moving towards
multipolarity and
economic globalization is gaining momentum. There
is a growing call for change
in the
international system and the world is facing more
historical challenges. To share
opportunities
presented by development and jointly ward off
risks is the common desire of the
people of
the world.
Economic globalization has become
an important trend in the evolution of
international relations.
Countries of
different systems and different types and at
various development stages are in a
state of
mutual dependence, with their interests
intertwined. This has turned the world into a
community of common destiny in which the
members are closely interconnected. Another world
war would be disastrous for the whole of
mankind, and no one would emerge victorious in an
all-out conflict between big powers.
Global challenges have become major threats to
the world. Common security issues are
becoming
ever more severe. They include terrorism, the
spread of weapons of mass destruction,
financial crises, natural disasters, climate
change, and security of energy, resources, food
and
public health, and the list is growing.
These and other global problems have a major
impact on
human survival and sustainable
economic and social development. No country can
handle these
issues on its own, which should
be addressed by all countries together. If these
problems are not
addressed through
comprehensive and sustained international
cooperation, world peace and
development will
run into huge obstacles and could even suffer
disastrous setback.
The global trend towards
multipolarity is irresistible. The emerging
economies, regional groups
and Asian and other
regions are be-coming stronger, and various non-
state actors are growing
fast, which, taking
advantage of economic globalization and the
information age, expand their
influence and
have become an important force in various
countries and in the international
arena.
The global trend is surging forward: those who
go along with it will prosper and those who go
against it will perish. The international
community should reject the zero-sum game which
was a
product of the old international
relations, the dangerous cold and hot war
mentality, and all
those beaten tracks which
repeatedly led mankind to confrontation and war.
It should find new
perspectives from the angle
of the community of common destiny ― sharing weal
and woe and
pursuing mutually beneficial
cooperation, exploring new ways to enhance
exchanges and mutual
learning among different
civilizations, identifying new dimensions in the
common interests and
values of mankind, and
looking for new ways to handle multiple challenges
through cooperation
among countries and
realize inclusive development. We want peace and
not war; development
and not stagnation;
dialogue and not confrontation; understanding and
not misunderstanding.
This is the general
trend of the world and the common aspiration of
all people. It is against this
historical
background that China has chosen the path of
peaceful development.
V. What China’s Peaceful
Development Means to the Rest of the World
The
path of peaceful development is a new path of
development which China, the biggest
developing country in the world has embarked
upon, and its global impact will manifest itself
over time. Its success calls for both the
untiring efforts of the Chinese people and
understanding
and support from the
international community.
China’s peaceful
development has broken away from the traditional
pattern where a rising power
was bound to seek
hegemony. In modern history, some rising powers
established colonies, fought
for spheres of
influence, and conducted military expansion
against other countries. This reached
climax
in the 20th century, when rivalry for hegemony and
military confrontation plunged
mankind
into the abyss of two devastating world wars. With
a keen appreciation of its historical
and
cultural tradition of several thousand years, the
nature of economic globalization, changes in
international relations and the international
security landscape in the 21st century as well as
the
common interests and values of humanity,
China has decided upon peaceful development and
mutually beneficial cooperation as a
fundamental way to realize its modernization,
participate in
international affairs and
handle international relations. The experiences of
the past several
decades have proved that
China is correct in embarking upon the path of
peaceful development,
and there is no reason
whatsoever for China to deviate from this path.
Economic globalization and revolution in
science and technology have created historical
conditions for more countries to revitalize
themselves by pursuing economic development and
mutually beneficial cooperation, and made it
possible for more developing countries to embark
on the path of rapid development. Because of
this, the size of the world economy and the
potential for development are both increasing,
the international community is better positioned
to resist economic and financial crises, and
there is stronger impetus for reforming the
international economic system. China’s
peaceful development conforms with this global
trend.
China is glad to see and supports more
and more developing countries in changing their
destiny,
and it is also glad to see and
supports the developed countries in maintaining
prosperity and
development.
In the ever-
changing world of today, all doctrines, systems,
models and paths are subject to the
test of
the times and practice. As national conditions
vary from country to country, there is no
such
thing as a fixed mode of development which claims
to be the only effective one and
applicable to
all. A path of development is viable only when it
suits the national conditions of a
country.
China’s path of development has taken shape in the
Chinese environment. China is fully
aware that
taking the path of peaceful development is an
important and long-term process and
that the
current domestic and foreign environments are
going through profound and complex
changes. It
will thus better summarize and apply its own
successful experience, draw on the
practices
of other countries, and stay alert about new
problems and challenges that may arise, so
as
to open up brighter prospects for peaceful
development.
China cannot develop itself in
isolation from the rest of the world, and global
prosperity and
stability cannot be maintained
without China. China’s achievements are
inseparable from its
friendly cooperation with
the outside world; in pursuing development, it
needs further
understanding and support from
the rest of the world. We are deeply appreciative
to all the
countries and peoples who have
shown understanding and solicitude for and given
support and
help to China’s development.
Taking the path of peaceful development by China
with its over one
billion population is a
great new undertaking in the history of human
development, and we do
not claim that what we
do leave nothing more to be desired. We welcome
all friendly suggestions
and well-intentioned
criticism. We sincerely hope that the
international community will have a
deeper
appreciation of China’s time-honored cultural
traditions, and respect its sovereignty,
security, territorial integrity and social
stability, which the Chinese people hold dear. We
hope
that it will appreciate China’s need to
settle, step by step, various difficulties in
development it
faces as the largest developing
country, and the aspiration of the Chinese people
to shake off
poverty and live a prosperous
life. We also hope that the international
community will have
confidence in the Chinese
people’s sincerity and determination to achieve
peaceful development,
and support rather than
obstruct China’s pursuit of peaceful development.
Looking back at the past and looking
ahead to the future, we are convinced that a
prosperous
and developing China, a democratic,
harmonious and stable country under the rule of
law, will
make more contribution to the world.
The Chinese people will make unremitting efforts
together
with other peoples to bring about a
bright future for mankind.
Information Office
of the State Council The People’s Republic of
China
September 2011, Beijing