浅析中国经济改革(中英文)
开学啦作文-母亲作文
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在中国最古老的哲学书籍《周易》中有这样一句谚语：“御政
之
首，鼎新革故。”意思是“改革是国家政治中最重要的事情”。这句饱
含中国古老哲学智慧的
名言同样也反映着现代中国正在蓬勃发展的
伟大事业——改革开放。
In the most
ancient Chinese philosophical book--The Book
of Changes, there is an old saying:
royal
governance
is to
discard the old ways of
life in favor of
the new.” It means that
reform is the most important thing
of
national politics. This quote which is full of
the wisdom from
the ancient Chinese philosophy
reflects the great reform and
opening --great
cause booming in modern China.
而经济改革更是基础中的基础，改
革的先锋者。从1984年以来，
党中央先后有三次重大决定。我们发现，平均每隔10年左右，党中<
br>央会对我国经济体制改革做出顶层设计、战略部署的重大决定，这些
决定包括每一时期（通常10
年左右）经济体制改革的主要目标、基
本原则、主要任务和改革重点领域等。
One of
the numerous reforms,
economic reform is
the basic
of the basic and the pioneer. Since
1984, the Party Central
Committee has made
three significant decisions about economic
reform. We could find that the Party Central
Committee, every
other 10 years or so on
average, will make great decisions of
top-
level design and strategic deployment for China’s
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economic
system reform. These include the main objectives,
principles, main tasks and key areas of
economic reform and so
on in every period
(usually 10 years).
2003年起，十年过去，中国经济总量从世界第六位上升
为世界
第二位，工业增加值从世界第四位上升世界第一位，货物进出口总额
从世界第八位上升为
第二位，外汇储备从世界第二位上升为世界第一
位，中国企业特别是国有企业大规模进入世界500强企
业，从9家提
高至78家（其中国有企业69家，民营企业7家），超过日本、德国
等国，成为
世界第二位。实践证明，中国改革开放取得了伟大成就。
From 2003 onwards,
one decade later, China's GDP rose from
sixth
to the second in the world, the industrial added
value
rose from fourth to the first in the
world, the trade in goods
of China's imports
and exports rose from eighth to the second
of
the world, and the foreign exchange reserves also
rose from
second to the first of the world.
What’ more, Chinese
enterprises, especially
large-scale state-owned enterprises
became the
enterprises on the S&P 500, increased from 9 to 78
(including 69 state-owned enterprises and 7
private
enterprises).The quantity is more than
Japan, Germany and other
countries, and became
the second in the world. Practice has
proved
that China has made great achievements in reform
and
opening.
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我们高度评价十六大所确立、十六届三中全会所设计“建成完善
社会主义市场经济体制和更具活
力、更加开放的经济体系”总目标取
得重大进展，主要任务基本完成，获得巨大成功。
Meanwhile we think highly of the general goal,
“To perfect
the socialist market economic
system and construct a more
dynamic, more open
economic system
National Congress of the CPC
and the Third Plenary Session. On
one hand, it
made significant progress; on the other hand, the
main task was substantially completed. So we
got a huge success
in fact.
一是公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度极
大完善。
二是逐步改变城乡二元经济结构的旧体制，逐步形成了城乡统筹
一体化的新体制。
三是建立了统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系。
四是改善宏观调控体系、完善行政管理体制和
经济法律制度，宏
观调控能力进一步提高，有效应对国际金融危机。
五是进一步健全了就业、收入分配和社会保障制度。
六是科技教育文化卫生体制改革深化，促进经济社会可持续发展
的机制初步建立。
First, the basic economic system of keeping
public owne
rship as the mainstay of the
economy and allowing diverse f
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orms of ownership to
develop side by side has been consumma
ted
tremendously.
Secondly, the old system of
urban-rural binary economic
structure is
gradually changed, in the same time, a new system
of urban-rural integration and overall
development is formed
gradually.
Thirdly, we have established a unified, open,
competitive
and orderly modern market system.
Fourthly, we have improved macro-control
system, system
of administrative control and
legal system of economy. And
the ability for
macroeconomic regulation and control has be
en
improved further. We can also deal efficiently
with the
international financial crisis.
Fifthly, we have made a further improvement on
the system
of employment, income distribution
and social security.
Sixthly, science and
technology, education, culture and
health
system reform were deepened and that promoted a
sustainable development mechanism of economy
and society to be
initially established.
与
此同时，改革进展也存在薄弱环节，部分改革目标没有实现，
相对滞后。国有金融资产、非经营性资产和
自然资源资产等的监管制
度有待进一步加强；中央企业母公司公司制股份制改革相对滞后，现
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代产权流转制度尚不完善，民法
典债法等相关法律法规历经数次讨论
仍未颁布，充分显示产权制度在具体执行层面的改革难度；垄断行业
改革力度有待加强，在放宽垄断行业市场准入和加强自然垄断业务有
效监管方面，仍然缺乏有力
措施；整体税负持续上升，具体税种改革
偏慢，城乡税制统一、物业税改革和地方税收管理权改革等方面
改革
进度有待加快；产品质量监管机制尚不健全、信用监督和失信惩戒制
度尚未建立、由市场供
求决定的利率形成机制尚未完全实现、外贸运
行监控体系和国际收支预警机制尚未建立；收入分配秩序不
规范，隐
性收入、非法收入问题比较突出，职务消费和福利货币化等方面进展
相对缓慢，个人收
入监测办法尚未建立；制约科学发展的体制机制障
碍较多，政府职能转变不到位，一些领域腐败现象易发
多发；在改革
设计、机制建设方面存在碎片化，缺乏长效机制。
As a coin has
two sides, there is also a weak link in reform
progress. In other words, parts of the reform
targets were not
achieved, lagging behind. For
example,
the
supervisory systems
of
state-owned financial assets, non-operating
assets, natural
resource assets and so forth
need to be further strengthened;
the
shareholding reform of the corporate system in
center
parent companies lagged behind;
property right transference
system is not yet
perfect. Besides, after many discussions,
laws
and regulations related to law of obligation of
Civil Code
are not yet promulgated, that
adequately shows some
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difficulties in the reform of property
right system at the
specific executive level.
In addition, we need to enhance reformatory
strength of
monopoly industries
, and there
is still a lack of effective
measures in
the relaxation of their accesses to market as well
as effective supervision of natural monopoly
industries. The
overall tax burden continues
to rise. Reform on the specific
categories of
taxes develops slowly, and the progress of the
reforms on property tax, local tax management
and unification
of urban and rural tax
should be sped up. What’s more,
supervision mechanism of product quality is
not perfect;
systems of credit monitoring and
punishment for lacking credit
have not been
established; the interest rate formation
mechanism determined by market supply and
demand has not been
fully realized; the
monitoring system of foreign trade
operation
and the warning system of balance of payments
have
not been established.
Finally, income
distribution is not standardized,
meanwhile
the issues of hidden income and illegal income are
more prominent; progress of functionary
expense and
monetization of welfare is
relatively slow; the approaches to
monitoring
personal income have not been sought out. Then
there
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are
more obstacles to scientific development system,
and
transformation of government functions is
not in place; some
things are prone to
corruption in some areas. Besides, the
presence of fragmentation is in the reform
design and mechanism
building, which is short
of a long-lasting mechanism.
目前，我国经济改革面临着一个历史性
的攻坚期，必与30年前
的改革不同，改革攻坚阶段不可避免地触动既得利益，很难实现改革
初
期“全民受益、无人受损”的局面。就现阶段的中国经济改革而言，
四大改革应当具有关键意义。
At present, China's economic reform is at a
crucial
historic hard period which will be
different from it 30 years
ago. A reform at a
crucial stage will inevitably touch the
vested
interests, in the same time, it is difficult to
achieve
the goal-of initial stage. On
the
stage of China's economic reform, the four reforms
should
have key significance.
一是城乡二元体制改革。在
党的十八大召开以后，城乡二元体制
改革是首要的、具有关键性意义的改革，包括城镇化的推行、土地确
权、城乡社会保障一体化、教育资源的均衡配置、户籍一元化等等改
革与发展措施。这是关系到
“以人为本”原则得以贯彻的大事，也是
可以带来最大的改革红利的大事。
The
first step is to reform urban-rural binary system.
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After the
18th National Congress of the CPC, the reform on
urban-rural binary system is regarded as a
priority with key
significance, including the
implementation of urbanization,
land
ownership, integration of urban and rural social
security,
balanced allocation of educational
resources, a unified urban
and rural household
registration system and other measures for
reform and development. It is an important
event that what
related to the people-oriented
principle is carried out, and
that will also
bring the greatest dividend from the reform.
二
是市场化改革。确立社会主义市场经济体制，就必须赋予企业
自主经营的权利和地位，而不能依旧像过去
那样视企业为政府的下属
单位和附属机构，不让企业与企业之间存在着竞争关系。市场化改革
可
以使企业处于公平竞争的环境中。
Secondly, we will enter into
market-oriented reform.
For
the
establishment of the socialist market economy
system, it
is necessary to give the rights and
status of independent
management to
enterprises, instead of still regarding
enterprises as the subordinate units and
subsidiaries of
government in the past and not
permitting competitions between
enterprises.
In a word, market-oriented reform can enable
enterprises in a fairly competitive
environment.
三是国有资本配置体制改革。这可以提高国有资本的使用效率、
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配置效率。今后，改造国有企业体制的着重点不在如
何调整国有资产
监督管理部门的权限，而在于把它的权限规定为只管国有资本的配置，
而不再管
国有企业的运作。
Next, state-owned capital allocation
system should be
reformed. This helps to
improve the efficiency of use and
allocation
of state-owned capital. In the future, the reform
emphasis of state-owned enterprises system is
not on how to
adjust the jurisdiction of state
asset supervision and
administration
department, but that its permissions are only
for the configuration of state-owned
capital,
rather than the
operation of
state-owned enterprises.
四是收入分配制度改革。重点一定要放在初次分
配上。收入的初
次分配是市场机制起作用的结果，只要确实由市场机制按人们提供的
生产要素的
贡献大小进行收入分配，那依然是符合市场规律的。在市
场调节下所出现的收入分配差距，再由政府主持
下进行二次分配调节。
At last, it is necessary to reform
income distribution
system.
Emphasis
must be placed on the initial distribution.
Initial distribution of income is the result
from market
mechanism, so it is still in line
with market rules as long as
the market
mechanism really distributes income according to
the
contribution of production elements
provided by people. Then,
with the gap in
income distribution under the market
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regulations,
governments will conduct the second adjustment to
income.
除以上四点，个人认为，推进经济体制改革要更加注重公平。现
今中
国所面临的种种问题包括:收入分配差距扩大,垄断行业改革难
以推进,大学生就业难与民工荒并存,环
境污染,资源紧缺等等。这些
问题与中国所取得的经济成就并存,是这三十年来效率为先发展的结
果。三十多年来中国经济着重通过投资和出口来带动增长,如果继续
按照这样的思路发展下去就会面临
三个约束因素——市场需求瓶颈，
资源环境瓶颈，公平制约效率。这三者都决定了效率优先的经济发展<
br>模式是不可持续的。经济体制改革的大方向应当是更加注重公平。
With the
exception of these four points above, in my
opinions, we should pay more attention to
equity during the
economy reform.
Nowadays,
problems which China is facing
include:
expansion of income gap, difficulties
in promoting the reform
of monopoly
industries, the situation of difficult employment
of graduates with the shortage of migrant
workers,
environmental pollution, resource
shortages and so forth.
These problems with
China's economic achievements, is the
result
of three decades development with efficiency put
first.
For
thirty years, Chinese
economy has gotten GDP’s growth
through
investment and exports seriously, but if it
continues
to develop in this way, Chinese
economy will face three
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constraints—market demand bottleneck,
the bottleneck of
resources and environment,
restrictions to efficiency from
fairness. They
determine that economic development pattern
with efficiency as a priority is not
sustainable. Therefore,
the general direction
of economic reform should emphasize
equity
more.
公平与效率并非完全矛盾,而应该是对立统一于可持续发展之下。
当下,应着眼于
用公平解决效率提升的制约因素,以公平促效率。
一方面,用公平可以解决市场需求问题。中国经济的
发展必须从
投资和出口拉动型转到内需拉动型的模式上来。提升社会公平,加大
收入分配的调节
力度,通过促进中低收入居民收入水平提高来扩大消
费,从而刺激经济的发展。
另一方面,用
公平可以解决资源环境问题。目前的资源市场没有
实现公平交易,许多资源产品价格都没有真正反映其市
场价值和环境
成本。以牺牲环境为代价来发展经济,就等于是牺牲全体人民的利益
来发展经济,
这是对全社会的不公平。
创造一个公平的、体现环境成本的资源市场交易体系,提高资源
产品
的价格,减少政府对资源品的管制和垄断企业对资源的控制,就
可以促进节能减排和环境保护,反过来也
会倒逼企业进行产业升级,
从而将经济发展的动力转移到科技创新上来,也就提高了效率。所以,
现在用更加注重公平的改革思路可以消除提升效率的制约因素,进而
实现经济的可持续发展。
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In
fact, equity and efficiency are not entirely
contradictory, but should turn into the
coincidence of
opposites under sustainable
development. At
moment, we should
focus on handling restrictions to the increase
of efficiency
with an equitable solution, that
is to say, use equity to
promote
efficient.
On the one hand, with equity
market demand problems can be
solved. The
economy must be made towards domestic demand
instead of investment and export. In addition,
enhance social
equity, increase efforts to
regulate the distribution of income,
expand
consumption through improving the income levels of
low-income residents, so as to stimulate
economy to develop.
On the other hand,
resources and environmental problems can
be
solved with equity. A fair deal cannot be achieved
in the
current resource market, and prices of
many resource products
don’t truly reflect
their market value and environmental costs.
And developing our economy at the expense of
our environment
would be tantamount to
sacrificing the interests of all people
for
the economy, which is unfair to the whole society.
As a result, creating a fair trading system of
resource
market which reflects the
environmental costs, improving the
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prices of resource
products, and reducing regulation of
resources
from government and control over resources from
monopoly enterprises, can promote energy-
saving, emission
reduction and environmental
protection. They in turn will force
enterprises to industrial upgrading, so that
the power for the
economic development is
transferred to scientific and
technological
innovation which improves efficiency. So reform
ideas with more emphasis on equity can now
eliminate
constraints to improving efficiency,
so as to have economy
develop sustainably.
公平有很多内涵和体现,绝对公平是无法实现的。本文认为目前
要实现的公平有三个层次,即基本公平
、相对公平和机会公平。
Absolute fairness can’t be gotten
because there are many
connotations and
embodiments in it. In this paper, fairness
realized has three levels, namely, the basic
fairness, relative
fairness and opportunity
fairness.
首先,要保证基本公平,即基本福利的公平,保证社会上人人都能
有尊严
地活着。这就需要大力加强社会保障制度的建设,加强民主与
法治建设,促进政府的基本公共服务均等化
。
First, ensure basic fairness, that is, fair
of the basic
welfare, and ensure that everyone
can live with dignity. This
requires great
efforts to strengthen the construction of the
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social
security system, democracy and the rule of law,
and
promote the equalization of basic public
services.
其次,要实现相对公平,目前在所有领域都引入竞争机制进行改
革,可能
还不具备相应条件,在一些暂时还不能进行彻底市场化改革
的领域如石油、电网等,可以考虑通过恰当的
制度安排使得垄断行业
内部有一定的竞争,提高它们对社会的服务水平,从而实现对社会公
众的
一种相对公平。
Secondly, that now we
i
ntroduce competition mechanism into
all areas of reform to achieve a relatively
fairness, may not
have appropriate conditions.
So a thorough market-oriented
reform is still
not carried out in some areas such as oil, power,
etc. But it may be considered by making
appropriate
institutional arrangements to
produce some degree of
competitions within the
monopoly industry, and improve their
service
level to the society, in order to achieve a
relative
fairness of the public.
最后,要确保机会公
平。相对于收入上的不平等,机会不均等导致
的不公平更令人不能忍受。在经济领域,机会不公平的主要
原因是要
素市场化不足。资本、技术和矿产资源等由垄断企业或政府控制,这
造成了各经济体发
展机会上的不公平。应该加人对要素市场的市场化
改革力度,使得社会各方力量通过自身条件,在一定的
制度安排下,都
可以均等地获取资源、资本等要素,从而能够达到一定的机会公平。
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另外,根据马克思的
再生产理论,社会生产总过程仅包括生产、分
配、交换、消费四个环节,这四个环节相互联系、互相制约
,使人们在
社会生产总过程中形成了诸方面的生产关系。三十年前的效率为先的
改革较多关注的
是生产和交换环节,所以主要涉及的是商品市场的改
革。现在更加关注公平的改革应该更多地要从分配和
消费两个角度来
推进。所以要素市场化不足所造成的分配不公应成为当前经济体制改
革的突破口
。
Finally, ensure opportunity fairness.
Compared with
inequality in income,
inequity resulting from inequality of
opportunity is even more intolerable. In the
economic field,
the unfair opportunity is
mainly due to the lack of the element
marketization.
Capital, technology and
mineral resources are
controlled by monopolies
or government, which results in an
inequity on
development opportunities of all economies. So
force should be added to the market-oriented
reform of factor
markets, to make all social
forces under certain institutional
arrangements, equally acquire the resources,
capital and other
elements through its own
conditions, so as to be able to reach
opportunity fairness in some way.
Moreover
, according to Marx's theory of
reproduction, the total
process of social
production includes only the production,
distribution, exchange and consumption. And
these four links
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are interrelated to and restrict each other,
so that people
formed various production
relations in the overall process of
social
production. Thirty years ago, the reform with
efficiency
as the first concerned the
production and exchange of links more,
so it
mainly related to commodity markets. Now the
reform more
concerned about fairness should be
advanced under the
perspective of distribution
and consumption. Therefore, unfair
distribution caused by the insufficient of
elements
marketization should be regarded as a
breakthrough in the
current economic reform. <
br>总言之，中国经济体制改革是长期的攻坚战，全面深化社会主义
市场经济体制改革，精心设计未来
十年改革蓝图、行动纲领，做出重
大战略部署和重要决定。我们相信到2022年中国将能够构建系统完
备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系，各方面制度更加成熟、更加定
型，中国也将继续成为世界
经济的领跑者与引领者！
In a word, China's reform on the
economy system is to be
completed for a long
hard time. It is important for us to persist
in deepening comprehensively the reform of the
socialist market
economy system, elaborate the
blueprint and program of action
in the future
ten years later, and make an important strategic
deployment and decisions. We believe that by
2022 China will
be able to build a scientific
and standardized regime with
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complete systems and
effective operation. Besides, various
aspects
of system will be more mature and get into shape
further,
so China will continue to be the
pacemaker and leader of the
world economy!
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