英美文学重要笔记.精华版doc
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英美文学重要笔记，精华版，流泪推荐！
Old English 450-1066
Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th
century
Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟- the father of
English poetry英国诗歌
之父
'heroic
couplet' 英雄偶句诗
The Renaissance - rebirth
or revival
Humanism - the essence of the
Renaissance, the dignity 尊严of
human being &
the importance of the present life
Edmund
Spenser - the poets' poet 诗人中的诗人
Christopher Marlowe -
University Wits大学才子最有才华的,
the pioneer of
English drama 英国戏剧先驱
Blank verse,无韵体诗
hyperbole夸张
knowledge, power and happiness
William Shakespeare - above all writers in the
past and in the
present time
Four
tragedies - Hamlet,哈姆雷特 Othello奥赛罗, King
Lear
李尔王 & Macbeth麦克白
beauty
between Antonio and Bassanio, to
idealize Portia a heroine of
great beauty, wit
and loyalty忠诚, to expose the
insatiable贪得
无厌的，不知足的 greed and brutality 无情
too
sophisticated 复杂的to degrade 降低his nature to the
conventional role of a stage revenger
To be, or not to be - to live on in this world
or to die; to suffer or
to take action
Soliloquy独白 or monologue - fully reveal
the inner conflict of
the characters
Francis Bacon - brevity,简洁 compactness 紧密&
powerfulness, 强有力
his essays is an
important landmark in the development of
English prose英国散文发展的重要里程碑
Inductive method
归纳法 in place of取代 deductive method
演绎法
for delight, for ornament,装饰 and for
ability.
Studies perfect nature, and are
perfected by experience.
Different ways
adopted by different people to pursue studies
不
同的人有不同的阅读方法-
studies and experience are
complementary 互补 to each other.
The correct
attitude to reading books - to weigh and
consider.权
衡和思考
How studies
exert施以影响influence over human character -
reading maketh a full man读书使人完美, conference a
ready
man, and writing an exact man.
John Donne
metaphysical poetry玄学诗歌
- break away from love poetry, a
seemingly
unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes,
and
a free range of feelings and moods
syllogism 三段论
interfere with 干涉other
things and everywhere
can not
escape from death. When you are living, you are
always
in the shadow of death. Death only
lasts a moment, our life after
death is
eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people,
not
only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep,
because 'whom the
gods love die young'. Though
death is usually considered
powerful, it
actually provides a rest for a man's body and a
birth
for his soul.
John Milton
in English literature since
Beowulf. 继贝奥武夫之后唯一的一
部公认的英国文学中的史诗The conflict
is between human
love and spiritual duty. In
heaven, Satan led a rebellion against
God with his unconquerable 压制不了的will.
verse drama after the Greek style in English.
古希腊诗剧体在
英文中的完美体现
Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a
revival of interest in the old
classical
works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 &
accuracy准确
Enlightenment - a
progressive进步的 intellectual movement,
reason
(rationality), equality & science
Gothic
novel哥特式小说 - mystery, horror & castles
John Bunyan
Alexander Pope
couplets英雄偶句诗,
criticize the present poem lack of true
taste
& call on people to turn to the old Greek and
Roman
writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best
set in a plain (simple &
clear) style.
Daniel Defoe - the first writer
study of the lower-class
people
labor and the
Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧
Jonathan Swift -
a master satirist 讽刺大师
In his opinion, human
nature is seriously and permanently
flawed有缺陷的
Proper words in proper places在恰当的地方用恰当的词
一个温和的建议
大人国 Flying Island 飞岛国& Houyhnhnm
慧驷国
Henry Fielding - Father of English
novel, 英国小说之父
Prose Homer荷马散文
Comic epic
in prose 散文体喜剧史诗
Samuel Johnson - first
combine an English dictionary, last
neoclassicist enlightener
尔勋爵的信
Richard
Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English
dramatist of the 18th
century英国十八世纪唯一一位重要戏剧
家
regarded as
important links between the masterpieces of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard
Shaw.上承莎士比亚，下接萧
伯纳
Thomas Gray
The
Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派
Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous
emotion, a change
from the outer world of
social civilization to the inner world of
the
human spirit, poetry should be free from all
rules,
imagination, nature, commonplace
The romantic period began with the publication
of Wordsworth
and Coleridge's
William Blake
-engraver雕刻家
children's eye
with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from
men eyes
Childhood, paradoxes悖论, a pairing of
opposites
William
Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English
romantic
poetry, simple, spontaneous,
worshipper of nature自然崇拜者
'Lake Poets'湖畔诗人 -
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge &
Robert Southey
He defines the poet as a
'man speaking to men', and poetry as
'the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which
originates
in 'emotion recollected in
tranquillity'.
the poet is
very cheerful with
recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on
the beauty of nature, the reader is presented
a vivid picture of
lively and lovely
daffodils 水仙 and poet's philosophical ideas
and mystical 神秘的thoughts.
beautiful morning in London, silent, bright,
glittering闪闪发光
的, smokeless & mildly柔和的. It is
so touching a sight that the
poet expressed
his religion piety 虔诚for nature.
imagination, the mass of associations, this
commonplace
happening becomes a striking
event, the poet succeeds in
making the
reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows
the
poet's passionate love of nature.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural,超自然
remote
Poet can be divided into two groups -
the demonic魔力诗
(supernatural) & the
conversational对话诗
The demonic group includes 3
masterpieces -
George Gordon Byron
'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel
figure of noble origin,
against tyrannical暴君的
rules or moral principles. Such a hero
appears
first in
free' the Luddites destroyed
the machines in their protest against
unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the
workers in
their struggle against the
capitalists is clearly shown.
masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical
poem讽刺诗), song by a
Greek singer at the
wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.
'Fill high
the bowl with Samian wine'?
Percy
Bysshe Shelley
destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,
对春天的渴望，和对未来美好世界的憧憬
'I fall upon the thorns
of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can
Spring be far behind?'
John
Keats
4 great odes -
of art and the transience 短暂of
human passion,
'Heard melodies are sweet, but
those unheard are sweeter',
'Beauty is truth,
truth beauty'
Jane Austen
The Victorian Period
Darwin's
created by God
Utilitarianism 功利主义 was widely accepted and
practiced
Critical realists were all
concerned about the fate of the common
people
Charles Dickens - one of the
greatest critical realist writers of
the
Victorian Age
Character-portrayal描写 is the
most distinguishing feature of
his works
A
mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤
双城记
The
Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a
rather
reserved and simple girl, was very much
a child of nature.
Alfred
Tennyson - invents发明 dramatic monologue戏剧独白,
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist
friend, his sadness feeling are
contrasted with 与，，形成对比
the carefree,
无忧无虑innocent joys of the children and the
unfeeling movement of the ship and the
sea waves
惧 towards death, his
faith in God and an afterlife后世.
'Crossing
the bar' means leaving this world and entering the
next world
everyday
life,无法忍受平和平凡的日常生活old as he is, he
persuades
his old followers to go with him and to set sail
again
to pursue a new world and new knowledge,
dramatic monologue,
'Myself not least, but
honour'd of them all' means I am not the
least
important, but
honoured by all of them
Robert Browning - the most original poet,
who improve and
mature the dramatic monologue
monologue is the duke's speech addressed to
the agent who
comes to negotiate the marriage,
the duke is a self-conceited,自
负的 cruel
and tyrannical 残暴的man
George
Eliot:乔治艾略特
As a woman of exceptional
特有的intelligence and life
experience, she shows
a particular concern for the destiny 命运
of
women
cold, lifeless, dull house and
Dorothea who is full of youthful
life and
vigor
Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic
and a critical realist writer
Local-colored,
Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'
intensity, and not as to duration 持续
American Romantic
Period美国浪漫主义时期
Started with Washington
Irving's
and ended with
Whitman's
called 'the American Renaissance'美国文艺复兴
文学特点Free expression of emotion, escapes from
society, and
return to nature New England
Transcendentalism
Washington Irving -
father of the American short stories,
美国
短篇小说之父the American Goldsmith美国的金匠
Perfected the best classic style that American
literature ever
produced完善了美国文学古典主义风格
First novel 纽约外史
Ralph Waldo Emerson - the
spokesman of New England
Transcendentalism
movement新英格兰超验主义运动
in terms of the present state of
literature in America
idealism and ordinary life
American Puritanism, 美国请教European Romanticism,
intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual,
nature
Transcendentalism
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Interior内部的 of the
heart, there is evil in every human heart,
which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through
the whole
life, but circumstances may rouse
唤醒it to activity
Walt
Whitman
Openness, freedom, individualism
I - me, my nation (society), Free verse自由体诗,
Envelope
structure, Catalogue (Listing)
A
new ideal, a new world, a new life-style
is greatly influenced by his growing
environments
the American Civil
War, all the movements described in this
picture are frozen.
with）充满着 energy and（ laden with ）充满着ideas,
spontaneous自发的 expression of his original
ideas
Herman Melville - a master of
allegory隐喻 and symbolism象
征主义, like
Hawthorne
prose epic,散文史诗 Ishmael both as a character
and a narrator
叙述者, the captain, Ahab is a
monomaniac狂热者
Realistic period
现实主义时期- the Gilded Age镀金时代, the
poor poorer
and the rich richer, people's attention was now
directed to the interesting features of
everyday existence
Local colorism地方主义色彩,
social Darwinism社会达尔文主
义, bestiality兽性, beyond
man's control
Mark Twain
马克吐温- the true father of American
literature真
正的民族文学之父
Local colorist,
vernacular方言, simple sentence, 'the damned
human race该死的人类' The Gilded Age
3 boyhood
books
whether or not he
should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where
Jim is.
Henry James -按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家
international theme, psychological realist
心理现实主义
Stream of consciousness,意识流 interior
monologue,内心独白
free association
自由联想
移居国外的人 named Winterbourne.
Daisy is the most
innocent girl. The clash is
between two different cultures.
Emily
Dickinson
Based on her own experiences,
her sorrows and joys
about her
communication with the outside world.
description of
a moment of
death
Dickinson makes the train part of
nature by animalizing 动物质化it, like a horse.
以便 make her message
strongly felt
Theodore Dreiser
西奥多德莱赛- America's literary naturalists
Case
history including everything Determinism
决定论
(heredity biological生物遗传 & environment),
survival of the
fittest适者生存, the jungle law
丛林法则
Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲-
An american tragedy :美国悲剧
The social pressure that marks clyde's
downfall inevitable.
Style: lack of
concision不简练，his writings appear more
inclusive ,and less selective.
Language:
communication rather than an art form.
Borke away from the genteel tradition of
literature and
dramatized the life in a very
realistic way.
The modern period现代时期
- the second American
Renaissance, the
expatriate movement移民潮, the Lost
Generation迷惘的一代, a transformation from order
to disorder
Seize the day, enjoy the
present,现实享乐主义 spiritual
wasteland,
精神荒原collective unconscious,集体无意识
psychoanalysis
Imagist movement意象运动, Jazz
Age爵士时代
Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman
of the 'Imagist Movement'意
象主义运动代表
produce the
emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris
subway station and suddenly saw a number of
faces in the dim
昏暗的light. To capture the
emotions, Pound uses the image of
petals on
wet, black boughs.湿漉漉黑色粗枝上的花瓣
agreement with Whitman's free verse惠特曼的
自由体诗
Robert Lee Frost - four times
awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral
life and
scene
Eugene O'Neill尤金奥尼尔
：唯一获过若贝尔文学奖的戏剧
作家- founder of the American
drama, 美国喜剧之父won the
Pulitzer Prize
four times 普利策奖
F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz
Age, 爵士时代代表
Dollar Decade, 金钱堕落1920s
A
double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and
an
outsiderAmerican Dream
Ernest Hemingway - awarded
the Nobel Prize
Iceberg style冰山风格, Code
hero,：the lost generation, 迷失的
一代grace under
pressure压力下的尊严
William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel
Prize
South,南方 imprisonment in the past对过去的沉湎
Stream of consciousness, 意识流multiple points of
view
Yoknapatawpha Country 约克纳帕塔法县