SCI常见经典句型
假如我有一匹马作文-小木船
写英文文章经常要重复讲一个说法讲几次，但描述方式不能太祥林嫂，所以备好
一些常用
句式还是相当有用的。以下的句式是本人在阅读文献过程中亲自整理的，
主要来源于Science，N
ature，Immunity，JEM，JCI和JI。这些句式都很地道，
决不山寨，希望对有需要
的朋友有用。
热点，广泛关注、研究
1．The mechanisms
governing the homeostasis of memory T cells have
been an
area of intense investigation.
2．Extensive work has been done in the area of
cytokine signaling.
3．Not unexpectedly, the
newest „lineage‟ of helper T cells, TH-17 cells,
also
received a great deal of attention at the
Ringberg meeting.
4. While the interactions
of DC with naive T cells within LN have been
analysed
in detail,…
5. While
interactions of DC with naive T cells in LN have
been extensively
examined by 2P-IVM.
6.
Although the signals that control neutrophil
migration from the blood to sites
of infection
have been well characterized, little is known
about their migration
patterns within lymph
nodes or the strategies that neutrophils use to
find their
local sites of action.
不像B，which…，A…
1. Unlike naive T cells,
which survive largely in interphase, memory T
cells
persist under normal conditions with a
slow but constant turnover.
像…一样
1．As with（正如，与…一样） naive T cells, memory T
cells are also capable of
undergoing more
rapid cell division under lymphopenic conditions,
known as
acute homeostatic proliferation.
…已有共识
1．There is now a general
consensus that two members of the common γ chain
cytokine family, namely IL-7 and IL-15,
control the homeostasis of CD
8
+
memory cells
…仍不清楚
1. However,
the factors that govern the homeostasis of
CD
4
+
memory cells have
yet to be
fully defined.
2. Although molecular details
of the process are poorly understood.
3.
Although why this subset of T cells is uniquely
sensitive to IL-2 is currently
unclear.
4. Experiments directly interrogating（质问，询问）
the physiological
requirements for DC-produced
IL-2 have yet to be published.
5. Among the
questions that remain to be resolved are how IL-2
may play both
supportive and restrictive roles
in the same transgenic OT-1 CD
8
+
T
cells.
1
6. The cause of this
disease has been elusive because the SAP gene is
not
affected in XLP 2 patients.
7．The
main source of IL-17 at the local site of
inflammation still remains
unknown.
8.
Whether such a mechanism is relevant to
CD
4
+
T helper cells remains an
open issue.
9. Whether the failure to
silence TRAIL synthesis upon rechallenge explains
this
example of AICD remains to be
investigated.
10. Whether the receiving cell
must make contact with the producing cell or
whether there is a role for soluble
IL-15IL-15Rα complexes in CD
8
+
memory
T
cell homeostasis is not clear.
11. But
the question of whether they need tonic signals
via their TCR is still
open.
12. Exactly
what CD
4
+
T cells provide to maintain
CD
8
+
T cell memory remains a
mystery.
13．Large questions remain as to
how chemokine signaling regulates or is
regulated to coordinate the complex in vivo
dynamics of the T lymphocytes。
14. However,
what has not been delineated（描绘，圈定） is the
response of
effector T cells at nonlymphoid
tissue sites when they reencounter Ag.
15.
The precise role of IL-2 in the regulation of
CD
8
+
T cell responses to foreign
Ag in vivo however remains
enigmatic（神秘的，高深莫测的）.
16．Our understanding of
the developmental control of V(D)J recombination
on
the one hand, and that of cell
proliferation, death, and survival during
differentiation on the other, is still
fragmentary（碎片的，不完整的）.
…已经得到公认
1．It
is well accepted that two cytokines, namely IL-7
and IL-15, are involved in
maintaining the
numbers of CD8 memory cells in vivo (145–147).
与…相似
1．In addition, there is a high-
affinity receptor for IL-15, referred to
as（被称
作，简称） IL-15Rα, and it was thought, in
analogy with the IL-2R, that a
three-chain
complex, αβγ, was the receptor for IL-15 on NK
cells and memory
CD
8
+
T cells.
仍存在争议
1．It was clear that there is
no shortage of controversy.
可以肯定地说
1．It is safe to say, in fact, that there is a
long way to go before the field fully
understands the process of effector and memory
cell differentiation, the
relationships among
these post-activation cell fates and the extent to
which any
given T cell adopts a fixed versus a
flexible functional program after antigen
activation.
2
2. There is
no doubt immunological research has been boosted
by the recent
application of 2P-IVM
依赖、需要
1．Ag-specific memory
CD
8
+
cells, on the other hand, are
less dependent on
IL-15, relying more on IL-7,
but still require IL-15 for basal homeostatic
proliferation and long-term maintenance
2．Furthermore, robust CD
8
recall
responses appear to be particularly reliant on
CD
8
costimulation via 4-1BB.
A与B之间的差异
1．The discrepancy（不符，矛盾） in the
homeostatic requirements for
Ag-specific
memory versus MP cells appears even greater for
CD
4
+
than CD
8
+
cells.
与…一致,相符
1．Consistent with this
notion, recent studies have shown that IL-7 is
essential
for the survival and basal
homeostatic turnover of Ag-specific
CD
4
+
memory
cells.
2.
Similarly broad expression of IL-2 and IL-15
receptors do not coincide well
with the highly
restricted roles that IL-2 and IL-15 appear to
play in thymic
development.
3．The
distinct functions of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7
signals in naive T cell
homeostasis correspond
well with the expression patterns of the various
receptor chains.
4. A comparison of wild-
type and CD
25
?? CD
8
+
T cells
side by side in a mixed
radiation chimera
following LCMV or Listeria infection revealed that
the
knockout cells could divide as fast as
wild-type cells and accumulate to large
numbers of effectors (54), in line with
previous findings.
5．These experiments are
also in agreement with physiological studies
showing
that T cells activated by soluble
peptide in vivo are not committed to tolerance
after 3 d.
6. Results presented in this
work do not contradict this hypothesis, but
suggest
that in addition to its function as a
“T cell graveyard,” the liver may play a role in
primary activation of CD
81
T cells
specific for Ags presented within the liver,
including peptides delivered by the i.v.
route.
被迫
1．These effector T cells
undergo a dramatic contraction in numbers（分数次）
after antigen clearance, with 90 – 95%
succumbing to apoptosis within weeks.
与…相反,相反地…
1. In contrast to CD
8
memory T cells, CD
4
memory T cells may not
require the
signals through common cytokine
receptor chain.
3
2. By
contrast, IL-2 signaling may play a major role in
the differentiation of
regulatory T cells
3. Contrary to T-cell recognition of peptides
processed and presented on MHC
molecules by
DC, immunoglobulin receptors on B cells recognize
intact protein
antigens in their native state.
参与了
1. The polycomb group (PcG) gene
Bmi1 has recently been implicated in the
maintenance of hematopoietic…
2. an
intrinsic histone H3-K27 methyltransferase
activity, which implicates a
likely mechanism
for PcG-mediated gene silencing.
本课题研究了…在…的作用
1. We herein investigated
the role of Bmi1 in the generation and maintenance
of memory CD
4
+
Th1Th2 cells.
研究(清楚)表明…
1. Our results indicate that
Bmi1 controls memory CD
4
T cell survival
and
function through the direct repression of
the Noxa gene.
2. However, follow-up studies
have not revealed an obvious defect in thymic
selection
3. Multiple in vitro studies
demonstrate that T cell activation depends on the
presence of IL-2.
4. The results
conclusively demonstrated that IL-2 was
dispensable as a growth
factor for antiviral
CD
8
T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues.
在…方面缺乏让人信服的证据
1．Compelling evidence
in this regard is currently lacking.
与…相比
1. Although the expression levels of
IL-7R _ and IL-2R _ were slightly lower on
Bmi1 _ _ memory Th2 cells as compared with
wild-type cells.
静脉过继转移到…
1. (A and
Bmi1 ++ , Bmi1 + _ , or Bmi1 _ _ effector Th2 (A)
or Th1 ( cells
with DO11.10 Tg background were
intravenously transferred into BALBc nunu
mice.
大量的证据表明…
1．Hence, despite
a plethora of in vitro evidence showing that IL-2
was critical
for supporting T cell activation,
the dominant physiological function of IL-2
signals in vivo is to restrain T cell
activation and prevent autoimmunity.
A对B很重要
4
1．IL-2 is
clearly essentialcritical for Treg
differentiation.
2．The non-homologous DNA
end-joining (NHEJ) pathway has an essential role
in joining double-strand breaks (DSBs)
generated by the RAG proteins during
V(D)J
recombination;
3. CD
4
+
T cells
play an essential role in promoting the initial
expansion of CD
8
+
T cells
responding to initial antigen challenge when
antigen comes from a
relatively
noninflammatory immunogen.
4. One attractive
possibility is that the subset of endogenously
activated CD
4
+
T
cells that
express low levels of CD
25
and make
numerous cytokines are key to
maintaining
CD
8
+
memory T cells.
5．DCs are
central to the priming of both primary and
secondary CD
8
+
T cell
responses.
6. Our results therefore suggest that TLRs can
play a crucial role in shaping the
development
of the adaptive immune system.
引出…问题
1．These results raise the question of the
extent to which the suppressive
actions of
TGF-β and IL-27 are mediated by their capacity to
promote IL-10
production by other cells.
2．The observation that CD
8
+
T cell
differentiation is programmed after a
relatively short exposure to antigen has
brought into question the nature of
CD
8
+
T cell–DC interactions in
vivo.
3．The expression of AID in developing B
cells in both mutant and normal mice
(Maoet
al., 2004) raises questions regarding the
mechanism of AID induction at
these early
stages of B cell development.
不奇怪地，可以预期地
1．Not unexpectedly, the newest „lineage‟ of
helper T cells, TH-17 cells, also
received a
great deal of attention at the Ringberg meeting.
2. As expected, RAG-2 expression is detected
only in pre-B and immature B
cells, validating
our cell-purification procedure.
面对严峻的挑战
1．The question then became how to tackle such
a daunting（令人畏惧的）
challenge.
除了…以外
1．Aside from CD
28
, perhaps the best
described CD
8
-specific costimulatory
molecule is 4-1BB (CD
137
).
…观点最近也受到挑战
1．The paradigm that SHM is
limited to mature B cells has also been recently
challenged by a report showing that…
5
为了研究…我们…
1. To directly
address the role of AID during B cell development,
we have now
analyzed the expression of AID in
the BM of normal mice.
…是…背景的
1．
Because Aicda__ mice are on a mixed C57BL6 and CBA
background.
2. These nude mice have a C57BL6
genetic background
有研究指出
1．Previously, it has been reported that about
16% of C57BL6 immature B cells
express AID by
single-cell analysis.
2. A previous report
had shown AID expression, but no SHM of light
chain, in
immature B cells from wild-type
C57BL6 mice (Mao et al., 2004).
3. Previous
studies have indicated that B cells expressing
rearranged Vk4 genes
are frequently negatively
selected, perhaps because they are autoreactive
为了证明…
1. In order to ascertain that
AID expressed in pre-B and immature B cells is
active and functional, the presence of circle
transcripts (CTs) and postswitch
transcripts.(PSTs) was assessed in these
cells.
2. To confirm that CSR led to proper
recombination, we amplified PSTs for each
isotype by using specific primers.
为了进一步证实、验证、定量…
1. To further determine
whether CSR in developing B cells led to
appropriate
cell-surface protein expression,
we stained BM cells from Aicda+_ and
Aicda__
mice and examined the surface expression of IgA by
using FACS.
2. To circumvent（绕行） this
potential problem, we performed studies in a
model system not requiring infection.
值得注意的是…
1. It is noteworthy that CT-a
exhibit two transcripts, because of alternative
splicing donor sites in the Ia exon.
2.
It is important to note that several observations
indicate that small numbers
of BM-residing
plasma or memory B cells cannot account for our
findings of AID
expression in early B cells.
暗示
1． This is
reminiscent（怀旧的，回忆往事的；耽于回想的） of the genetic
background effects we find for CSR in pre-B
and immature B cells in normal
mice.
我们的研究为…提供证据
1．Our findings provide
evidence that the innate immune system plays an
6
important role in shaping
adaptive immunity at early stages of lymphocyte
development.
特别强调
1．We place
special emphasis on what we see as a hierarchical
organization of
lymphoid tissue in support of
the cell–cell interactions underlying adaptive
immune responses.
仅仅讨论
1．So
here we limit our discussion to the practical
aspects of these techniques
提示
1．Seminal work on two-photon microscopy from
the Cyster group shed light on
the central
role of chemokines on distinct events in B cell
biology.
把…叫做…
1. In this study, we
will refer to the former cells as CD
11b
_
dendritic cells and the
latter as CD
8
_
dendritic cells.
据我们所知
1．To our
knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating
that naive T cells can
undergo primary
activation outside lymphoid organs.
综上所述
1．Viewed in toto, these results indicate that
T cells activated in the lymph
nodes of Met-Kb
mice are most unlikely to have contributed to the
blood T cell
pool during the first 2 days
after transfer.
2．Taken together with our
previous in vitro data indicating that
CD
81
T cells can
be directly activated
by hepatocytes, but then die by neglect due to a
lack of
costimulation
3．These
observations collectively demonstrate that
dysregulated miR-155 can
affect myeloid or
lymphoid development depending on the context of
its
expression.
不管
1．Our
findings indicated that activated CD8 T cells
migrated pervasively to all
nonlymphoid organs
irrespective of the site of initial Ag engagement.
2．However, regardless of the tissue of origin,
reactivation of transferred
memory cells
resulted in widespread dissemination of new
effector cells.
浅谈
1．Here we bring
together much of this work, which has so far only
scratched
the surface of this very fertile
field of investigation,
7
使
1．Conditional deletion of Dicer
in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) renders
these cells unable to reconstitute the
hematopoietic system,
可以从…得到证明
1．The importance of proper regulation of
miR-155 expression is exemplified by
its much
higher expression in several types of
hematopoietic malignancies。
需要进一步的研究…
1．However, further studies are needed to
determine the extent to which
physiologically
regulated miR-155 expression directs hematopoietic
cell fate
„decisions‟ during infection.
适用于
1．Optical microscopy employing
fluorescence techniques is highly suited for
this purpose, permitting both labeling of
specific cells, organelles, or proteins
and
functional readout of physiological even...
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