常见英语构词法包括六种方法
鹬蚌相争续写-争先创优心得体会
一、【派生法】
英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成
一个与
原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。
1.前缀
除少数英语
前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改
变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-,
mis-, non-, un-
等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
agree同意→disagree不同意
fair公平的→unfair不公平的
possible可能的→impossible不可能的
understand理解→misunderstand误解
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗),
auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相),
re- (再；又), sub-
(下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
co-worker 同事，帮手
enlarge 使变大
cooperate
合作
rewrite 重写
subway 地铁
2.后缀
给单词加后
缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构
成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会
改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
下面仅作简单介绍。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r -or (从事某事的人),-ese
(某地
人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist
(专业人员)，-ment (性质；
状态)，-ness
(性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference区别
write写→writer作家
China中国→Chinese中国人
act表演→actress女演员
music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n
(多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，
-ize (使……成为)。例如：
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提纯
real→realize意识到
organ→organize组织
sharp→sharpen使变锋利
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able
(有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，
-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern
(方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，
-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less
(表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，
-some，-y
(表示天气)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly
(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，
-ward(s)
(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生气的→angrily生气地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
二、【合成法】
英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个
词，这样的方法就是合成法。
1.合成名词
名词＋名词weekend周末
名词＋动词daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-
killer止痛药
名词＋介词＋名词sister-in-law嫂子
代词＋名词she-wolf母狼
动词＋名词typewriter打字机
动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室
现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼
形容词＋名词freshman大一新生
副词＋动词outlook景色，风光
介词＋名词afterbrain后脑
2.合成形容词
名词＋形容词bloodred血红的
名词＋现在分词French-
speaking讲法语的
名词＋to＋名词one-to-one一对一的
名词＋过去分词man-made人造的
数词＋名词one-way单行道的
数词＋名词＋形容词three-year-old三岁的
数词＋名词＋ed ten-
storeyed十层的
动词＋副词one-off 一次性的
形容词＋名词high-
quality高质量的
形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的
形容词＋形容词light-green浅绿色的
形容词＋现在分词ordinary-
looking相貌一般的
副词＋形容词ever-green常青的
副词＋现在分词hard-working辛勤的
副词＋过去分词well-
known著名的
副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词＋名词indoor室内的
3.合成动词
名词＋动词sleep-
walk梦游
形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷
副词＋动词overwhelm压倒，制服
4.合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地
形容词＋副词everywhere到处
副词＋副词however尽管如此
介词＋名词beforehand事先
介词＋副词forever永远
5.合成代词
代词宾格＋self
herself 她自己
物主代词＋self myself 我自己
形容词＋名词anything 一切
6.合成介词
副词＋名词outside在……外面
介词＋副词within在……之内
副词＋介词into进入
三、【转化法】
英语构词法中把一种词性用作另
一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的
名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1.动词转化为名词
1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better
finish the talk now.我想
我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong
build.他是一个体格健
壮的汉子。
3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a
look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词
1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?
2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers
please.请把你们的试卷交上
来。
3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed
her husband back to health.她看护丈
夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our
best to better our living
conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词
1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：
The
girl in black appears very
beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去
非常漂亮。
2）一些形容词如old,
young, poor, rich, wounded,
injured等与the连用，
表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：
We
don't belong to the rich, but we dong't belong to
the poor either.
我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
四、【截短法(缩略法)】
将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要
有截头、去
尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头
telephone→phone
airplane→plane
2.去尾
mathematics→maths
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3.截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
五、【混合法(混成法)】
英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属
性，后半部分表主体。这样
的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke
and fog→smog烟雾
photo and
graphy→photography摄影，摄影术
helicopter
airport→heliport直升飞机场
六、【首尾字母缩略法】
用单词
首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读
音主要有
两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
Testing of English as
a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Teach English as a
Foreign Language→TEFL
Teach English as a
Second Language→TESL
Graduate Record
Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试
Word Formation
1．Affixation
Affixation is the process of forming
words by adding derivational
affixes to stems.
It is also called derivation. Words formed in this
way are derivatives.
1) Prefixation
Prefixation is a way of forming new words by
adding prefixes to stems.
Usually, prefixes do
not change the part of speech of a word. Their
chief
function is to modify its meaning,
although there are exceptions.
Prefixes can be
divided, based on their meanings, into: negative
prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative
prefixes, prefixes of degree
or size, locative
prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number
prefixes
and miscelaneous prefixes.
2)Suffixation
Suffixation is the process
of forming new words by adding suffixes
to the
end of stems. The chief role of a suffix is not to
modify the
meaning of a stem, rather to change
the grammatical function of a stem,
though
there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be
divided into noun
suffixes, adjective
suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb suffixes.
2．Compounding
1) Definition
Compounding is a process of word formation by
which two or more stems
are put together to
make one word. The word formed in this way is
called
a compound
2) Characteristics of
compounds
(1)Phonetic feature
The word
stress of a compound usually falls on the first
element,
while in a free phrase, the second
element is usually stressed. If a
compound has two stresses, it is the
first element that receives the
primary
stress.
(2)Semantic feature
The meaning
of a compound is a semantic unity, which,usually,
is not
the total sum of all the meanings of
the constituent words in a compound.
(3)
Grammatical feature
A compound usually plays
a single grammatical role in a sentence.
3．Conversion
1) Definition
Conversion is the formation of new words by
converting words of one
part of speech to the
words of another part of speech, without changes
in morphological structures. Words created are
new only in a grammatical
sense.
2)Types
of conversion
(1)Conversion to Nouns
to noun
to noun
c. miscellaneous conversion
(2)Conversion to
Verbs
a. noun to
verb
b. adjective
to verb
c. miscellaneous conversion
3)Semantic features of conversion
1)Verb
to noun
The new words
obtained through conversion are usually related to
the
original words in the following ways:
(1)state of mind or sensation
(2)event or
activity
(3)result of the action
(4)doer
of the action
(5)tool or instrument to do the
action with
(6)place of the action
2)Noun to verb
(1)to
put in or on N
(2)to
give N or to
provide with N
(3)to remove N from
(4)to do with N
(5)to
be or act as n
(6)to make or change
into N
(7)to send or go by N
4．Blending
1)
Definition
Blending is the formation of new
words by combining parts of two words
or a
word plus a part of another word
2)Categories
of Blending
(1)the first part of the first
word + the last part of the second
word:
botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆
(2) the whole part
of the first word + last part of the second word:
lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut 登月宇航员
(3)the
whole form of the second word + the first part of
the first word:
Eurasian: Europe + Asian 欧亚混血儿
(4)the first part of the first word + the
first part of the second word:
sitcom:
situation + comedy 情景喜剧
5．Clipping
1)
Definition
Clipping is to shorten a long
word by cutting a part off the original
and
use what has remained as a word.
2) Types of
Clipping
(1)Front clipping:
(2)Back clipping:
(3)Front and back
clipping:
(4)Phrase clipping:
6．Acronymy
1) Definition
Acronymy is the
process of forming new words by joining the
initial
letters of phrases.
2)Types of
Acronymy
(1)Initialisms
Initialisms are
words pronounced letter by letter:
VOA
from Voice of
America
(2)Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from initial letters
but pronounced as a normal
word.
7．Backformation
Back-formation is the
opposite process of suffixation. It is the
process of making a new word by dropping the
supposed suffix: .
from burglar.
8． New
Words from Proper Names
1) Names of
people
2)Names of places
3)Names
of books
4)Tradenames
When
proper nouns are commonized, many of them have
lost their
original identity;the initial
letter many not be capitalized. They can
be
combined with other morphemes to form words of
other word classes.
The commonized proper
nouns are rich in cultural associations. They are
stylistically vivid, expressive and thought-
provoking.