7个月宝宝发育指标-个性留言

SECTION 1
Sample Essay - Score of 6
What motivates people to change is a relentless and innate desire for self-improvement. Rarely ever has
history seen a man or society kick back, relax, and say ―Well that about does it. Not much else to do here!‖
Within every person is the potential to achieve greatness in some form; be it athletically, mentally, spiritually.
This inherent potential demands that people continue to explore and change both their environments and
themselves throughout their life’s course. Never should a man be idle for too long. After acknowledging the
changes a man has already made to his environment, the pursuit of self-improvement will once again stir
within his soul and call him to action. This internal desire, this pursuit of challenge and perfection, does not
prohibit man from being happy with his status and achievements. On the contrary, the device serves more to
allow the man to constantly strive for greater change, newer innovation. What motivates people to change is
the ongoing need to redefine people’s lives and identities –to elevate them to higher levels of eminence and
sucess.
A good example of this can be seen in clinical psychology. When patients seek therapy for difficulties that
have encumbered their daily functioning, they most often arrive for treatment voluntarily and willingly- they
consciously accept the necessity of therapy and so participate without any duress. During the course of
clinical therapy, the patient’s concerns, anxieties, ideas, emotions, and fears are brought to light. However,
the clinician does not try to alter the beliefs, feeling, and sentiments of his client; rather, he simply illuminates
them in order to provide the patient with an accurate view of himself. The process, of raising concerns and
ideas to the surface of conscious awareness, is known as clarification. Modern psychology is a far throw from
the psychoanalysis of Freud’s time, in which psychologists attempted to ―interpret‖ pre-and unconscious
feelings that had been repressed by the patient. Because clinicians only clarify, and not dissect, alter, or
interpret a client’s inner desires and emotions, the client himself is responsible for instituting change. If he is
to change, he must dictate the course of therapy, and make the conscious choice to improve himself. This
widely used approach is called ―client centered therapy.‖ If the client’s ennui or ill feelings are due to
situational factors or internal designs (as oppose to biological changes that would qualify for a diagnosis of
psychopathology (mental disorder)), he must change them on his own accord to precipitate change within
himself. The therapist will not ―cure‖ him in any way. He alone must answer the call within himself to refine
and redefine his identity and place in society. This need, of self- improvement, also initially brought him to the
therapist. He was able to recognize the disorder of his environment and acknowledge his own negative
feelings. This in turn brought him to therapy, where he was guided through a process of introspection that
ultimately enabled him to improve himself, assuage his anxieties, and rightfully continue on his lifelong
pursuit of even greater achievements.


SECTION 2
S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. ―Setting‖ means the place in which a drama occurs. If one were to insert this term into
the text, the sentence would read, ―The setting of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud—a realistic room perched on
a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.‖ Stage scenery is the key component of
a play’s ―setting,‖ and this scenery or ―setting‖ is clearly unconventional.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. ―Appeal‖ means attraction or interest. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read, ―The appeal of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud—a realistic room perched on a dirt
pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.‖ It is not the attraction of the play that
challenges conventional interpretations; it is the ―setting‖ of the play that does so.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The ―plot‖ is the plan of action of a play. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read, ―The plot of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud—a realistic room perched on a dirt
pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.‖ The phrase ―a realistic room perched on a dirt
pile‖ describes a ―setting,‖ not a ―plot.‖
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. ―Mood‖ means a state of mind or feeling. If one were to insert this term into the text,
the sentence would read, ―The mood of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud—a realistic room perched on a dirt
pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.‖ Nothing in the sentence indicates the play’s
―mood.‖
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. A ―rehearsal‖ is a practice run of a show in preparation for a public performance. If one
were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, ―The rehearsal of Maria Irene Fornes’ play
Mud—a realistic room perched on a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.‖ It is
the ―setting‖ of the play, not a practice run-through of the play, that challenges conventional interpretations of
stage scenery.
2

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct.
means to grow or prosper. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
an affluent society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that
overabundance, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to
thrive.
makes sense that diseases related to overeating would
relationship between the two clauses is further signaled by the word
what would be expected. It is ironic that an overabundance of food, a condition that would appear to result in
good nutrition, actually leads to an increase in diseases related to poor nutrition.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
circumstances. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that lavishness, since in
conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to adapt.
term fits in well with the overall sense of the sentence, the second term does not. Diseases are known to

occur in this situation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that corpulence, since in conditions of affluence
diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to vex.
properly to people than to social conditions, and diseases are generally more likely to cause major discomfort
than minor annoyance.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
become active. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read

society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that practicality, since in
conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to awaken.
term could fit in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term is inappropriate. Buying more food
than is necessary is not
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
numbers. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that commonness, since in
conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to abound.
term could fit in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term does not. A society that buys more
than is necessary is not a typical society; relatively few societies suffer from
3

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct.
the text, the sentence would read
various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal naturally try to find
ways to get better, so hot springs that are known to cure diseases or ease pain would surely attract people with
various ailments.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
would read
to the village’s thermal pools. succulent. The term

water.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
sentence would read
ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools.
if such springs existed, they would not just attract tourists suffering from diseases. Healthy tourists would also
be drawn to the hot springs because of their sweet smell.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
sentence would read
ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools.y referred to as cerebral.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
would read
flocked to the village’s thermal pools.
mandatory. However, the effects of the hot springs could not be properly referred to as mandatory.
4

S AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct.
or an inquiry. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has provided the
basis for all subsequent investigations in her field.
important research has
field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has undermined the basis for all
subsequent advancements in her field.
cannot. If Salazar's research was truly valuable and comprehensive, it should have helped to advance, not
weaken, future work in the field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has prepared the basis for all subsequent
debacles in her field.
term does not. Salazar's research is said to be valuable and comprehensive. Thus it will not logically lead to
disasters in her field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
done to discover something. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
valuable and comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has
dissolved the basis for all subsequent experiments in her field.
the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term does not. Salazar's research might challenge previous work,
but it cannot logically break apart the basis for future work in the field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has reinforced the basis for all subsequent
misconceptions in her field.
second term cannot. Salazar's research would not be considered valuable if it strengthened misunderstandings
in her field.
5

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct.
sentence would read
schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week.
because high winds prevented a safe lift- off.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect.
the text, the sentence would read
mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week.

attempts to launch the shuttle.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
text, the sentence would read
mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week.
on-time launch of the space shuttle. In fact, they prevented the launch from occurring on schedule.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
would read
delaying the launch by nearly a week.
released by the high winds; in fact, the winds prevented these attempts.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
sentence would read
schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week.
launch the space shuttle on schedule, as the launch was actually delayed.
6

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct.
If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
talk show offended the audience by first haranguing them and then refusing to moderate these intemperate
remarks.
properly described as
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
talk show offended the audience by first flattering them and then refusing to moderate these commendable
remarks.
second term does not make sense when inserted into the sentence, however. No audience member would be
offended by a person's refusal to moderate
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
extreme. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first praising them and then refusing to moderate these radical
remarks.
be viewed as extreme.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect.
one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
talk show offended the audience by first enraging them and then refusing to moderate these conciliatory
remarks.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
generous. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first accommodating them and then refusing to moderate these
indulgent remarks.
properly referred to as
7

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct.
text, the sentence would read
limping slowly back to the campsite.
properly described as walking with a
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
sentence would read
back to the campsite.
energetically.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
term into the text, the sentence would read
constant gait, limping slowly back to the campsite.
a person who is limping cannot be properly described as walking with a
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
sentence would read
slowly back to the campsite.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
sentence would read
back to the campsite.
described as walking effortlessly.
8

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct.
the text, the sentence would read

for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon.
examples of the exaggerated actions known as
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
the sentence would read
example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon.
when giving orders, they would be unlikely to pretend
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
the sentence would read
example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon.
sentence would make a character's emotions easier to understand, not more difficult.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
sentence would read
raising their voices and pretending to swoon.
or laughter, they do not have a tendency to pretend to swoon.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
into the text, the sentence would read
solicitous, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon.
their voices or pretend to swoon; they are much more likely simply to ask people what they would like or need.
9

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. Being able to understand sign language, to solve puzzles, to use objects as tools, to use
language, and to recognize oneself in a mirror are all things commonly associated with humans and, in fact,
things that have sometimes been thought to be uniquely human. The author of Passage 1 strongly suggests
that dolphins have those abilities, too.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The point that the author of Passage 1 is trying to make by mentioning various activities
is that these activities show a high level of intelligence. But, in and of themselves, these activities are not
strongly associated with unusual sensitivity to the environment.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The nature of the studies reported in lines 2-8 of Passage 1 makes it likely that the
studies were performed on dolphins that were in captivity. But there is no indication that the animals involved
in those studies failed to thrive.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 focuses on activities that are thought to indicate the level—not the type—of
intelligence that dolphins might have. Unlike the author of Passage 2, the author of Passage 1 does not seem
to think that dolphins have a unique type of intelligence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The kinds of activities that are mentioned in lines 2-8 of Passage 1 could all be done
quite seriously. They could also be done playfully or done in a mixture of these two modes. These activities,
therefore, do not specifically suggest that an animal carrying them out would be uncommonly playful.
10

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The last sentence of Passage 1 makes a comparison of levels of intelligence, but according
to the author of Passage 2, such comparisons
Passage 2 does not think that intelligence is a single uniform ability that different species happen to have in
different amounts. Passage 2 suggests that there are different kinds of intelligence, and that the kind of
intelligence a creature has is appropriate to that creature's way of life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author of Passage 2 might agree that intelligence is difficult to measure,
such a measurement is really beside the point. The author of Passage 2 does not think that intelligence is a
single uniform ability that different species happen to have in different amounts. Passage 2 suggests that there
are different kinds of intelligence, and that the kind of intelligence a creature has is appropriate to that
creature's way of life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 may think that some of the studies already conducted were
wrongheaded and conceptually flawed, but there is no indication of any doubt about the objectivity of those
studies.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. As far as dolphin intelligence in relation to dolphin activities is concerned, the author of
Passage 2 is only prepared to say that dolphin intelligence is appropriate
author does not speculate about the level of intelligence required for that way of life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The last sentence of Passage 1 talks about dolphins' awareness of their own
individuality. So it would not be sensible for the author of Passage 2 to respond to this sentence by arguing that
little is known about dophins' social behavior.
11

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Passage 1 suggests the dolphins have
own
comparisons may not be especially helpful
say is that dolphin intelligence is different.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not talk about dolphin culture, and Passage 2 implies that there is no
point in comparing levels of intelligence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not say that dolphins are as intelligent as humans, but only that there
are indications of
outperform other animals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. While it is true that Passage 1 ranks the dolphin's intelligence above that of most other
animals, Passage 2 is not concerned with ranking dolphin intelligence. It points out what
(line 18) about dolphin intelligence and implies that no conclusions can be drawn:
and comparisons may not be especially helpful
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The claim that dolphins have large brains is in Passage 2, not in Passage 1. Passage 2
does argue that brain size alone is not a factor in determining either the nature or extent of intelligence.
12

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Passage 1 claims that dolphins have a high degree of intelligence, and Passage 2 says
that dolphins clearly have some measure of intelligence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 does attribute self-awareness to dolphins. It says
of their own individuality.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither passage says anything about dolphins being emotional, let alone being more
emotional than other animals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Neither passage specifically addresses dolphins' learning rate. Passage 1 rates dolphin
intelligence near that of humans, and thus implies that dolphins learn fast. Passage 2 insists that not much is
really known about dolphin intelligence, including how fast they learn.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although Passage 1 indicates that dolphins use objects in their environment as tools,
Passage 2 neither makes nor supports such a claim.
13

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct.
The author shows the similarity between the way Native Americans were viewed by the Pilgrim settlers 350
years ago and the way they are viewed by many people today.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the passage, the general attitude toward Native American history and
culture has not become much more sophisticated (or complicated) than it was at the time of the Pilgrim settlers.
The point of referring to the Pilgrim settlers is simply to emphasize how little things have changed in this
respect. Any further reflection on how the era of the Pilgrims was different from today would be likely to distract
the reader from the main concern of the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does suggest that Judeo- Christian beliefs may have had some role in making
it difficult for Europeans to see Native American culture in its own right. But this suggestion is not introduced
until the paragraph beginning with line 40, and even there those beliefs are presented as part of a general

in lines 3-4 is not used to suggest anything about religion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's point is that as far as understanding Native American culture and history
is concerned, very little has changed since the time of the Pilgrim settlers. There is no mention of reformers
anywhere in the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. No myth about early colonial life is mentioned or referred to in the passage. The

with Native American culture and history rather than with early colonial life.
14

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Native Americans are being regarded as
often by mysticism than by ambition, charged more by unfathomable visions than by intelligence or
introspection
ambition motivates, visions and intelligence
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. What is being contrasted in this sentence is different internal influences on behavior:
what motivates people, what
commanded to do something is not being internally influenced to do something. So in this context,
cannot mean
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Like
influenced or moved; they are motivated by ambition and charged by visions.
signaled or pointed to by visions. It does not mean influenced by visions.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The word
for instance. But in this context,
or inspired to behave as they do.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect.
means inspired. The phrase beginning with
influences that come from inside a person.
person.
15

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In the first paragraph, the author discusses certain widespread misconceptions about
differences between Native Americans and Europeans or Euro-Americans. The second paragraph begins with
the sentence,
savages,
footnote that Rousseau was an eighteenth-century philosopher. So mentioning Rousseau shows how long
these kinds of misconceptions have been around.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Rousseau is introduced to show that cultural bias about native people is not new. But
the passage makes it clear that misconceptions about Native Americans did not originate with Rousseau. As the
first paragraph shows, the Pilgrim settlers had such misconceptions years before Rousseau.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author discusses various widespread misconceptions about Native Americans,
including the idea that Native Americans are incomprehensible or unknowable. But none of those
misconceptions represent Native Americans as something to fear. Rousseau is presented instead as having
highly romantic ideas about
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The main thrust of the passage is that there is very little diversity among European
intellectual traditions when it comes to Native Americans. Rousseau is presented as an example of the
centuries-old habit of seeing Native Americans as fundamentally different from Europeans or Euro- Americans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Rousseau is considered by many to be a great thinker, but he is mentioned here merely
to show that misconceptions about native people have been around for a long time.
16

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The author describes a European theory of Native Americans
Age Europeans must have been like
international crowd pleaser

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage characterizes the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of
Stone Age Europeans as
theory. Rather, it is presented as naïve, culture-bound, and intellectually embarrassing. Nor does the author
regard it as a novelty; one of the main points of the passage is how old and widespread such theories are.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone
Age Europeans as
broadcast it actually knew that it was false. But those theorists believe it to be true, so they are not practicing
a deception. Moreover, since the theory gets in the way of a genuine understanding of Native American culture
and history, it is actually harmful.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does regard the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone
Age Europeans as an error. But the author thinks that this error gets in the way of a genuine understanding of
Native Americans, so it is not beneficial.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The story that the author describes as
Americans are regarded as examples of Stone Age Europeans. But the main point of the passage is that this
misconception about Native Americans is widespread and longstanding. It does not represent a
revolution.
17

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as
Stone Age Europeans must have been like
(line 24). Although this might have been a
difficulty is that Native Americans had to cope and change over
everyone else

Europeans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. According to the passage, there has been widespread general consensus about
acceptable methods of anthropological inquiry. The consensus is that only written records and archeological
evidence are legitimate. The author thinks that this consensus view is misguided. But the
something else entirely—the fact that Native Americans have changed since the Stone Age
else.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage shows the view that Native Americans are much like Stone Age Europeans
to be a false stereotype. The
since the Stone Age, just like Europeans have. The author presents this point as part of an effort to undermine
a false stereotype. Undermining the effort to get rid of the stereotype means the exact opposite.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The
typical of the Stone Age ancestors of modern-day Europeans. According to the author, this theory is the result
of cultural bias. It is not based on logic and deductive reasoning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The
are
Europeans and Euro-Americans from arriving at an objective historical account of native peoples. The author
does not discuss beliefs about early European communities.
18

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The author explains that Native American
their medicines have had to work consistently and practically, their philosophical explanations have had to be
reasonably satisfying and dependable, or else the ancestors of those now called Native Americans would have
truly vanished long ago.
survival of any people.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author regards satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and effective
medicines as crucial for a people's long-term survival. But there is no indication that these things are
that fuel myths about a society.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and explanations that are
satisfying are not contradictions.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. According to the passage, satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and
effective medicines are features of Native American societies that Western historians have ignored.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. According to the passage, cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and
explanations that are satisfying are preconditions for long-term survival. But there is no indication in the
passage that a culture has to survive for thousands of years in order to influence other cultures.
19

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The sentence immediately before the two sentences that begin with
says that
viewpoint
viewpoint:
these two sentences serve to express the way Europeans perceived Native Americans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The two sentences are used by the author to express the cultural bias of the European
viewpoint, not the results of objective research of any kind.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The two sentences,
guided by its precedents
there is no indication of how Native Americans viewed Europeans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage says nothing about how Native Americans regarded the judgments made
about them by Europeans. Moreover, these two sentences were not intended as examples of European
criticism of Native Americans; they merely describe how Europeans thought Native Americans
51).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The two sentences,
past, not guided by its precedents
Europeans are presented as thinking that Native Americans are like early humans, the sentences can be seen
as also expressing European theories about early humans. The author's purpose in writing those sentences,
however, is not to express any views about early humans, but to exhibit Europeans' misconceptions about
Native Americans.
20

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In lines 66-70 the author describes Western historians as
approach to knowledge.
seen by Western researchers as
methodological bias, according to the author, is that Western historians do not take advantage of the evidence
that is available. Thus, the author presents Western historians as disadvantaged by their overly narrow
methodology.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the author, archaeological evidence is one of the few sources of
information about Native American history that Western historians do value.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says nothing about Western historians' attitude toward prestigious
credentials. There is a suggestion that historians value the credentials that come with university training. But
for the historians described in the passage, being university-trained is basic, not prestigious.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not seem to regard Western historians as especially
They are presented as culture-bound and suspicious of any kind of record keeping that is not
reassuring kinds of written documentation found in European societies
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Western historians are presented as largely continuing in the same culture-bound paths
as the historians that came before them.
21

S AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The author describes the following problem:
available—oral history, tales, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals—strike university-trained academics as
inexact, unreliable, and suspect
historians

mnemonic devices, and religious rituals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author raises the alternative of an educated guess in the context of talking about
developing objective historical accounts of Native American societies. There is no mention of government
population statistics in this discussion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author presents the
archaeological evidence, which, as the passage shows, reveals relatively little about Native Americans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
an alternative to relying entirely on archaeological evidence. As the passage shows, archaeological evidence
reveals relatively little about Native Americans
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Studies of artifacts fall within the range of archeological evidence. The author proposes
the
shows, reveals relatively little about Native Americans.
22

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The geographical references—the South Pacific, Zaire, New Hampshire, Austria—are used
to make the point that people all over the world learn certain myths about Native Americans. The author is
concerned to show that virtually no students come to the subject of Native American history without some
previously learned misconceptions.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage says that everyone is exposed to folklore about Native Americans. But
there is nothing in the passage to indicate that Native American culture itself—as opposed to false beliefs and
stereotypes about Native American culture—has had any influence on anyone outside the United States.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does not argue that academic training is becoming more uniform or

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does believe that Native Americans have more in common with other
peoples than is generally acknowledged. But the geographical references do not serve to emphasize this point.
They are there to stress just how widespread the myths and stereotypes about Native Americans are.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not mention any differences among scholars of Native American history.
Indeed, one of the main points of the passage is that most scholars have the same false or inadequate views
about Native American history. So as the author presents it, there are no serious differences to be settled.
23

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In this section of the passage, the author discusses how people all over the world receive
their first impressions of Native American culture from a widespread but seriously flawed mythology.

students must be

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) in incorrect. While becoming educated in the truth of Native American history and culture might
require a certain
exposed to, the author is suggesting here that the process is more one of reluctantly letting go of childhood
beliefs than of reacting against them.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C ) is incorrect. While the process that the author refers to--giving up childhood beliefs--might entail
a certain amount of disappointment, it is disillusionment rather than hopelessness that the author is speaking
of here.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. In this context,
change or unable to change would never be able to exchange their
Native American history and culture and thus would be unable to undergo the process that the author sees as
necessary.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
according to the author, to sacrifice
American history and culture, it is not their
a part of the mythology they have learned in childhood.
24

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The passage suggests that when most students begin studying the history and culture of
Native Americans, they not only have a lot to learn, they have a lot to unlearn as well. As the author states in
the last sentence:
often required to abandon cherished childhood fantasies . . .
know nothing (
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not seem to think very highly of the quality of most current, or past,
scholarship about Native American cultures. But the expression
the beliefs held by most beginning students of Native American history. It does not refer to the quality of
scholarship of trained historians.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author of the passage would likely be considered a progressive scholar of
Native American history, the passage does not discuss the reception such scholars have received.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage does suggest that there are few or no written historical records of Native
Americans from the period before and during their early contact with Europeans. But the expression
zero
the knowledge of Native American history most students have when they begin their studies.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The expression ―minus zero‖ occurs in a discussion about the knowledge of Native
American history most students have when they begin their studies. Such students are not in a position to seek
grants to conduct original research about Native American history. The passage does not discuss the
challenges facing those who do seek such grants.
SECTION 5
1

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. eans dangerous, and ―fascinating‖ means delightfully interesting. If one
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of
being threatening, could be fascinating and worth exploring.
of the first term will contrast strongly with that of the second term. Not only does

well worth exploring.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of
being insular, could be unlimited and worth exploring.
consider the outside world to be like an island; they would be much more likely to imagine the world that
produced the visitors as very different from their island. Moreover, given that visitors from the outside world
had already arrived on the island, residents would certainly not see the outside world as isolated.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. natured, and ―wicked‖ means bad or evil. If one were to insert
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being friendly, could be
wicked and worth exploring.
were viewed as wicked, the island residents would most likely want to have as little as possible to do with the
places from which the visitors came.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect.
to work together. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside
world, instead of being amiable, could be cooperative and worth exploring.

of
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. appearance, and ―harmful‖ means likely to hurt.
If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of
being forbidding, could be harmful and worth exploring.
things worth exploring, and residents of remote islands in particular would have even less motivation to leave
their islands to learn more about things likely to hurt them. Moreover,
contrast as the words
2

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct.
favor by flattering those in power. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
dislike of flattery made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as sycophants.
sentence makes sense because
through
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
decisions, and
into the text, the sentence would read
approval through praise as dictators.
these two similar terms do not make much sense in the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
of their way to assist those in power. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read


it to describe her supporters.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
win her approval through praise as connoisseurs.
through praise, and a person's dislike for
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
rank. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as superiors.
who dislikes being admired excessively to think of people who praise them as higher in rank. Moreover, a
person who is trying to win the approval of another person is rarely that person's

3

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. ―Membranous‖ means covered by a ―membrane,‖ a thin layer of tissue. If one were to
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, ―Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the
Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had membranous wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat
transparent.‖ Membranes are often so thin as to be transparent, so it makes sense to describe ―membranous‖
wings that are thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. ―Callous‖ means hard. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would
read, ―Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had
callous wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.‖ A part of an animal’s body that is ―callous‖
would not also be thin and pliable.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. ―Arable‖ means suitable for plowing. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read, ―Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes
pilosus had arable wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.‖ Fields or other plots of land can
be called ―arable‖ if farmers can use them to grow crops, but an animal’s wings cannot be considered ―arable.‖
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. ―Inflexible‖ means unbending. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence
would read, ―Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus
had inflexible wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.‖ Something that is ―inflexible‖ is by
definition not pliable, or easily bent.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. ―Viscous‖ means sticky. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would
read, ―Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had
viscous wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.‖ Animals’ wings tend not to be sticky because
sticky substances accumulate debris that could make flight difficult or impossible. In addition, there is nothing
in the latter part of the sentence to suggest that the missing term would be ―viscous.‖
4

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct.
the sentence would read
use of a mixture of dialects.
is properly referred to as hetereogeneous, or reflecting
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
into the text, the sentence would read flect the articulation of that nation’s spoken languages, its writers
often make use of a mixture of dialects.
are characterized not only by differences in the production of speech sounds but also by distinctive words,
phrases, and other features.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
this term into the text, the sentence would read
writers often make use of a mixture of dialects.
dialects.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read he spontaneity of that nation’s spoken
languages, its writers often make use of a mixture of dialects.
would hardly guarantee that the
clear that spoken languages can be properly referred to as spontaneous. Individuals sometimes speak as
dictated by their feelings at a given moment, but
dialect.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
would read
of dialects.
express are said to be profound, but such
5

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct.
the text, the sentence would read ―She apologized profusely, only to discover that her self-serving excuses
failed to have a palliative effect.‖ The words
the effect she intended. But it makes sense that a person apologizing would hope for a
make her mistake seem less serious than it appeared.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
into the text, the sentence would read ―She apologized profusely, only to discover that her self-serving excuses
failed to have a reprehensible effect.‖ The words
have the effect she intended. It is illogical, however, for a person apologizing to desire an effect that would be
looked at in such negative terms.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
the sentence would read ―She apologized profusely, only to discover that her self-serving excuses failed to
have a depreciatory effect.‖ The words
effect she intended. But the woman could not have expected her apology to have the effect of shrinking the
value of something.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
into the text, the sentence would read ―She apologized profusely, only to discover that her self-serving excuses
failed to have a litigious effect.‖ No one who apologizes expects that the apologies would have a tendency to
bring a lawsuit. People who apologize for serious misdeeds hope that the apologies will make lawsuits less
likely.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
the sentence would read ―She apologized profusely, only to discover that her self-serving excuses failed to
have a compendious effect.‖ The word compendious
virtually complete. Excuses or apologies could possibly be considered compendious if they were lengthy and
complete. However, the effect of such excuses would never be called compendious.
6

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The phrases listed in lines 5-6 are expressions that either make no sense at all (e.g.,

town red
what you are talking about.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
mean
chance
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
down when they are very happy, the phrase is easily understood—unlike the examples listed in the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
tell their troubles.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
mean a sudden intensification of some condition, such as an infection. Both meanings are readily understood
from the word
in the passage.
7

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. According to the passage, one popular dictionary theorizes that the phrase
is connected to the humorist Josh Billings. But this phrase was in use in 1845, and, as the last sentence explains,
Josh Billings was largely unknown until 1860. The last sentence thus invalidates the theory about the phrase's
origin.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The information that
is clearly not a well-known fact. If it were, it is unlikely that a popular dictionary would have offered the theory
that the phrase

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The information in the last sentence makes it seem unlikely that there was a connection
between Josh Billings and the phrase
is nothing in the tone of the last sentence, or in the passage as a whole, to suggest an accusation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The facts of Billings's career are not presented as puzzling. Nor is being unknown until
1860 something that should be described as an
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The last sentence does not explain the origins of the phrase
gives information demonstrating that one current explanation of the phrase's origins is incorrect.
8

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. According to the passage, the study looks at Western cities beginning in the Middle Ages
and opens with a discussion of
marketplaces played a role in drawing people to cities. Thus it is likely that a discussion of the role of central
marketplaces in the early Middle Ages would be found at the beginning of the study.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The opportunity to commit certain kinds of crimes may well draw some people to cities.
But according to the passage, the study extends back only to the Middle Ages; it is not concerned with ancient
cities. An analysis of statistics about ancient cities is thus unlikely to appear at the beginning of the study.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The study is described as beginning with the functions that have drawn people to cities,
not with the people who were drawn by those functions. So it is unlikely that the study would begin with a series
of portraits of famous people who have chosen to live in cities.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. According to the passage, the study begins with functions, then moves on to spaces,
and only then discusses buildings. Although an account of the architectural challenges involved in building
large cathedrals might well appear somewhere in the study, it is unlikely to be found at the beginning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The study is described as beginning with the Middle Ages. It is unlikely, therefore, that
an essay on ancient archaeological sites would be included in the study. These sites would have been built
much earlier than the Middle Ages.
9

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The passage explains the author's approach toward the study. The author tells what the
study is going to be about and why the study is being approached in the way it is.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of the passage is also the author of the only study mentioned in the passage.
Nothing is said or implied that is critical of that study.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does not refer to any expense that might be involved in conducting the
study it describes.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The study discussed in the passage might include a
But the passage is concerned primarily with how the author of the study approached the task.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage explains the author's approach toward the study. The author apparently
believes that this approach is interesting and worthwhile, but there is no indication that the author is defending
the decision to adopt it.
10

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The group described in lines 4-5 is a hypothetical group of prospective buyers. They are
described as people whom artists would have
can reasonably be described as intrusive. The group described in line 46 are people visiting an exhibition, and
they
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. There is no indication that the narrator thinks that the people in the first group are
uneducated. In fact, the narrator herself is about to become a member of the first group and feels
uncomfortable about it, and she probably does not consider herself uneducated. Furthermore, there is no
indication that the people in the second group have professional training. They are an anonymous group
visiting an art exhibition.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. There is no reason to think that the first group slights the artist. In fact, as prospective
buyers they pay the artist the compliment of taking the artist seriously. The description of the second group
does not suggest that they are overly respectful. In fact, the narrator finds the painting so stunningly beautiful
that admiration would seem to her to be an appropriate response.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The artist's methodology is not mentioned in connection with either group. In fact,
there is no mention of any artist's methodology in the entire passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the first group is described as a group of potential buyers, the passage does
not indicate that they are acquisitive, or strongly desirous of possessing. There is no basis in the passage for
describing the second group as generous and giving. The only thing we really know about this group is that they
appreciated the beauty of the painting that had once belonged to the narrator.

11

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The narrator imagines that Sheila Fell greatly dislikes having her works looked over by
prospective buyers while she herself is present. Since at this point in the account the narrator does not know
Sheila Fell well, this idea must come from a belief about artists in general. Lines 3 through 5 make clear that
the narrator has such a belief, and lines 4 and 5 suggest the narrator would not like displaying her own work
in front of an audience.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The sentence in line 8 expresses the belief that Sheila Fell would prefer not being there
when the narrator looked at her paintings. The sentence does not say or imply anything about how excited the
narrator is at this stage either about Sheila Fell's work or about her own.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator does suggest, in lines 4 and 5, that she would not want to watch people
read her books. The narrator also talks about wishing she could look at Sheila's paintings alone and, in line 8,
about Sheila likely having the same wish. But this does not say anything about how secure or insecure she feels
in general about promoting her books.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The sentence in line 8 does not suggest that the narrator regards the attitude she
imagines Sheila Fell to have as
Sheila Fell shares with artists in general.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The fact that the narrator talks about artists and about Sheila Fell in a speculative vein
in the entire first paragraph suggests that she had not spent much time in the company of artists. So there is
no strong suggestion in that paragraph that the narrator enjoyed the company of artists.
12

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The first paragraph is about the narrator's expectation that her visit to a painter's studio
would be awkward and that both painter and visitor would be ill at ease. The second paragraph says that in
reality the exact opposite happened: the painter and, in consequence, the visitor, ended up being
ease.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The central contrast that the two paragraphs draw is not the contrast between being
guided by ideals and dealing with things as one finds them. The two paragraphs contrast what the narrator
thinks a certain situation will be like and what it actually turns out to be like. The central element of
—the embracing of some standard of perfection—is absent here.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. In particular, the second paragraph does not deal with any
of a systematic examination. What the second paragraph describes is a
achieved without the sort of active effort that the term
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The term
about, because
narrator looks ahead with some anxiety. As for the second paragraph,
misdescription. The opposite of disappointment, something like
author characterizes the situation presented in the second paragraph.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The first two paragraphs do concern themselves with the purchase of a painting. But in
these paragraphs the narrator does not touch on whether either the seller or the buyer acts generously, nor on
whether either of them has feelings of
13

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The narrator uses the phrase
treated
to display the painting adequately. To do the painting justice would have meant displaying it in such a way as
to highlight its superior qualities.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator, in complaining about not being able to do justice to the painting, is not
talking about being unable to recognize the unique achievements of the painter. The narrator's problem lies in
being unable to display the painting in a way that would give its qualities their full due.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator does not use the phrase
accessible to as many people as possible. In fact, the narrator shows no concern over size of audience. What
the narrator is concerned about is being unable to display the painting the way she felt it deserved.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The way the narrator uses
people in their daily lives. The underlying idea is that ownership of the sort of exceptional painting that the
author is talking about imposes certain obligations on the owner (e.g., the obligation to display the painting in
a way that does not diminish its power).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator’s point is not that exceptional paintings should generally be displayed in
elegant surroundings. Instead, the point is that the dimensions and lighting of a display space are important,
not that the space must be elegant.
14

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The narrator explains that selling the painting had been
turned out that she missed the painting very much. She
have let it matter that the painting had been overwhelming, too large, and too dramatic for the space she had
available. She should have held onto the painting because of how much she loved it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does not say anything about other souvenirs of Cumberland that the
narrator had. It is likely that souvenirs of Cumberland were not very important to the narrator at the time the
painting was sold, because at that time she lived in Cumberland again.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. How much the painting is worth is never brought up by the narrator. Her account of why
the sale had been a terrible mistake makes it clear that financial considerations had nothing to do with that
decision.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that Sheila Fell had
narrator. She simply sold it. In fact, the passage suggests that Sheila Fell cared very little about who bought
her paintings. Therefore, the resale of the painting by the narrator could not have been a betrayal of Sheila
Fell's trust.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The fact that the smaller Sheila Fell painting was not a satisfactory substitute for the
painting the narrator had sold does not mean that she was unable to appreciate the smaller painting on its own
terms. The passage does not speak to this point. The terrible mistake was simply selling the well-loved larger
painting in the first place.
15

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The comparison of the sale of a painting with the
narrator's feelings about the painting were very strong and that she felt terrible about having sold it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator had had the painting in one house for thirty years. But the painting never
lost its special aura. In fact, when even the new house in Cumberland proved to have no suitable space for
adequately displaying the painting, the disappointment was so vivid that the painting was sold.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. There is no indication that any recollections that the painting brought to mind were
misleading. In any event, the
It has to do with the narrator's failure to appreciate how attached she had become to this particular painting.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The only decision that the passage talks about at this point is the narrator's decision to
sell the painting. The point the narrator makes is that her own continued inability to do the painting justice
finally provoked her into making the wrong decision. There is no suggestion that the painting provoked her to
make a premature decision.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does not mention any painful memories associated with haystacks in a
field, which is what the painting depicts. The
memories. Rather, it is the pain of hugely missing something that one has gotten rid of voluntarily.
16

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The narrator says that for her the painting is
painting from one end to the other, as one might the lines of a poem. In other words, she can call it to mind in
its entirety, detail by detail.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. At the point at which the narrator compares the painting to a poem, she is concerned
with her own ability to hold onto the painting in her mind, not with sharing the pleasure she derives from the
painting.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage suggests that the painting might be very important to the narrator's sense
of identity, but not because the painting is
is merely to suggest that it is a secure mental possession, just like a poem can be.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage does not suggest that poems represent the narrator's longing for beautiful
objects, so it does not make sense to say that the painting is
is that just as she cannot lose poems that she knows by heart, she will also not lose the painting, because she
knows it by heart, too.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator's point about poems is not that that they make a powerful first impression
but that, with familiarity, they can imprint themselves lastingly on the mind. It is in this respect that the
painting strikes her as being
17

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The narrator uses words and phrases like
possessive,
feelings for other human beings, and extending it to talk about one's feelings for an object puts that object on
a special plane. So using this language emphasizes that selling the picture took a heavy emotional toll.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. By the time the narrator starts talking about her reaction to having sold the painting,
she stops talking about her relationship with its creator, as though it no longer mattered. None of the language
of human interaction has anything to do with the narrator's feelings about Sheila Fell.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator cannot have any difficulty in maintaining the painting because by this time
in the narrative she has already sold it, so its maintenance is no longer her responsibility.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator uses the word
the divorce, in this sense, has already occurred, she cannot still feel under any pressure to bring it about.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The closing paragraphs are about the narrator's reaction to having sold the painting, to
seeing it again in a Sheila Fell Exhibition, and to the likelihood that she was not going to see it again.
Throughout, the focus is firmly and exclusively on the painting. What the painting depicts—a rural scene in
Cumberland—is not mentioned in the closing paragraphs.
18

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The passage is focused on the narrator's emotions as a painting is purchased, then
displayed first in one home and then in another, sold, seen again at an exhibition, and finally disappears into
the inaccessibility of a private collection. The narrator is ill at ease on her way to purchase the painting. Then
she feels she is short-changing the painting through lack of an adequate display space. She sells the painting
and immediately deeply regrets having done so. She has conflicted feelings when encountering the painting
again in an exhibition, and finally consoles herself with the thought that the painting will always live on in her
mind.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does suggest that the artist, in creating the painting, drew on a
background of having grown up in Cumberland, but this theme is not developed in any way.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. There is no suggestion in the passage that Sheila Fell is, or was, controversial as an
artist. There is nothing in the passage that is offered in defense of her or her work.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage acknowledges the fact that paintings are bought and sold. But it does not
go into the economic side of art. The focus of the passage is squarely on the narrator's emotions in connection
with the painting she bought.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator's focus is on her own feelings and thoughts in relation to a specific painting.
There is a part of the passage (lines 46-51) that even suggests that she begrudged other people the enjoyment
of that painting. There is nothing to suggest that the narrator is looking at that painting as a representative of
an artistic genre that she might wish others to become interested in.
19

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The passage begins by presenting
and the early airplanes that were its product, as tapping into
gravity
unprecedented feat of engineering, which they saw as a kind of poetry. Therefore, the main focus of the
passage is how early aviation captured people's imaginations.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does talk about the Wright brothers: a quote from one writer shows
Wilbur's fascination with the flight of birds, and a biographer is quoted as saying that Wilbur Wright was
middle-class and unheroic
personalities of either of the Wright brothers, or of any other aviation pioneers. The passage focuses much
more on the fascination other people had with the Wright brothers than on what the brothers were actually like.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage quotes part of a poem about flight. But this poem is from the seventeenth
century, well before the beginning of the twentieth century, when the first airplanes were created. Elsewhere,
the author of the passage says that
uninitiated a kind of poetry
discussion of any contemporary poetry whose theme is flight.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage does not consider what effects aviation had on people's lifestyles. Rather,
its focus is on the intellectual and emotional appeal of early aviation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage makes no attempt to explain any principles of flight. It talks about the
engineering involved in developing early airplanes only in very general terms, describing it as being
lightness
power
scientific and practical realities of flight.
20

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The steam engine is presented as the perfect example of the engineering of the
nineteenth century. That engineering, according to the author,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage describes the engineering that went into early airplanes as
different from that of the Industrial Revolution
example of the engineering of the Industrial Revolution, so the engineering that went into the steam engine
cannot have served as a model for aviation engineers.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The impact of the Industrial Revolution on travel is never mentioned. The steam engine,
a product of the Industrial Revolution, is introduced in the passage only as a contrast to the airplane and the
new type of engineering that produced it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The steam engine is presented as the perfect example of nineteenth-century
engineering. It is intended to illustrate the nineteenth-century preoccupation with solidity, brute power, and
durability. So the steam engine could not have been intended to illustrate anything about twentieth-century
preoccupations.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The value and efficiency of the steam engine in transportation are not considered
anywhere in the passage. The steam engine is introduced as the perfect example of a style of engineering that
focused on
engineering that produced the early airplanes.
21

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The author describes the Wright brothers as having started out making bicycles and as
a result knowing about
construct efficient machines that weighed as little as possible
wheels, and chain drives are effective but were certainly not particularly sophisticated or advanced technology,
even at that time. So by calling the Wright brothers
16-17), the author is emphasizing their modest technological beginnings.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. There is no reference in the passage to people who hindered aviation's progress. The
Wright brothers and others who built the early airplanes may have used relatively inexpensive and
unsophisticated technology, but there is no indication that they had little concern for quality.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does suggest that early airplanes were built using relatively inexpensive
materials. But nowhere in the passage is there any mention at all of the practical use of the airplane as a means
of transportation, or of the cost of flying.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The only aviators discussed in the passage are the Wright brothers. The passage makes
it extremely clear that they were widely admired. There is no mention of their being criticized in any way.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Nineteenth-century engineering is discussed only to provide a contrast with the
approach to engineering that produced the bicycle and, eventually, the airplane. No judgment is either made
or implied about the relative merits of the two approaches.
22

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. Before quoting Marvell's poem, the author talks about
freeing itself from gravity
it enclosed a soul that flew
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. At the beginning of the paragraph containing Marvell's poem, the author states
is the point at which engineering intersects with the imagination
flight had long captured the imagination of people. The poem also allows the author to imply that flight
engineering was the practical result of years of imagination.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The poem expresses human longing for a solution to the mystery of flight. But since at
the time the poem was written, humans were not able to fly, the poem cannot be used to illustrate a solution
to the mystery of flight.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage is not concerned with either the advantages or the dangers of flight. Its
focus is on how people responded to early aviation. The poem is included to show that people had long wished
to fly.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The poem does show that people had long associated flight with beauty. But the author
cannot have intended the poem to say anything about those who analyze the mechanics of flight because there
is no mention of any such people in the passage.
23

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The same writer who is quoted in lines 41-42 is also quoted immediately before as saying
that
poetic—that is, engineers are also poets, but they make machines rather than poems—is meant to reinforce
this idea.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither the writer quoted in lines 41-42 nor the author of the passage says anything to
suggest that either poetry or technology is misunderstood. The point is rather that, with
engineering,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The quotation in lines 41-42 makes the point that, thanks to
engineering,
included to suggest anything about the relative importance of practicality and creativity.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. It is the machines built by engineers, not their technical language, that are said to have
a poetic or lyrical quality. The quote could be paraphrased as follows:
machines rather than poems.
airplanes they built, not in the technical language of engineering.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. To say that people have artistic pretensions is to criticize them for regarding themselves
as artists when they are not. The writer being quoted, however, considers engineers to be artists and praises
them as such.

24

S AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In lines 47-48 one of Wright's biographers is quoted as saying that Wright was
middle-class and unheroic.
a poet and compared his soul to that of a mystic on an inaccessible mountain peak. In that context, the effect
of quoting the biographer's remark is to deflate the extravagant picture of Wright as a glamorous, mysterious
artist.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The biographer's remarks amount to a criticism of the thinking of some of Wright's
admirers, who were so obsessed with the glamour of flight that they failed to notice how unglamourous a
person Wright himself actually was. But the criticism is not that their thinking was unimaginative. Rather, the
criticism is that they were being too imaginative, too fanciful, and too willing to blind themselves to the truth
of things.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage makes it clear that Wright's contemporaries were very excited by Wright's
inventions and regarded him as something of a hero. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the generally accepted
view of Wright was as a
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The biographer's remarks were included to counter a view of Wright as mysterious and
glamorous. They are about Wright the man, not Wright the inventor. The importance of Wright's invention is
not questioned anywhere in the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Pointing out that someone is
perpetuate, or keep alive, the legacy of that person as a scientific hero.
SECTION 7
1

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using only one subordinating word (
of the lengthy coordinating phrase (
learned
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) displays wordiness. The long coordinating phrase (
(
learned
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) exhibits wordiness. The coordinating phrase (
(

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves wordiness. The inefficient passive construction (
by using active voice (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) uses a vague pronoun. The sentence contains no noun to which the pronoun
2

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by placing the noun
introductory phrase (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) exhibits improper modification. The introductory phrase,
logically modify either the possessive form,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) displays improper modification. The introductory phrase,
logically modify either the possessive form,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves improper modification. The introductory phrase,
logically modify the noun that immediately follows,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) creates a sentence fragment. Neither the introductory phrase (
the later dependent clause (
3

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by repeating the proper noun
who fell down an embankment.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) contains an ambiguous pronoun. The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) uses an ambiguous pronoun in two places. In both cases the pronoun
James or Sam.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) has an error in tense sequence. It uses two verbs in past tense (
second verb needs to be in past perfect tense (
another action in the past.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) contains an error in tense sequence. It uses the present perfect tense,
the past perfect tense,
action in the past.
4

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by reducing the second independent clause (
workers had feared
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) exhibits illogical subordination. The connecting word
clause (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) uses improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
fear . . . would be a disaster
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) displays improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
was feared . . . as a disaster
5

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by correctly completing the idiom
used to link grammatically equal constructions, and by repeating the preposition
the destruction
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) does not maintain parallelism in describing two effects of an earthquake. The independent clause,

of property.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism. The phrase
phrase
prepositional phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) exhibits a flaw in parallelism. Since the preposition
psychological effect
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) displays wordiness. The vague phrase
and precise phrase
6

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The connecting word
phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) displays imprecise modification. The phrase
clearly as the phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) exhibits imprecise modification. The phrase
the phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) involves imprecise modification. The long absolute construction (
face to face
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) uses imprecise modification. The linking word
two clauses, rather than a contrast.
7

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the noun
pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves vague pronoun reference. The pronoun
sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) exhibits vague pronoun reference. The sentence contains no noun to which the pronoun
refer.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays ineffective coordination. In this case, using the conjunction
thoughts (
relationship.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) uses two vague pronouns. The pronoun
named in the sentence (rather than to the noun just before it,
refer to any specific noun in the sentence.
8

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. It maintains exact parallelism with two noun phrases (
animals
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism. The clause,
with the earlier noun phrase,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) creates a sentence fragment. Since the long phrase introduced by
verbal form
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) contains an error in subject-verb agreement. The plural verb
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) does not use the most effective idiom. In describing two different degrees of value, the phrase
contrast to
9

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the verb

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) produces a sentence fragment. Since it contains no verb (only the verbal form
sentence does not state a complete thought.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) creates a sentence fragment. Neither the verbal form (
clause (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) produces a sentence fragment. Since the verb
the thought.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) does not express ideas logically. The linking verb

10

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making the second clause dependent (
as . . . in the last century
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
and
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
B. Choice (B) displays improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
century
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) exhibits an error in coordination. Since the phrase after the semicolon has no verb (only the verbal

comes before the semicolon.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) has an error in verb tense sequence. The verb in present tense (
action in the past (
11

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the appropriate word (
a dependent clause explaining why some argue for conservation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves imprecise modification. The preposition
statement that follows (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) uses inappropriate word order. The phrase
reverse order would be clearer.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) exhibits wordiness. The phrase
precise,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) displays inappropriate word order. The phrase
but the reverse order would be clearer.
12

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Beatrix Potter completely transformed the traditional animal fable, which had been
used by other writers simply to illustrate moral lessons.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in this sentence occurs at (C), where there is an inappropriate pronoun. There is nothing in the
sentence to which the plural pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The adverb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B). The adjective
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The infinitive
traditional animal fable.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
13

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: No matter where they came from or what their previous lifestyle was, the refugees
were grateful for having been granted political asylum in the United States.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in the sentence is at (C), where the present-tense verb
the sentence for no reason.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where the phrase
from.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

There is no error at (B). The conjunction
of the next clause (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where the adjective
refugees.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
14

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Susan and Peter were inspired to become professional writers after hearing a famous
journalist speak about the challenges of investigative reporting.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where the singular
plural subject
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The plural verb
adjective
(they were inspired).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C). The conjunction
the time period covered by the action of the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
15

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Cocoa was popular with Europeans before either tea or coffee, its consumption
gradually spreading from Spain and Portugal to Italy, Austria, France, and then across the channel to the
British Isles.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in the sentence is at (B), where the conjunction should be
follow the conjunction
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where the adverb

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
16

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: To become a world figure-skating champion like Kristi Yamaguchi, one must be so
dedicated that one will practice six hours a day.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in the sentence is at (C), where the person shifts from
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where
figure- skating champion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The verb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
17

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Each time Caroline turns on her computer, she has to enter a company code, then her
initials, and then a password before she can begin working.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in the sentence is at (B), where the third item in the series is different in form from the first two items.
The first two items following
should also be just a noun phrase (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where the verb
sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.

18

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: A talented and versatile artist, Twyla Tharp has been a dancer, choreographer, and
collaborator on various productions.
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
The error in the sentence is at (D), where the third item in the series is not parallel with the other two. Since
the first two items are nouns (
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where the appositive phrase
noun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B), where the verb
sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where the noun phrase
been.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
19

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: The scientific writings of Edward O. Wilson, Stephen Jay Gould, and Richard Dawkins,
which have continued the discussion of genetic issues raised by Charles Darwin, are familiar to many high
school and college students.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in the sentence is at (B), where the singular verb
subject,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C). The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The plural verb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
20

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Conflicts between land developers and conservationists have repeatedly arisen,
causing Congress to reconsider legislation that prohibits building within habitats of endangered species.
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
The error in the sentence is at (A), where the verb

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B). The verb
reconsider legislation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C). The clause
phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
21

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Surely one of the most far-reaching changes in the nineteenth century was the change
from working at home to working in the factory.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in the sentence is at (B), where the future tense verb
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where the adverb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where the prepositional phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where the phrase
appropriately begins the prepositional phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
22

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Howard Gardner, an observer of Chinese elementary education, has questioned the
view that requiring young children to copy models prevents them from becoming creative artists later in life.

Explanation for Correct Answer D :
The error in the sentence is at (D), where the singular noun
noun it complements,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B). The infinitive verb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C). The verb
and is consistent in tense with the rest of the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
23

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: The governor's aides are convinced that the announcement of the investigation,
coming just days before the filing deadline, was calculated to discourage the governor from running for
reelection.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in the sentence is at (C), where the plural verb
announcement of the investigation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where the verb
the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B), where the phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where the phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
24

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Although the new device was the most cleverly designed bird feeder that Ms. Rodriguez
had ever owned, it could not keep squirrels from stealing the birdseed.
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
The error in the sentence is at (B), where an adverb (

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The conjunction

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
25

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Whatever price the company finally sets for the fuel will probably be determined as
much by politics as by a realistic appraisal of the market.
Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where
prepositional phrase
26

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently
have the harmful effects of noise pollution become known.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in the sentence is at (C), where the singular verb

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The verb
context of this sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

There is no error at (B). The conjunction
together.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D). The verb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
27

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: The historian argued that we ought to learn more about the process by which
individuals like Sam Houston were identified by others as leaders.
Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A), where
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B), where
phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C), where
preposition
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D), where the phrase

28

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Quick to take advantage of Melanie Johnson's preoccupation with the history of the
Johnson family, the genealogist proposed investigating that history-- for a large fee.
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
The error in this sentence occurs at (C), where an incorrect idiom is used. The preposition

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
There is no error at (A). The adjective
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B). The verb
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

There is no error at (D). The relative pronoun
family.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
29

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Corrected Sentence: Unlike most other fifteenth-century rulers, Portuguese kings could count on the support
of the aristocracy in any overseas ventures.
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
The error in this sentence occurs at (A), where there is an improper idiom. The phrase ―Contrasting with‖ is
unidiomatic in this context. Instead, ―Unlike‖ is needed to properly set up the comparison between ―Portuguese
kings‖ and ―most other fifteenth-century rulers.‖
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
There is no error at (B). The adjective phrase

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
There is no error at (C). The verb phrase
the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
There is no error at (D).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.
30

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The phrase
already a modifying phrase,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because
passage uses the present tense.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because it duplicates the problem of the original;
phrase needed to modify
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because it creates redundancy:
the same thing.
31

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It properly identifies the people whose
and it describes the goal with an appropriate infinitive phrase (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because the words
to the
a phrase starting with
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because it duplicates both problems of the original: the unclear referent and the
improper expression of the
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because it makes no sense to describe a
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because it is unclear to whom the phrase
32

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct.
which is best characterized as a strategy.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because there is no indication that the strategy
planning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because
campaigning. Complaints are not mentioned in paragraph 2.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because there is no indication in paragraph 2 that the strategy
about an opponent.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because there is no reference to a promise or promises anywhere in paragraph 2.

33

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The sentence contains unnecessary information about the author and an out-of-place
reference to candidates' character. Deleting sentence 6 would improve the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because the sentence interrupts the flow of the passage with irrelevant
information.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because the information presented in the sentence is not a consequence of any
information given previously. The previous sentence refers to a candidate's results, not to character.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it adds an unnecessary phrase to an unnecessary sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because the sentence contains irrelevant information; rephrasing the same
information would not fix the problem.
34

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Changing
the original. The resulting dependent clause (
justification.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because the sentence uses improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
media report the lies
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because sentence 15 refers to the
is introduced in this sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because changing the verb does not fix the coordination problem: two complete
thoughts are joined by only a comma.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because changing this phrase does not change the fact that two complete thoughts
(

35

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. —attacking a
candidate's character, often with lies, and counting on the media to spread the information—that is the main
focus of the passage, and the tone of the sentence is consistent with that of the passage as a whole.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because the
mentioned.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because the passage does not mention any
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because, while
follow sentence 15, the phrase
media's role is only relevant at the end of the third paragraph, however, so the final sentence only concludes
a three-sentence discussion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because the passage does not discuss the cost of political campaigns.
SECTION 8
1

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct.

man or crook. People who are cheated by a swindler are victims.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
read
a con man or crook, and someone who is a swindler's equal would be another swindler. Such a person would
not be described as gullible.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
unable to resist the swindler’s traps.'s
of the swindler's partners. Such a person would understand how the swindler tricks people and would thus be
unlikely to be caught in the swindler's traps.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect.
sentence would read
traps.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
text, the sentence would read ler’s superior is usually a gullible person who is unable to resist the
swindler’s traps.
advantage in power or intelligence over the swindler, and such a person would be unlikely to become a victim
of the swindler.
2

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct.
one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
transportation in the nineteenth century expanded the variety of available food for many families in the United
States.
to people is obviously a change for the better. This sentence therefore makes sense.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
out. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
and transportation in the nineteenth century slowed the distribution of available food for many families in the
United States.
be reasonably called improvements.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
transportation in the nineteenth century accelerated the perishability of available food for many families in the
United States.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
the nineteenth century lowered the amount of available food for many families in the United States.
illogical to claim that improvements in refrigeration and transportation would decrease the quantity of available
food.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
nineteenth century created the dearth of available food for many families in the United States.
expect a severe lack of available food to be a result of improvements in refrigeration and transportation.
3

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct.
means unavoidable. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
Welty and William Faulkner wrote in distinctively different styles, comparison between the two is inevitable
because they both lived in and wrote about Mississippi.
sentence will contradict the first. Given that Welty and Faulkner are very different, one would not expect them
to be studied for their similarities, thus a
the information provided at the end of the sentence, that Welty and Faulkner are both from Mississippi,
explains why this unlikely
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
Faulkner wrote in distinctively different styles, cooperation between the two is destructive because they both
lived in and wrote about Mississippi.
if Welty and Faulkner had worked together.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
that people tell stories about it. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read

legendary because they both lived in and wrote about Mississippi.
part of the sentence will contradict the first. However, disagreement between writers who write in different
styles is not particularly unexpected.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
these terms into the text, the sentence would read
distinctively different styles, similarity between the two is unlikely because they both lived in and wrote about
Mississippi.
about the same state. Two writers who lived in and wrote about Mississippi would be relatively alike.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
unnecessarily. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read
and William Faulkner wrote in distinctively different styles, rivalry between the two is redundant because they
both lived in and wrote about Mississippi.

competition is in some way necessary.
4

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct.
text, the sentence would read
reporters by weeping openly after his team won the play-offs.
who is not
see that person weeping.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect.
text, the sentence would read
weeping openly after his team won the play- offs.
managers, the reporters would not be surprised at all to see him openly expressing his joy at winning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
into the text, the sentence would read
reporters by weeping openly after his team won the play- offs.
of the least annoying baseball managers, surprised reporters by his display of happiness. This implies that the
manager's display annoyed the reporters, which is illogical.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
would read
after his team won the play-offs.
and seeing that person display happiness.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
sentence would read
openly after his team won the play- offs.
would have a reputation for being happy, so a display of happiness upon winning would not surprise anyone.
5

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct.
understand. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
obscure and dense that upon first reading, one finds its opacity hard to penetrate.
because a piece of writing that is obscure and dense would be very difficult to understand upon first reading it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
sentence would read
hard to penetrate.
featuring
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
would read st reading, one finds its rigidity hard to
penetrate.
in the way the sentence portrays. Writing that is obscure and dense would not necessarily be stiff.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect.
sentence would read floridity
hard to penetrate.
necessarily dense or obscure.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
text, the sentence would read
its harmony hard to penetrate.
reader considers it to be poorly ordered and definitely not pleasing.
6

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct.
the sentence would read
for animals, the effects of previous drilling in comparable areas have been negligible.
sense because it is in the self-interest of oil companies to argue that drilling has an insignificant effect on
wildlife.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect.
the sentence would read
for animals, the effects of previous drilling in comparable areas have been irrepressible.
self-interest of oil companies to show that the past effects of drilling on wildlife are insignificant, and are thus
no barrier to further drilling. If the oil companies showed that the effects of previous drilling were impossible to
control, they would be arguing against their own position.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read
in Alaskan wildlife refuge areas argued that, for animals, the effects of previous drilling in comparable areas
have been counterproductive.
were the opposite of the desired result (which was, presumably, to keep them safe), then the oil companies
would be offering a very unconvincing argument.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
text, the sentence would read
that, for animals, the effects of previous drilling in comparable areas have been momentous.
effects of the drilling on animals were very important provides some information, but not the type of detail
needed for the sentence to make sense. Although momentous effects could be important in positive ways, the
sentence does not make it clear such effects were not in fact important for negative reasons. Oil companies
would be more likely to argue that their drilling had little effect on animals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect.
the sentence would read
for animals, the effects of previous drilling in comparable areas have been magnanimous.
wonderful things for others are often said to be
properly be described in this way.
7

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. Jerry feels insecure enough about his background to lie about it. The narrator of Passage
2 feels insecure enough about his background to think that the Hodgkinsons might stop socializing with him
once they realize what background he came from.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although it is true that Jerry wants to advance socially and is prepared to lie in order to
improve his social position, the narrator of Passage 2 is of two minds about advancing socially. He says that the
idea of moving upward socially aroused in him
that he was
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Far from being unsuccessful in deceiving others, Jerry tells lies that are always believed.
The narrator of Passage 2, by contrast, is not interested in deceiving others. Quite specifically, he wants to
avoid acting in ways that might be seen as attempts to
succeeds in deceiving others does not actually arise.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Jerry is not at all determined to remain genuine. On the contrary, he seems determined
to be as deceitful as he needs to be to realize his social ambitions. The narrator of Passage 2 is more nearly
determined to remain genuine, but even he accepts the momentary need to accept the hospitality of
people
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 does not mention any friends that its narrator may have. The Hodgkinsons
are clearly not friends but merely social acquaintances. So Passage 2 does not touch on the issue of what
influence the lifestyles of the narrator's friends may have had on him. With Passage 1, things are slightly
different. The narrator of that passage is presented as a friend of Jerry's. It is possible that the narrator's
lifestyle had some influence on Jerry. The passage does not, however, address this point.
8

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The narrator of Passage 1 describes Jerry as having realized his ambition, to be accepted
as
only as long as he stays in Africa, and the narrator does in fact say that Jerry wants to stay in Africa. The fact
that he gained this acceptance through carefully calibrated lies does not seem to bother Jerry. Apparently, he
is satisfied. The narrator of Passage 2 is not satisfied: his current circumstances make him feel
hypocrite
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Jerry seems fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality. His careful lies attest to that.
The narrator of Passage 2 does not deal in fantasies. Sometimes he is slow to catch on to the truth, but that is
not because he cannot distinguish fantasy from reality.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Jerry and the narrator of Passage 2 might both be willing to devote time and energy to
philanthropic concerns, but this side of them is not mentioned in either passage. The

philanthropy
just as his family of distinction and his prospects of inheriting his father's business are.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Jerry does not refuse to accept the labels and judgments of others. Rather, he spends
considerable energy and ingenuity on shaping those labels and judgments through cleverly calculated lies.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator of Passage 1 gives no indication that Jerry is eager to befriend people of
all social and economic classes. On the contrary, the narrator characterizes Jerry as someone who is highly

9

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The narrator, by carefully limiting a judgment about Jerry to a particular time in the past,
strongly suggests that there were other, later times when he thought about Jerry differently.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The first sentence does not imply that the truth can be damaging. What the first
sentence does imply is that, depending on a liar's imagination, lies can differ in how damaging they are.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The first sentence says bluntly,
sentence does nothing to change that judgment.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The first sentence does not go into the matter of Jerry's background at all.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The first sentence carries an implication that at some point the narrator realized that
Jerry was having a negative effect on others, but it does not carry any implications about whether Jerry was
aware of this.
10

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The narrator says that Jerry's lies were
believed. In other words, Jerry was so restrained in his lying that people did not suspect that they were being
told lies. The word
lies.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The word
something about Jerry's demeanor. But

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The sense of
uncomfortably conscious of oneself as an object of the observation of others. This sense is not the appropriate
one here, because the more uncomfortable someone is when lying, the less likely that person is to be believed,
and the point about Jerry is that he was always believed.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. If
it seems to apply to all lies, whether they end up being taken as the truth or not, because for there to be a lie
there has to be an intent to deceive. Secretive would not be precise enough to describe the particular type of
lies Jerry usually tells.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect.
dressing. But this meaning is not relevant here. The point being made is that Jerry calibrated his lies so skillfully
that they did not arouse suspicion or disbelief. There is nothing decent about Jerry's lies.
11

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The narrator, by locating Jerry's lying in
are not being told at a crossroads of history with potentially momentous consequences. As important as these
lies are to Jerry, they are unlikely to have wider significance.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The phrase
wide repercussions. It does not suggest anything about how commonplace Jerry's kinds of lies are in Africa, nor
does it suggest anything about Jerry's awareness of how common it is for people in Africa to lie in just the way
he did.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The reference to
to distinguish between reality and fantasy. There is independent evidence in Passage 1 that Jerry was quite
able to distinguish between reality and fantasy. To calibrate exactly what lies he could safely get away with, he
had to be able to tell how great the distance was between the fantasy he was creating and reality. The
calculations
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator does not in any way touch on the subject of his own reputation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator does call the way Jerry behaves
not the same as saying that the behavior is
a
12

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. Passage 1 indicates that Jerry wanted to stay in Africa because after telling lies about
himself for a while he did not wish to be confronted with the truth, and in Africa no one could dispute the social
status he had claimed for himself.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Jerry's lies were related to social status, and the passage says that Jerry
believed.
craved.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 suggests that he was treated with more respect in Africa, where he was able
to pass himself off as
had to be faced.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not specifically talk about how Jerry felt about family and social
obligations. It suggests, though, that Jerry would not have objected to the social obligations of a person who
belonged to the social class he was pretending to be a member of.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not suggest that Jerry placed any significant value on being free to have
friends from a variety of social backgrounds. He is described as ambitious, as being concerned with his social
position, and as wishing to be seen as
This suggests, in fact, that he might have been interested in befriending people from carefully selected
backgrounds only.
13

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Jerry's attitude to social class is simple and unchanging: he wants to rise from his own
modest social class to the social class of
The narrator of Passage 2, on the other hand, finds that he must abandon the idea that he belongs to the social
class of his childhood. At the same time he realizes that he does not feel at home in the middle class, either,
even though middle-class people seem ready to accept him as one of their own. His attitude toward social class
has become seriously conflicted.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator of Passage 2 does not say anything about returning to the United States.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator of Passage 2 finds that he has advanced into the middle class without
particularly trying to. He has not truly accepted this advancement, but he does not think it is impossible, or
even difficult, to obtain.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator of Passage 2 does not say anything to support the idea that he has
rediscovered his love for his childhood home. He calls himself a child from the slums but observes that as a
grown-up he seemed to be a stranger there.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 gives no indication that the narrator ever lied about his background. He
worries that his British hosts may not have the right idea about that background but, if so, the reason would be

14

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The narrator shifts from feeling anxious that he might betray himself to a determination
to show his real self, and no longer to be guarded about what he said or did. The point was that he wanted to
make sure that he was not accepted by his hosts only because they were unable to see who he really was.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator is puzzled about his hosts' motivation for including him in dinner parties,
and he then decides to try to correct any misperceptions on their part. But this is not a shift from suspicion to
mistrust. The motives that the narrator imagines his hosts having are boredom and ignorance, not the kinds of
motives that would make him suspicious or distrustful.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. There is no evidence of any
easy familiarity. There is polite distance, but this distance remains. No
after the narrator has concluded that his hosts like him.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The narrator does not end up feeling
interest that his hosts' behavior towards him does not change, and he continues to speculate about why they
accepted him.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator has all along been aware of, and accepted, the social status he was born
into. What he worries about is the possibility that his hosts may not realize what this social status is, and that
he may not have given them clear enough clues to this social status in the way he has been acting.
15

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The narrator suggests that there are hosts whose lives are boring and who depend on
their guests to inject some
stranger.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The statement in lines 44-45 makes it likely that the narrator thinks that some hosts
rely on their guests for gossip. There is nothing in that statement to suggest that it works the other way around,

that is, that guests rely on their hosts for gossip. So the hosts would have no reason to resent their guests for
relying on them for gossip.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The types of people that the statement in lines 44-45 is about are
people
such people are concerned about the impression that they make on their guests.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Neither in lines 44-45 nor anywhere else in the passage is there any suggestion that one
of the things that hosts do to guests is make them feel inferior. Thus, there is also no suggestion that hosts get
satisfaction from doing this.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Hosts who
own lives dull.
16

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The claim that the Hodgkinsons
indicate that they were not
In other words, their lives were already supplied with the kinds of things—news, conversations, discussions,
etc.—that might otherwise have had to be provided by interesting guests.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Being
are contrasted with being bored.
being
than spiritual matters. Rather, it says that they think mainly of boring, ordinary things— the very opposite of
leading a stimulating life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The phrase
withdrawn. Although
is using the phrase here to indicate that the Hodgkinsons did not need someone else to provide them with
stimulating ideas and activites present in the world.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The phrase
is described as
Describing someone as being
a high regard for spiritual matters. Spiritual matters can be valued without shutting oneself off from the world.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The qualities of being
associated with being
People who are

17

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The word
drawn. Part of his hosts' liking him is that they accept him as one of their own. But this acceptance comes at
a time when the narrator is not ready to think of himself as belonging to the middle class. So the conclusion that
his hosts like him as one of their own makes the narrator feel
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. A conclusion like
concern for getting every last detail right that the term
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. If a conclusion can be called impatient for having been drawn prematurely, then

and does not draw this particular conclusion until he feels that there is no other choice.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the narrator felt uneasy about the conclusion he reached, there is no evidence
that he was frightened by it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Even supposing that an eager conclusion is not that one is eager to do something but
is a conclusion that is eagerly arrived at, this cannot be the intended sense in this context. It is clear that the
narrator draws this conclusion reluctantly, not eagerly. He says that he
conclusion . . .
to draw it.
18

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. Jerry creates an identity for himself that is partly based on lies he tells about himself.
Passage 1 suggests that after some time these lies seemed like fact, that they took hold, that they really
became a part of Jerry's identity. The narrator of Passage 2 owes some of his sense of who he is to external
factors: his university education, for example, but also
him. Other factors are internal: his feeling that he is still
disapproval of and distaste for
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect.
passage describes the type of family that the two men—Jerry and the narrator of Passage 2—are from.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not say that Jerry was completely free in choosing his identity. Even he
was constrained by the need to make his lies about himself believable. Others, therefore, imposed limits on the
identity he could choose for himself. Passage 2 gives others an important role in determining a person's identity.
The narrator realizes that acceptance into the middle class by people who are members of it is part of what it

means to belong to the middle class. But the narrator also makes clear that he will not actually be a member
of the middle class unless he fully embraces membership in that class.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The place Jerry grew up in is characterized as lower-class, and the place that the
narrator of Passage 2 is from is called a slum. In both cases, there is a suggestion of physically unattractive
surroundings. Both passages grant that place of birth has a significant impact on a person's identity. Neither
passage
it.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. For example, the last sentence of Passage 2 is a striking example of considering the
psychological effect (the narrator felt
regards as a denial of part of his identity is accepting certain people's hospitality and refraining from criticizing
them.
19

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. Both Jerry and the narrator of Passage 2 live abroad. Jerry's rejection of his actual status
in American society is crucial to his manufactured identity. But the identity he makes up for himself is itself
based on status in American society. The narrator of Passage 2 also sees his identify in terms of his status in
American society. He struggles with his sense of self because his status in American society is not securely
settled. Thus, both passages illustrate the generalization that Americans living abroad consider their American
social status an important part of their identity.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. For both Jerry and the narrator of Passage 2, social position plays a central role in their
lives. Charm and personality are not central concerns. In fact, the narrator of Passage 2 is reluctant to conclude
that his hosts might simply like him.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither Jerry nor the narrator of Passage 2 is portrayed as very wealthy, but it is clear
that both are very much concerned with social position. Furthermore, the wealthy family with whom the
narrator of Passage 2 lives seems unconcerned with the narrator's lower social position.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The idea that a society without class distinctions is possible is not raised in either
narrative and is most definitely not associated with either Jerry or with the narrator of Passage 2.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. No account is offered for why either Jerry or the narrator of Passage 2 is living abroad.
It is, however, clear that it is not to escape all confinement by social class. Jerry does want to escape his own
social class, but social class is crucial to the new identity that he builds for himself. The narrator of Passage 2
is unhappy that his social-class membership is so unsettled, but what he seems to want is a social class that he
can feel at home in, not to be free from social class altogether.
SECTION 10
1

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the verb

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) creates a sentence fragment. Since the entire phrase contains no verb (only the verbal form

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) exhibits wordiness. The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays wordiness. The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) produces a sentence fragment. The verb
a dependent clause (
2

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by clearly indicating that
also
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves improper modification.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) involves an ineffective passive construction. The phrase
expressed more effectively by using an active construction (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves wordiness and awkward phrasing. There is no need to repeat
plural
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to complete the thought.
3

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by clearly indicating who was
university.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves improper modification.
university.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) involves improper modification. It illogically suggests that

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays improper modification.
university.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) exhibits improper modification.
university.
4

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by clarifying relationships among the actors in the
sentence (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves an error in pronoun reference. There is nothing in the sentence to which the pronoun
can logically refer.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) involves an inappropriate pronoun. It is not clear to what the pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is awkward and wordy. The phrase
Bontemps' being
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) includes unnecessary words. The words
5

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The plural verbs
autobiographical volumes.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to complete the thought.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves errors in verb form.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to complete the thought.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) exhibits inappropriate verb forms. The present tense (
throughout.
6

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by consistently using verbs in past tense (
continue
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves incorrect tense sequence. The verb in present tense,
earlier verb in past tense,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays wordiness. Four words (
loss of meaning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) exhibits incorrect tense sequence. The verb in present tense,
earlier verb in past tense,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) repeats a word that is not needed. The noun

7

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by eliminating the unnecessary words
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves wordiness. The phrase
complex but add no meaning.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays wordiness. The weak passive construction (
specialist
checks
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) fails to maintain parallelism. It links an adjective,
adverb cannot modify the noun phrase,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) exhibits wordiness. The phrase
any loss of meaning.
8

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by removing unnecessary words.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves awkward phrasing. It would be more appropriate to say
greater.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) involves unclear pronoun reference. It is not clear whether the pronoun
mining
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves unclear pronoun reference. It is not clear to what the pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) leaves out important words. The possessive pronoun
human misery
9

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The phrase,
excess words, the amount of water collected.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) involves improper modification. The verbal phrase
modifies the noun
collected by trees.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) exhibits wordiness. Since the phrase
not needed.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) displays wordiness. The phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) involves improper modification. The dependent clause (
inches collected annually
10

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by placing the noun phrase
after the introductory phrase (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves improper modification. The introductory phrase,
modify the noun that immediately follows,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) displays improper modification. The introductory phrase,
the noun that immediately follows,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) contains an inappropriate idiom. Using the preposition

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) creates a sentence fragment. Since the only verb (
will spend . . . common mushrooms
11

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making the singular verb,
singular subject,
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) has an error in subject-verb agreement. The plural verb
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) contains an error in subject-verb agreement. The plural verb
(

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) involves an inappropriate idiom. Between the noun phrase
phrase
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) includes an error in subject- verb agreement. The singular verb
noun (
12

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the singular noun
singing group with two members (Steve and Rick).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) has an error in noun agreement. Since Steve and Rick would join together to form one singing group,
the plural noun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) contains an error in noun agreement. Since Steve and Rick would join together to form one singing
group, the plural noun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) displays wordiness. The phrase
become.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) uses an inappropriate idiom. After the noun
idiomatic than the phrase
13

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using a semicolon to connect two complete thoughts
(
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) uses improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) displays wordiness. The pronoun
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) involves imprecise modification. The preposition
another; it does not suggest the contrast between the actions of brother and sister.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) exhibits an error in coordination. The phrase after the semicolon has no verb (only the verbal

14

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the word
clause (
independent clause (
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) involves ineffective coordination. The conjunction
Lawrence . . . modern urban life
their contrasting relationship.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) exhibits improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (
and
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) displays improper coordination. There should be a semicolon before
the second independent clause in the sentence. As is, two complete thoughts (
urban life
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) uses an inappropriate idiom. In introducing the first clause, the phrase
implies a cause or a degree rather than a contrast.

impta-克隆作文

贵州师范大学教务网-日本留学费用一览表

我身边的小能人作文-甘孜人事网

那些说到心坎的文字-传染病预防知识

兴隆热带植物园-班主任工作案例分析

哈尔滨广厦学院-六年级下册语文教学计划

报检员-禁毒主题班会教案

世界人口日-半月谈评论