英汉翻译法5——省略法
南京农业大学本科招生网-银子的鉴别方法
2.2.3 省略法
省略法也被称为减词法(pruning)。跟增词法
刚好相反,省略法是指把原文中
有的词语省掉不译出来,但省掉的都是一些可有可无的或违背译语语言习
惯的
词,如实词众的代词、动词的省略,虚词中的冠词、介词和连词的省略等,目的
是为了在忠
实的基础上使译文更加简洁通顺。
一、由于语法差异而需要省略:
1.代词的省
略:英语中代词的使用频率远远高于汉语,根据实际情况有时需要
把代词所指代的人或事物重复出来,而
有时则可以直接省掉,有人称代词(主
格或宾格),物主代词等。
例1. Order is
order. We cannot complain, we cannot bargain, we
cannot question
and we cannot suggest changes.
命令就是命令,不得抱怨,不得讨价还价,不得置疑,不得建议修改。
例2. One
must make painstaking efforts before one can
master a foreign language.
要掌握一门外语非下苦功夫不可.
例3. He put his hands in his pockets and then
shrugged his shoulders.
他把双手放进衣兜里,耸了耸肩。
例4. A person with nerve damage in the spinal
cord can grasp objects when his or
her
forearms are activated by a device like this one.
脊髓神经有损伤的人使用这样的装置后,前臂肌肉被激活,便能抓住东西。
2.I
t的省略:it作形式主语或宾语,强调句中的it,或表示自然现象、时间、地
点、距离等的it常常
可以省略。
例:P31
3.连接词的省略:英语是一种形合的语言,连接词使用
较多;而汉语是一种意合的语言,
上下文的关系往往是暗含的,所以原文的一些连接词常常可以省略。
The transfer of administrative personnel in
that colony is so frequent as to create a
kaleidoscopic
(万花筒)effect.
在那个殖民地,行政官员调换频繁,就像走马灯似的。
Check the voltage
setting before you connect your computer to the
wall socket.
检查电压设置,再接通计算机电源。
If you
remember these points, it will help you.
记住这几点,对你们会有帮助。
4.冠词的省略:由于汉语中没有冠词,很多情况下都不译冠词。
Can the man
be free if the woman is a slave?
女人做奴隶,男人能自由吗?
Death’s approach is accompanied by a darkening
of the patient’s blood.
死亡临近时,病人血液的颜色会加深。
1
5.介词的省略:大量使用介词是英语
特点之一。在翻译时,表示时间和地点的介词,独立
主格结构中的介词在很多情况下都可省略。
With the weather so stuffy, ten to one it’ll
rain presently.
天气这样闷,十有八九就要下雨了。
Smoking
is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。
6.其他情况由于表达方式不同而需要作出的省略:
We are on shaky
ground. I think we are pretty close to divorcing.
我们的婚姻已很不稳定,与离婚也就一步之遥了。(系动词的省略)
These
developing countries cover vast territories,
encompass a large population and abound in
natural resources.
这些发展中国家土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。
二、由于修辞上的需要而使用省略法:在语法上即使不省略也可以,但是为了使译文更加简洁,避免重复啰嗦而省略一些词。
例1.Customers are anyone
from wealthy Kuwaiti businessman to celebrities,
producers, directors,
guys who head software
companies and Fortune 500 companies.
从富有的科威特商人
到社会名流、制片商、导演以及软件公司和《财富》杂志500强企业的
老板们,各种各样的顾客都有。
例2.Archaeologists say the find may solve some
of the mysteries surrounding the Inca
civilization.
考古学家称此次发现也许会解开印加文明之谜。
Many beginners always translate
“when” into “当……的时候” whenever they come across
it. Actually, “当……的时候” can be and is better
omitted in most cases. And very often the
meaning or the focus of the sentence will be
different when “when” appears in different
positions.
e.g.
1. When
we were having a class some strangers rushed in.
2. We were having a class when some stranger
rushed in.
1. 我们上课的时候 有个陌生人冲了进来。
(when
clause serves as the background information)
我们正在上课,有个陌生人冲了进来。
(when clause emphasizes
suddenness)
4.冠词的省略: Omitting the article
The article is the hallmark of English nouns.
When translated into Chinese, it is usually
omitted except when the indefinite article is
intended to indicate the numeral “one”, or “a
certain”.
由于汉语中没有冠词,很多情况下都不译冠词。
2
Can the
man be free if the woman is a slave?
女人做奴隶,男人能自由吗?
Death’s approach is
accompanied by a darkening of the patient’s blood.
死亡临近时,病人血液的颜色会加深。
3