考研英语真题试卷
河南美术高考-关于克服困难的名言
2011考研英语（一）真题试卷
SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.
Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark [A],
[B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET
1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher
Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise
precious to health.”
But __1___some claims to
the contrary, laughing probably has little
influence on physical fitness
Laughter does
__2___short-term changes in the function of the
heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart
rate
and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter
is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely
to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking
or jogging does.
__6__, instead of straining
muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
apparently
accomplishes the __7__, studies
dating back to the 1930’s indicate that
laughter__8___ muscles,
decreasing muscle tone
for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help
_9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway,
the
act of laughing probably does produce
other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an
individual’s
emotional state. __11____one
classical theory of emotion, our feelings are
partially rooted ____12___
physical reactions.
It was argued at the end of the 19th century that
humans do not cry ___13___they
are sad but
they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence
suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular
responses. In an experiment published in
1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the
University of
würzburg in Germany asked
volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their
teeth-thereby creating an
artificial smile –
or with their lips, which would produce a(n)
__17___ expression. Those forced to
exercise
their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did
those whose months were contracted in a frown,
____19___ that expressions may influence
emotions rather than just the other way around
__20__ , the
physical act of laughter could
improve mood.
1. [A] among [B] except
[C]despite [D] like
2. [A] reflect
[B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce
3. [A]
stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D]
determining
4. [A] transmit [B]sustain
[C] evaluate [D] observe
5. [A] measurable
[B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In
addition [D] In brief
7. [A] opposite
[B]impossible [C]average [D] expected
8.
[A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens
[D]relaxes
9. [A] aggravate [B] generate
[C] morderate [D] enhance
10. [A] physical
[B] mental [C] subconscious [D]intermal
11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due
to [D] As for
12. [A] with [B] on
[C] in [D]at
13. [A] unless [B] until
[C] if [D] because
14. [A] exhausts [B]
follows [C] precedes [D] supresses
15.
[A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond
16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D]
hold
17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C]
joyful [D] indifferent
18. [A] adapted
[B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted
19.
[A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning
[D] supposing
20. [A] Eventually [B]
Consequently [C] Similatly [D] Conversely
SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Reading the following
fours texts. Answer the question below each text
by Choosing
[A],[B],[C] or [D]. Mark your
answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York philharmonic to hire
Alan Gilbert as its next music
director has
been the talk of the classical-music world ever
since the sudden announcement
of his
appointment in 2009. For the most part, the
response has been favorable, to say
the least
“Hooray! A t last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a
sober-sided classical-music
critic
One
of the reason why the appiontment came as such a
surprise, however, is that Gilber
is
commparatively little known Even Tommasini, who
had advocated Gilbert’s appointment
in the
Times,
calls him “an unpretentious
musician with no air of the formidable conductor
about him.”As a description of the next music
director of an orchestra that has hitherto
been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and
Pierre Boulez, that semms likely to have struck
at least some
Times
readers as faint
prwise
For my part, I have no idea whether
Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.
To be sure, be performs an impressive variety
of interesting composition, but it is not
necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,
or anywhere else, to hear interesting
orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to
my CD shelf, or boot up my computer amd
download still more recorded music form iTumes
Devoted concertgoers who reply that
recording are no substitute for live performance
are missing the point. For the time,
attention, and money of the art-loving public,
classical instrumentalists must compete not
only with opera houses, dance troupes ,
theeater companies, and museums, but also with
the recorsed performances of the great
classical musicians of the 20th century. There
recording are cheap, available everwhere,
and
very often much higher in artistic quality than
today’s choosing. The widespread
availabilyty
of such recording has thus brought about a ctisis
in the institution of the
traditional
classical councert
One possible reponse is
for classical performers to program attravtive new
music that
is not yet available on recors.
Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been
widely noted:
Alex Ross , a classical-music
critic, has described him as a man who is capable
of turning
the Phiharmonic into “a markedly
different, more vibrant organization” But what
will
be the nature of that difference? Merely,
expanding the orchestra’s repertorre will not
be enough. If Gilbert and thr Philharmonic are
to succeed, they must first change the
relationship between America’a olderest
orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
learn from Para 1 that Gilbert’s appointment
has_________
[A]incured criticism
[B]raised suspicion
[C]raceived acclaim
[D]around curiousity
regards Gilbert as
an artist who is _________
[A]influential
[B]modest
[C]respectable
[D]talented
23. The author believes that the devoted
concertgoers _________
[A]ignore the expense
of live performance
[B]reject most kinds of
recorded performance
[C]exaggerate the variety
of live performanc
[D]overestimate the
variety of live performance
to the text,
which of the following is true of recordings?
[A]They are often interror to live concerts in
quality
[B]They are easily accessible to the
genral public
[C]They help improve the quality
of music
[D]They have only convered
masterpieces
Gilbert’s role in revitalixing
the Philharmonic, the authir feels_________
[A]doubtful
[B]enthusisastic
[C]confident
[D]puzzled
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of
America in August,his expanation was
surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking
his exit in the usual vague excuses, he
came
right out and said he was leaving to presue my
goal of running a company, broadcasting
his
ambition
for the first time with the board of
Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him
CEO and chairman on September 29.
MaGee
says leaving without a position lined up gave him
time to refect on what kind
of company he
wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the
outside world about his
aspirations. And McGee
isn't alone. In recent weeks the executives Avon
and American
Express quit with the explanation
that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards
scrutinize succession plans in response
business environment also has senior managers
cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud
their reputations.
As the first signs of
recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be
more willing
to make the jump without a net.
In the third quarter, CEo turnover was down 23%
from a
year ago as nervous boards stuck with
the leaders they had, according to Liberum
Research.
As the economy picks up,
opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to
look for a better one is unconventional.
For
years executives and headhunters have adhered to
the rule that the most attractive
CEO
candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says
Krn Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey,
at
sitting CEOs first.
Those who jumped without
a job haven't always landed in top positions
quickly. Ellen
Marram quit as chief of
Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a
CEO. It was a
year before she became head of a
tiny Internet-based commoditied exchange. Robert
Willumstad left CItigroup in 2005 with
ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post
at a major financial institurion three years
later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace
is fading for top performers. The financial crisis
has made it more acceptable to be between jobs
or to leave a bad on. traditional rule
was
it's safer to stay where you are, bu that's been
fundamentally inverted,
headhunter.
26.
When McGee announced his departure, his manner can
best be described as being_________
A.
Arrogant B. frank C. self-centered D.
impulsive
27. According to Paragraph 2,
senior executives quitting may be spurred by
_________
A. their expectation of better
financial status
B. their need to reflect on
their private life
C. their strained
relations with the boards
D. their pursuit of
new career goals
28. The word
A.
approved of
B. attended to
for
against
29. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that _________
A. top performers
used to cling to their posts
B. loyalty of top
performers is getting out-dated
C. top
performers care more about reputations
D. it's
safer to stick to the traditional rules.
30.
Which of the following is the best title for the
text?
A. CEOs: where to GO?
B. CEOs: All
the Way Up?
C. Top managers Jump without a Net
D. The Only way out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing
success used to be that you got what you paid for.
No
longer. While traditional media-such as
television commercials and print
advertisements-still play a major role,
companies today can exploit many alternative forms
of media. Consumers passionate about a product
may create media by sending e-mail
alerts
about products and sales to customers registered
with its Webe site. The way
consumenrs now
approatch the board range of factors beyond
conventional paid media.
Paind and owned
media are controlled by marketers promoting their
own products. For
earned media, such marketers
act as the initiators for users' responses. But in
some cases,
one marketer's owned media become
another marketer's paid media-for instance, when
an
e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its
Web site. We difine such sold media as owned
media whose traffic is so strong tha other
organization palce their content or e-commerce
engines within that environment. Thies trend,
which we believe is still in its infance,
effectively began with retailers and travel
providers such as airlines and hotels and will
no doubt go further John& JOhnson, for
example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone
media
property that promotes complementary and
even competitive products. Besides generating
income, the presence of other marketers makes
the site seem objective, gives companies
opportunities to learn valuable information
about the appeal of other companies' marketing,
and may help expand user traffic for all
companies concerned.
The same dramatic
technological changes that have provided marketers
with more (and
more diverse) communications
choices have also increased the risk that
passionate
consumers will voice their opinions
in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging
ways.
Such hijacked media are the opposite of
earned media: an asset or campaign become hostage
to consumers,other stakeholders, or activists
who make negative allegations about a brand
or
product. Members of social networks, for instance,
are learning that they can hijack
media to
apply pressure on the businesse that originally
created them.
If that happends, passinate
consumers would try to persuade others to boycott
products,
putting the reputation of the target
company at risk. In such a case, the company's
response
may not be sufficiently quick or
thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.
Toyota
Motor, for example, alleviated some of
the damage from its recall crisis earlier this
year
with a relatively quick and well-
orchestrated social-media response campaign, which
included efforts to engage with consumers
directly sites such as Twitter and the
social-
news sit Digg.
31. Consumers may creat
A. obscssed with online shopping at
certain Web sites
B. inspired by product-
promoting e-mails sent to them
C. eager to
help their friends promote quality products
D.
enthusiastic about recommending their favorite
products
32. According to Paragraph 2, sold
media feature_________
safe business
environment
B. random competition
C.
Strong user traffic
D. flexibility in
organization
33. The author indicates in
Paragraph 3 that earned media _________
A.
invite constant conflicts with passinate consumers
B. can be used to produce negative effects in
marketing
C. may be responsible for fiercer
competition
D. deserve all the getative
comments about them
34. Toyota Motor's
experience is cited as an example of _________
A. responding effectively to hijacked media
B. persuading customers into boycotting
products
C. cooperating with supportive
consumers
D. taking advantage of hijacked
media
35. Which of the following is the text
mainly about?
A. Alternatives to conventional
paid media
B. Conflict between hijacked and
earned media
C. Dominance of hijacked media
D. Popularity of owned media
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s
insightful, provocative magazine cover story,
“I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is
arousing much chatter-nothing gets people talking
like the suggestion that child rearing is
anything less than a completely fulfilling,
life-enriching experience Rather than
concluding that children make parents either happy
or miserable, Senior suggests we need to
redefine happiness, instead of thinking of it
as something that can be measured by moment-
to-moment joy, we should consider being happy
as a past-tense condition Even though the day-
to-day experience of raising kids can be
soul-
crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very
things that in the moment dampen our
moods can
later be sources of intense gratification and
delight.”
The magazine cover showing an
attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly
the only
Madonna-and-child image on newsstands
this week. There are also stories about newly
adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock,
as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is
pregnant” news. Practically every week
features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be,
smiling on the newsstands.
In a society
that so persistently celebrates procreation, o sot
any wonder that
admitting you regret having
children is equivalent to admitting you support
kitten-killing ?
It doesn’t seem quite fair,
then , to compare the regrets of parent to the
regrets of
the children. Unhappy parents
rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t
have had
kids, but unhappy childless folks are
bothered with the message that children are the
single
most important thing in the world:
obviously their misery must be a direct result of
the
gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course the image of parenthood that
celebrity magazine like Us Weekly and People
present is hugely unrealistic, especially when
the parents are single mothers like Bullock.
According to several studies concluding that
parents are less happy than childless couples,
single parents are the least happy of
all. No shock there, considering how much work it
is to raise a kid without a partner to lean
on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,
raising a kid on their “own (read: with round-
the-clock help) is a piece of cake.”
It’s
hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough
to want children just because
Reese and
Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults
understand that a baby is not
a haircut. But
it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see
every week of stress-free,
happiness-enhancing
parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way
contributing to
our own dissatisfactions with
the actual experience, in the same way that a
small part
of us hoped getting “the Rachel”
might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer
Aniston.
36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her
article that raising a child can bring_________
[A] temporary delight.
[B] enjoyment in
progress.
[C] happiness in retrospect.
[D]
lasting reward.
37. We learn from Paragraph 2
that_________
[A] celebrity moms are a
permanent source for gossip.
[B] single
mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
[C] news about pregnant celebrities is
entertaining.
[D] having children is highly
valued by the public.
38. It is suggested in
Paragraph 3 that childless folk. _________
[A]
are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B] are
largely ignored by the media.
[C] fail to
fulfill their social responsibilities.
[D] are
less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39. According to Paragraph 4, the message
conveyed by celebrity magazines is_________
[A] soothing.
[B] ambiguous.
[C]
compensatory.
[D] misleading.
40. Which of
the following can be inferred from the last
paragraph?
[A] Having children contributes
little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
[B]
Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude
towards child rearing.
[C] Having children
intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D]
We sometimes neglect the happiness from child
rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The
following paragraph are given in a wrong order.
For Questions 41-45, you are required
to
reorganize those paragraph into a coherent text by
choosing from the list A-G to filling
them
into the numbered boxes. Paragraph E and C have
been correctly placed. Mark your
answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines
have seized on professionalism with as much
enthusiasm the humanities.
You can, Mr. Menand
points out, became a lawyer in three years and a
medical doctor in
four. But the regular time
it takes to get a doctoral degree in the
humanities is nine
years. Not surprisingly, up
to half of all doctoral students in English drop
out before
getting their degrees.
[B] His
concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature,
languages, philosophy and so
on. These are
disciplines that are going out of sytle:22% of
American college graduates
now major in
business compared with only 2% in history and 4%
in English. However, many
leading American
universities want their undergraduates to have a
grounding in the basic
canon of ideas
that every educated person should posses. But most
find it difficult to
agree on what a “general
education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr.
Menand notes, “the
great books are read
because they have been read”, they form a sort of
social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only
about half end up with professorships for which
they
entered graduate school. There are simply
too few posts. This is partly because
universities continue to produce ever more
PhDs. But fewer students want to study
humanities subjects: English department
awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than
they did 20 years later. Fewer students
requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a
decade
of theses-writing, many humanities
students leave the profession to du something for
which
they have not been trained.
[D] One
reason why it is hard to design and teach courses
is that they can cut across the
insistence by
top American universities that liberal-arts
educations and professional
education should
be kept separate, taught in different schools.
Many students experience
both varieties
Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates
end up in law, medicine
or business, future
doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist
liberal-art degree
before embarking on a
professional qualification.
[E] Besides
professionalizing the professions by this
separation top American universities
have
professionalized the professor. The growth on
public money for academic research has
speeded
the process: federal research grants rose fourfold
between 1960 and 1990, but
faculty teaching
hours fell by half as research took its toll.
Professionalism has turned
the acquisition of
a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a
successful academic career:
as late as 1969 a
third of American professors did not possess one.
But the key idea behind
professionalization,
argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and
skills needed for a
particular specialization
are transmissible but not transferable.” So
disciplines
acquire a monopoly not just over
the production of knowledge, but also over the
production
of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education,
concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in
which “the producers of knowledge are
produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to
think dangerously alike, increasingly detached
from the societies which they study,
investigate and criticize. “Academic inquiry,
at least in some fields, may need to become
less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet
quite how that happens, Mr. Menand dose not
say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little
book
The marketplace of Ideas: Reform and
Resistance
in the American University
should be read by every student thinking of
applying to take
a doctoral degree. They may
then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious
has been
happening in American Universities,
and Louis Menand, a professor of English at
Harvard
University, captured it skillfully.
Part C
Directions:
Read the
following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segments into Chinese.
Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind
is the master weaver,” creating our inner
character and outer
circumstances, the book As
a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth
exploration of
the central idea of self-help
writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take
an assumption we all share-that because we are not
robots we therefore control our thoughts-and
reveal its erroneous nature. Because most
of
us believe that mind is separate from matter, we
think that thoughts can be hidden and
made
powerless; this allows us to think one way and act
another. However, Allen believed
that
the unconscious mind generates as much action as
the conscious mind, and (47) while
we may be
able to sustain the illusion of control through
the conscious mind alone, in
reality we are
continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I
make myself do this or
achieve that? ”
Since desire and will are damaged by the
presence of thoughts that do not accord with
desire,
Allen concluded : “ We do not attract
what we want, but what we are.” Achievement
happens
because you as a person embody the
external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but
become it. There is no gap between mind and
matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is
its contention that “Circumstances do not make a
person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a
justification for neglect of those in need,
and a rationalization of exploitation, of the
superiority of those at the top and the
inferiority of those at the bottom.
This
,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a
subtle argument. Each set of circumstances,
however bad, offers a unique opportunity for
growth. If circumstances always determined
the
life and prospects of people, then humanity would
never have progressed. In fat,
(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring
out the best in us and if we feel that we
have
been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a
conscious effort to escape from our
situation
.Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s
early life and its conditions
are often the
greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering
aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else
to blame for our present
condition except
ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities
contained in knowing that
everything is up to
us; where before we were experts in the array of
limitations, now we
become authorities of what
is possible.
SectionⅢ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend
of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite
movies and
2) give reasons for your
recommendation.
You should write about 100
words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own
name at the end of the letter. Use ”Li Ming”
instead.
Do not write the address.(10points)
Part B
52. Direction:
Write an essay
of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In
your essay ,you should
1) describe the
drawing briefly
2) explain its intended
meaning and
3) give your comments
You
should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)
旅途之“余”