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联合国国际货物销售合同公约
(CISG)

1980年4月11日订于维也纳
本公约各缔约国铭记联合国大会第六届特别会议通过的关于 建立新的国际经济秩序的各项决议的广泛
目标，考虑到在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易是促进各国间友好 关系的一个重要因素，认为采用照顾到不
同的社会、经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则，将有 助于减少国际贸易的法律障碍，促进国际
贸易的发展，兹协议如下：

第一部分 适用范围和总则

第一章 适用范围

第一条

（１）本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同：

（ａ）如果这些国家是缔约国；或

（ｂ）如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律。

（２）当事人营业地在不同 国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时，当事人之间
的任何交易或当事人透露的 情报均看不出，应不予考虑。

（３）在确定本公约的适用时，当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑。

第二条

本公约不适用于以下的销售：

（ ａ）购供私人、家人或家庭使用的货物的销售，除非卖方在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而
且 没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用；

（ｂ）经由拍卖的销售；

（ｃ）根据法律执行令状或其它令状的销售；

（ｄ）公债、股票、投资证券、流通票据或货币的销售；

（ｅ）船舶、船只、气垫船或飞机的销售；

（ｆ）电力的销售。


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第三条

（１）供应尚待制造 或生产的货物的合同应视为销售合同，除非订购货物的当事人保证供应这种制造或生
产所需的大部分重要 材料。

（２）本公约不适用于供应货物一方的绝大部分义务在于供应劳力或其它服务的合同。

第四条

本公约只适用于销售合同的订立和卖方和买方因此种合同而产生的 权利和义务。特别是，本公约除非
另有明文规定，与以下事项无关：

（ａ）合同的效力，或其任何条款的效力，或任何惯例的效力；

（ｂ）合同对所售货物所有权可能产生的影响。

第五条

本公约不适用于卖方对于货物对任何人所造成的死亡或伤害的责任。

第六条

双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或在第十二条的条件下，减损本公约的任何规定或改变其效力。

第二章 总则

第七条

（１）在解释本公 约时，应考虑到本公约的国际性质和促进其适用的统一以及在国际贸易上遵守诚信的需
要。

（２）凡本公约未明确解决的属于本公约范围的问题，应按照本公约所依据的一般原则来解决，在没有一
般原则的情况下，则应按照国际私法规定适用的法律来解决。

第八条

（１）为本公约的目的，一方当事人所作的声明和其它行为，应依照他的意旨解释，如果另一 方当事人已
知道或者不可能不知道此一意旨。

（２）如果上一款的规定不适用，当 事人所作的声明和其它行为，应按照一个与另一方当事人同等资格、
通情达理的人处于相同情况中，应有 的理解来解释。

（３）在确定一方当事人的意旨或一个通情达理的人应有的理解时，应适当 地考虑到与事实有关的一切情
况，包括谈判情形、当事人之间确立的任何习惯作法、惯例和当事人其后的 任何行为。

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第九条

（１）双方当事人业已同意的任何惯例和他们之间确立的任何习惯做法，对双方当事人均有约束力。

（２）除非另有协议，双方当事人应视为已默示地同意对他们的合同或合同的订立适用双方当 事人已知道
或理应知道的惯例，而这种惯例，在国际贸易上，已为有关特定贸易所涉同类合同的当事人所 广泛知道并
为他们所经常遵守。

第十条

为本公约的目的：

（ａ）如果当事人有一个以上的营业地，则以与合同及合同 的履行关系最密切的营业地为其营业地，但要
考虑到双方当事人在订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时所知 道或所设想的情况；

（ｂ）如果当事人没有营业地，则以其惯常居住地为准。

第十一条

销售合同无须以书面订立或书面证明，在形式方面也不受任何其 它条件的限制。销售合同可以用包括
人证在内的任何方法证明。

第十二条

本公约第十一条、第二十九条或第二部分准许销售合同或其更改或根据协议终止，或者任 何发价、接
受或其它意旨表示得以书面以外任何形式做出的任何规定不适用，如果任何一方当事人的营业 地是在已按
照本公约第九十六条做出了声明的一个缔约国内，各当事人不得减损本条或改变其效力。

第十三条

为本公约的目的，“书面”包括电报和电传。

第二部分 合同的订立

第十四条

（１） 向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发价人在得到接受时承
受约束 的意旨，即构成发价。一个建议如果写明货物并且明示或暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数
量和价 格，即为十分确定。

（２）非向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的建议，仅应视为邀请做出发 价，除非提出建议的人明确地表示
相反的意向。


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第十五条

（１）发价于送达被发价人时生效。
< br>（２）一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于发价送达被发价人之前或同时，送达被< br>发价人。

第十六条

（１）在未订立合同之前，发价得予撤销，如果撤销通知于被发价人发出接受通知之前送达被发价人。

（２）但在下列情况下，发价不得撤销：

（ａ）发价写明接受发价的期限或以其它方式表示发价是不可撤销的；或

（ｂ）被发价人有理由信赖该项发价是不可撤销的，而且被发价人已本着对该项发价的信赖行事。

第十七条

一但发价，即使是不可撤销的，于拒绝通知送达发价人时终止。

第十八条

（１）被发价人声明或做出其它行为表示同意一项发价，即是接受，缄默或不行动本身不等于接受。

（２）接受发价于表示同意的通知送达发价人时生效。如果表示同意的通知在发价人所规定的 时间内，如
未规定时间，在一段合理的时间内，未曾送达发价人，接受就成为无效，但须适当地考虑到交 易的情况，
包括发价人所使用的通讯方法的迅速程序。对口头发价必须立即接受，但情况有别者不在此限 。

（３）但是，如果根据该项发价或依照当事人之间确立的习惯作法和惯例，被发价人可以 做出某种行为，
例如与发运货物或支付价款有关的行为，来表示同意，而无须向发价人发出通知，则接受 于该项行为做出
时生效，但该项行为必须在上一款所规定的期间内做出。

第十九条

（１）对发价表示接受但载有添加、限制或其它更改的答复，即为拒绝该项发价，并构成还价。

（２）但是，对发价表示接受但载有添加或不同条件的答复，如所载的添加或不同条件在实质 上并不变更
该项发价的条件，除发价人在不过分迟延的期间内以口头或书面通知反对其间的差异外，仍构 成接受。如
果发价人不做出这种反对，合同的条件就以该项发价的条件以及接受通知内所载的更改为准。

（３）有关货物价格、付款、货物质量和数量、交货地点和时间、一方当事人对另一方当事人 的赔偿责任
范围或解决争端等等的添加或不同条件，均视为在实质上变更发价的条件。


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第二十条

（１）发价人在电 报或信件内规定的接受期间，从电报交发时刻或信上载明的发信日期起算，如信上未载
明发信日期，则从 信封上所载日期起算。发价人以电话、电传或其它快速通讯方法规定的接受期间，从发
价送达被发价人时 起算。

（２）在计算接受期间时，接受期间内的正式假日或非营业日应计算在内。但是，如 果接受通知在接受期
间的最后１天未能送到发价人地址，因为那天在发价人营业地是正式假日或非营业日 ，则接受期间应顺延
至下一个营业日。

第二十一条

（１）逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面将此种意见通知被发价人。

（２）如果载有逾期接受的信件或其它书面文件表明，它是在传递正常、能及时送达发价人的 情况下寄发
的，则该项逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面通知被发价人：他 认为他的发
价已经失效。

第二十二条

接受得予撤回，如果撤回通知于接受原应生效之前或同时，送达发价人。

第二十三条

合同于按照本公约规定对发价的接受生效时订立。

第二十四条

为公约本部分的目的，发价、接受声明或任何其它意旨表示“ 送达”对方，系指用口头通知对方或通
过任何其它方法送交对方本人，或其营业地或通讯地址，如无营业 地或通讯地址，则送交对方惯常居住地。

第三部分 货物销售

第二十五条

一方当事人违反合同的结果，如使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以 致于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权
期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同，除非违反合同一方并不预知 而且一个同等资格、通情达理的人处于
相同情况中也没有理由预知会发生这种结果。

第二十六条

宣告合同无效的声明，必须向另一方当事人发出通知，方始有效。

第二十七条

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除非公约本 部分另有明文规定，当事人按照本部分的规定，以适合情况的方法发出任何通知、要求或
其它通知后，这 种通知如在传递上发生耽搁或错误，或者未能到达，并不使该当事人丧失依靠该项通知的
权利。

第二十八条

如果按照本公约的规定，一方当事人有权要求另一 方当事人履行某一义务，法院没有义务做出判决，
要求具体履行此一义务，除非法院依照其本身的法律对 不属本公约范围的类似销售合同愿意这样做。

第二十九条

（１）合同只需双方当事人协议，就可更改或终止。

（２）规定任何更改或根据协 议终止必须以书面做出的书面合同，不得以任何其它方式更改或根据协议终
止。但是，一方当事人的行为 ，如经另一方当事人寄以信赖，就不得坚持此项规定。

第二章 卖方的义务

第三十条

卖方必须按照合同和本公约的规定，交付货物，移交一切与货物有关的单据并转移货物所有权。

第三十一条

如果卖方没有义务要在任何其它特定地点交付货物，他的交货义务如下：

（ａ）如果销售合同涉及到货物的运输，卖方应把货物移交给第一承运人，以运交给买方；

（ｂ）在不属于上款规定的情况下，如果合同指的是特定货物或从特定存货中提取的或尚待制造或生产的
未经特定化的货物，而双方当事人在订立合同时已知道这些货物是在某一特定地点，或将在某一特定地点
制造或生产，卖方应在该地点把货物交给买方处置；

（ｃ）在其它情况下，卖方应在他于订立合同时的营业地把货物交给买方处置。

第三十二条

（１）如果卖方按照合同或本公约的规定将货物交付给承运人，但 货物没有以货物上加标记、或以装运单
据或其它方式清楚地注明有关合同，卖方必须向买方发出列明货物 的发货通知。

（２）如果卖方有义务安排货物的运输，他必须订立必要的合同，以按照通常 运输条件，用适合情况的运
输工具，把货物运到指定地点。

（３）如果卖方没有义 务对货物的运输办理保险，他必须在买方提出要求时，向买方提供一切现有的必要

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资料，使他能够办理这种保险。

第三十三条

卖方必须按以下规定的日期交付货物：

（ａ）如果合同规定有日期，或从合同可以确定日期，应在该日期交货；

（ｂ）如 果合同规定有一段时间，或从合同可以确定一段时间，除非情况表明应由买方选定一个日期外，
应在该段 时间内任何时候交货；或者

（ｃ）在其它情况下，应在订立合同后一段合理时间内交货。

第三十四条

如果卖方有义务移交与货物有关的单据，他必须按 照合同所规定的时间、地点和方式移交这些单据。
如果卖方在那个时间以前已移交这些单据，他可以在那 个时间到达前纠正单据中任何不符合同规定的情形，
但是，此一权利的行使不得使买方遭受不合理的不便 或承担不合理的开支。但是，买方保留本公约所规定
的要求损害赔偿的任何权利。

第二节 货物相符与第三方要求

第三十五条

（１） 卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格相符，并须按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包
装。

（２）除双方当事人业已另有协议外，货物除非符合以下规定，否则即为与合同不符：

（ａ）货物适用于同一规格货物通常使用的目的；

（ｂ）货物适用于订 立合同时曾明示或默示地通知卖方的任何特定目的，除非情况表明买方并不依赖卖方
的技能和判断力，或 者这种依赖对他是不合理的；

（ｃ）货物的质量与卖方向买方提供的货物样品或样式相同；

（ｄ）货物按照同类货物通用的方式装箱或包装，如果没有此种通用方式，则按照足以保全和 保护货物的
方式装箱或包装。

（３）如果买方在订立合同时知道或者不可能不知道 货物不符合同，卖方就无须按上一款（ａ）项至（ｄ）
项负有此种不符合同的责任。

第三十六条


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（１）卖方应按 照合同和本公约的规定，对风险移转到买方时所存在的任何不符合同情形，负有责任，即
使这种不符合同 情形在该时间后方始明显。

（２）卖方对在上一款所述时间后发生的任何不符合同情形，也 应负有责任，如果这种不符合同情形是由
于卖方违反他的某项义务所致，包括违反关于在一段时间内货物 将继续适用于其通常使用的目的或某种特
定目的，或将保持某种特定质量或性质的任何保证。

第三十七条

如果卖方在交货日期前交付货物，他可以在那个日期到达前， 交付任何缺漏部分或补足所交付货物的
不足数量，或交付用以替换所交付不符合同规定的货物，或对所交 付货物中任何不符合同规定的情形做出
补救，但是，此一权利的行使不得使买方遭受不合理的不便或承担 不合理的开支。但是，买方保留本公约
所规定的要求损害赔偿的任何权利。

第三十八条

（１）买方必须在按情况实际可行的最短时间内检验货物或由他人检验货物。

（２）如果合同涉及到货物的运输，检验可推迟到货物到达目的地后进行。

（３） 如果货物在运输途中改运或买方须再发运货物，没有合理机会加以检验，而卖方在订立合同时已知
道或理 应知道这种改运或再发运的可能性，检验可推迟到货物到达新目的地后进行。

第三十九条

（１）买方对货物不符合同，必须在发现或理应发现不符情形后一 段合理时间内通知卖方，说明不符合同
情形的性质，否则就丧失声称货物不符合同的权利。

（２）无论如何，如果买方不在实际收到货物之日起两年内将货物不符合同情形通知卖方，他就丧失声称
货物不符合同的权利，除非这一时限与合同规定的保证期限不符。

第四十条

如果货物不符合同规定指的是卖方已知道或不可能不知道而又没有告知买方的一些事实， 则卖方无权
援引第三十八条和第三十九条的规定。

第四十一条
< br>卖方所交付的货物，必须是第三方不能提出任何权利或要求的货物，除非买方同意在这种权利或要求< br>的条件下，收取货物。但是，如果这种权利或要求是以工业产权或其它知识产权为基础的，卖方的义务应< br>依照第四十二条的规定。

第四十二条


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（１）卖方所交付的货物，必须是第三方不能根据工业产权或其它知识产权主张任何 权利或要求的货物，
但以卖方在订立合同时已知道或不可能不知道的权利或要求为限，而且这种权利或要 求根据以下国家的法
律规定是以工业产权或其它知识产权为基础的：

（ａ）如果双 方当事人在订立合同时预期货物将在某一国境内转售或做其它使用，则根据货物将在其境内
转售或做其它 使用的国家的法律；或者（ｂ）在任何其它情况下，根据买方营业地所在国家的法律。

（２）卖方在上一款中的义务不适用于以下情况：

（ａ）买方在订立合同时已知道或不可能不知道此项权利或要求；或者

（ｂ）此项权利或要求的发生，是由于卖方要遵照买方所提供的技术图样、图案、程式或其它规格。

第四十三条

（１）买方如果不在已知道或理应知道第三方的权利或 要求后一段合理时间内，将此一权利或要求的性质
通知卖方，就丧失援引第四十一条或第四十二条规定的 权利。

（２）卖方如果知道第三方的权利或要求以及此一权利或要求的性质，就无权援引上一款的规定。

第四十四条

尽管有第三十九条第（１）款和第四十三条第（１ ）款的规定，买方如果对他未发出所需的通知具备
合理的理由，仍可按照第五十条规定减低价格，或要求 利润损失以外的损害赔偿。

第三节 卖方违反合同的补救办法

第四十五条

（１）如果卖方不履行他在合同和本公约中的任何义务，买方可以：

（ａ）行使第四十六条至第五十二条所规定的权利；

（ｂ）按照第七十四条至第七十七条的规定，要求损害赔偿。

（２）买方可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利，不因他行使采取其它补救办法的权利而丧失。

（３）如果买方对违反合同采取某种补救办法，法院或仲裁庭不得给予卖方宽限期。

第四十六条

（１）买方可以要求卖方履行义务，除非买方已采取与此一要求相抵触的某种补救办法。
< br>（２）如果货物不符合同，买方只有在此种不符合同情形构成根本违反合同时，才可以要求交付替代货物，

- 9 -

而且关于替代货物的要求，必须与依照第三十九条发出 的通知同时提出，或者在该项通知发出后一段合理
时间内提出。

（３）如果货物不 符合同，买方可以要求卖方通过修理对不符合同之处做出补救，除非他考虑了所有情况
之后，认为这样做 是不合理的。修理的要求必须与依照第三十九条发出的通知同时提出，或者在该项通知
发出后一段合理时 间内提出。

第四十七条

（１）买方可以规定一段合理时限的额外时间，让卖方履行其义务。

（２）除非买 方收到卖方的通知，声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务，买方在这段时间内不得对违反
合同采取任何 补救办法。但是，买方并不因此丧失他对迟延履行义务可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利。

第四十八条

（１）在第四十九条的条件下，卖方即使在交货日期之后，仍可自 付费用，对任何不履行义务做出补救，
但这种补救不得造成不合理的迟延，也不得使买方遭受不合理的不 便，或无法确定卖方是否将偿付买方预
付的费用。但是，买方保留本公约所规定的要求损害赔偿的任何权 利。

（２）如果卖方要求买方表明他是否接受卖方履行义务，而买方不在一段合理时间内对 此一要求做出答复，
则卖方可以按其要求中所指明的时间履行义务。买方不得在该段时间内采取与卖方履 行义务相抵触的任何
补救办法。

（３）卖方表明他将在某一特定时间内履行义务的 通知，应视为包括根据上一款规定要买方表明决定的要
求在内。

（４）卖方按照本条第（２）和第（３）款作出的要求或通知，必须在买方收到后，始生效力。

第四十九条

（１）买方在以下情况下可以宣告合同无效：

（ａ）卖方不履行其在合同或本公约中的任何义务，等于根本违反合同；或
（ｂ）如果发生不交货的情况，卖方不在买方按照第四十七条第（１）款规定的额外时间内交付货物，或卖方声明他将不在所规定的时间内交付货物。

（２）但是，如果卖方已交付货物，买方就丧失宣告合同无效的权利，除非：

（ａ）对于迟延交货，他在知道交货后一段合理时间内这样做；

（ｂ）对于迟延交货以外的任何违反合同事情：


- 10 -

（一）他在已知道或理应知道这种违反合同后一段合理时间内这样做；或
< br>（二）他在买方按照第四十七条第（１）款规定的任何额外时间满期后，或在卖方声明他将不在这一额外< br>时间履行义务后一段合理时间内这样做；或

（三）他在卖方按照第四十八条第（２） 款指明的任何额外时间满期后，或在买方声明他将不接受卖方履
行义务后一段合理时间内这样做。

第五十条

如果货物不符合同，不论价款是否已付，买方都可以 减低价格，减价按实际交付的货物在交货时的价
值与符合合同的货物在当时的价值两者之间的比例计算。 但是，如果卖方按照第三十七条或第四十八条的
规定对任何不履行义务做出补救，或者买方拒绝接受卖方 按照该两条规定履行义务，则买方不得减低价格。

第五十一条

（ １）如果卖方只交付一部分货物，或者交付的货物中只有一部分符合合同规定，第四十六条至第五十条
的 规定适用于缺漏部分及不符合同规定部分的货物。

（２）买方只有在完全不交付货物或不按 照合同规定交付货物等于根本违反合同时，才可以宣告整个合同
无效。

第五十二条

（１）如果卖方在规定的日期前交付货物，买方可以收取货物，也可以拒绝收取货物。
（２）如果卖方交付的货物数量大于合同规定的数量，买方可以收取也可以拒绝收取多交部分的货物。如果买方收取多交部分货物的全部或一部分，他必须按合同价格付款。

第三章 买方的义务

第五十三条

买方必须按照合同和本公约规定支付货物价款和收取货物。

第一节 支付价款

第五十四条

买方支付价款的义务包括根据合同或任何有关法律和规章规定的步骤和手续，以便支付价款。

第五十五条

如果合同已有效的订立，但没有明示或暗示地规定 价格或规定如何确定价格，在没有任何相反表示的

- 11 -

情 况下，双方当事人应视为已默示地引用订立合同时此种货物在有关贸易的类似情况下销售的通常价格。

第五十六条

如果价格是按货物的重量规定的，如有疑问，应按净重确定。

第五十七条

（１）如果买方没有义务在任何其它特定地点支付价款，他必须在以下地点向卖方支付价款：

（ａ）卖方的营业地；或者

（ｂ）如凭移交货物或单据支付价款，则为移交货物或单据的地点。

（２）卖方必须承担因其营业地在订立合同后发生变动而增加的支付方面的有关费用。

第五十八条

（１）如果买方没有义务在任何其它特定时间内支付价款，他必须 于卖方按照合同和本公约规定将货物或
控制货物处置权的单据交给买方处置时支付价款。卖方可以支付价 款作为移交货物或单据的条件。

（２）如果合同涉及到货物的运输，卖方可以在支付价款后 方可把货物或控制货物处置权的单据移交给买
方作为发运货物的条件。

（３）买方 在未有机会检验货物前，无义务支付价款，除非这种机会与双方当事人议定的交货或支付程序
相抵触。

第五十九条

买方必须按合同和本公约规定的日期或从合同和本 公约可以确定的日期支付价款，而无需卖方提出任
何要求或办理任何手续。

第二节 收取货物

第六十条

买方收取货物的义务如下：采取一切理应采取的行动，以期卖方能交付货物；和接收货物。

第三节 买方违反合同的补救办法

第六十一条

（１）如果买方不履行他在合同和本公约中的任何义务，卖方可以：


- 12 -

（ａ）行使第六十二条至第六十五条所规定的权利；

（ｂ）按照第七十四至第七十七条的规定，要求损害赔偿。

（２）卖方可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利，不因他行使采取其它补救办法的权利而丧失。

（３）如果卖方对违反合同采取某种补救办法，法院或仲裁庭不得给予买方宽限期。

第六十二条

卖方可以要求买方支付价款、收取货物或履行他的 其它义务，除非卖方已采取与此一要求相低触的某
种补救办法。

第六十三条

（１）卖方可以规定一段合理时限的额外时间，让买方履行义务。

（２ ）除非卖方收到买方的通知，声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务，卖方不得在这段时间内对违反
合同 采取任何补救办法。但是，卖方并不因此丧失他对迟延履行义务可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利。

第六十四条

（１）卖方在以下情况下可以宣告合同无效：

（ａ）买方不履行其在合同或本公约中的任何义务，等于根本违反合同；或

（ｂ） 买方不在卖方按照第六十三条第（１）款规定的额外时间内履行支付价款的义务或收取货物，或买
方声明 他将不在所规定的时间内这样做。

（２）但是，如果买方已支付价款，卖方就丧失宣告合同无效的权利，除非：

（ａ）对于买方迟延履行义务，他在知道买方履行义务前这样做；或者

（ｂ）对于买方迟延履行义务以外的任何违反合同事情：

（一）他在已知道或理应知道这种违反合同后一段合理时间内这样做；或

（二）他 在卖方按照第六十三条第（１）款规定的任何额外时间满期后或在买方声明他将不在这一额外时
间内履行 义务后一段合理时间内这样做。

第六十五条

（１）如果买方应根 据合同规定订明货物的形状、大小或其它特征，而他在议定的日期或在收到卖方的要
求后一段合理时间内 没有订明这些规格，则卖方在不损害其可能享有的任何其它权利的情况下，可以依照

- 13 -

他所知的买方的要求，自己订明规格。

（２）如果卖方自己订 明规格，他必须把订明规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方
可以在该段时间内订出 不同的规格。如果买方在收到这种通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，卖方所订的规
格就具有约束力。

第四章 风险移转

第六十六条

货物 在风险移转到买方承担后遗失或损坏，买方支付价款的义务并不因此解除，除非这种遗失或损坏
是由于卖 方的行为或不行为所造成。

第六十七条

（１）如果销售合同涉及 到货物的运输，但卖方没有义务在某一特定地点交付货物，自货物按照销售合同
交付给第一承运人以转交 给买方时起，风险就移转到买方承担。如果卖方有义务在某一特定地点把货物交
付给承运人，在货物于该 地点交付给承运人以前，风险不移转到买方承担。卖方受权保留控制货物处置权
的单据，并不影响风险的 移转。

（２）但是，在货物以货物上加标记、或以装运单据、或向买方发出通知或其它方式 清楚地注明有关合同
以前，风险不移转到买方承担。

第六十八条

对于在运输途中销售的货物，从订立合同时起，风险就移转到买方承担。但是，如果情况表明有此需
要，从货物交付给签发载有运输合同单据的承运人时起，风险就由买方承担。尽管如此，如果卖方在订立
合同时已知道或理应知道货物已经遗失或损坏，而他又不将这一事实告之买方，则这种遗失或损坏应由卖
方负责。

第六十九条

（１）在不属于第六十七条和第六 十八条规定的情况下，从买方接收货物时起，或如果买方不在适当时间
内这样做，则从货物交给他处置但 他不收取货物从而违反合同时起，风险移转到买方承担。

（２）但是，如果买方有义务在卖 方营业地以外的某一地点接收货物，当交货时间已到而买方知道货物已
在该地点交给他处置时，风险方始 移转。

（３）如果合同指的是当时未加识别的货物，则这些货物在未清楚注明有关合同以前 ，不得视为已交给买
方处置。

第七十条

如果卖方已 根本违反合同，第六十七条、第六十八条和第六十九条的规定，不损害买方因此种违反合

- 14 -

同而可以采取的各种补救办法。

第五章 卖方和买方义务的一般规定

第一节 预期违反合同和分批交货合同

第七十一条

（１）如果订立合同后，另一方当事人由于下列原因显然将不履行 其大部分重要义务，一方当事人可以中
止履行义务：

（ａ）他履行义务的能力或他的信用有严重缺陷；或

（ｂ）他在准备履行合同或履行合同中的行为。

（２）如果卖方在上一款所述的理 由明显化以前已将货物发运，他可以阻止将货物交给买方，即使买方持
有其有权获得货物的单据。本款规 定只与买方和卖方间对货物的权利有关。

（３）中止履行义务的一方当事人不论是在货物发 运前还是发运后，都必须立即通知另一方当事人，如经
另一方当事人对履行义务提供充分保证，则他必须 继续履行义务。

第七十二条

（１）如果在履行合同日期之前，明 显看出一方当事人将根本违反合同，另一方当事人可以宣告合同无效。

（２）如果时间许可 ，打算宣告合同无效的一方当事人必须向另一方当事人发出合理的通知，使他可以对
履行义务提供充分保 证。

（３）如果另一方当事人已声明他将不履行其义务，则上一款的规定不适用。

第七十三条

（１）对于分批交付货物的合同，如果一方当事人不履 行对任何一批货物的义务，便对该批货物构成根本
违反合同，则另一方当事人可以宣告合同对该批货物无 效。

（２）如果一方当事人不履行对任何一批货物的义务，使另一方当事人有充分理由断定 对今后各批货物将
会发生根本违反合同，该另一方当事人可以在一段合理时间内宣告合同今后无效。

（３）买方宣告合同对任何一批货物的交付为无效时，可以同时宣告合同对已交付的或今后交 付的各批货
物均为无效，如果各批货物是互相依存的，不能单独用于双方当事人在订立合同时所设想的目 的。

第二节 损害赔偿

第七十四条

- 15 -

一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额，应与另一方当事人因 他违反合同而遭受的包括利润在内的损
失额相等。这种损害赔偿不得超过违反合同一方在订立合同时，依 照他当时已知道或理应知道的事实和情
况，对违反合同预料到或理应预料到的可能损失。

第七十五条

如果合同被宣告无效，而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内，买方 已以合理方式购买替代货物，或者卖方
已以合理方式把货物转卖，则要求损害赔偿的一方可以取得合同价 格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额以及
按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其他损害赔偿。

第七十六条

（１）如果合同被宣告无效，而货物又有时价，要求损害赔偿的一 方，如果没有根据第七十五条规定进行
购买或转卖，则可以取得合同规定的价格和宣告合同无效时的时价 之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可
以取得的任何其它损害赔偿。但是，如果要求损害赔偿的一方在接 收货物之后宣告合同无效，则应适用接
收货物时的时价，而不适用宣告合同无效时的时价。

（２）为上一款的目的，时价指原应交付货物地点的现行价格，如果该地点没有时价，则指另一合理替代
地点的价格，但应适当地考虑货物运费的差额。

第七十七条
声称另一方违反合同的一方，必须按情况采取合理措施，减轻由于该另一方违反合同而引起的损失，包括利润方面的损失。如果他不采取这种措施，违反合同一方可以要求从损害赔偿中扣除原可以减轻的损失数额。

第三节 利息

第七十八条

如果一方当事人没有支付价款或任何其它拖欠金额，另一方当事人有权对这些款额收取利息，但不妨
碍要求按照第七十四条规定可以取得的损害赔偿。

第四节 免责

第七十九条

（１）当事人对不履行义务，不负责任，如果他能证明此种不履行 义务，是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍，
而且对于这种障碍，没有理由预期他在订立合同时能考虑到或能 避免或克服它或它的后果。

（２）如果当事人不履行义务是由于他所雇用履行合同的全部或 一部分规定的第三方不履行义务所致，该
当事人只有在以下情况下才能免除责任：


- 16 -

（ａ）他按照上一款的规定应免除责任，和

（ｂ）假如该项的规定也适用于他所雇用的人，这个人也同样会免除责任。

（３）本条所规定的免责对障碍存在的期间有效。

（４）不履行义务的一方必须将障碍及其对他履行义务能力的影响通知另一方。

如 果该项通知在不履行义务的一方已知道或理应知道此一障碍后一段合理时间内仍未为另一方收到，则他
对 由于另一方未收到通知而造成的损害应负赔偿责任。

（５）本条规定不妨碍任何一方行使本公约规定的要求损害赔偿以外的任何权利。

第八十条

一方当事人因其行为或不行为而使得另一方当事人不履行义务时 ，不得声称该另一方当事人不履行义
务。

第五节 宣告合同无效的效果

第八十一条

（１）宣告合同无效解除了双方在合同中的义务，但应 负责的任何损害赔偿仍应负责。宣告合同无效不影
响合同关于解决争端的任何规定，也不影响合同中关于 双方在宣告合同无效后权利和义务的任何其它规定。

（２）已全部或局部履行合同的一方， 可以要求另一方归还他按照合同供应的货物或支付的价款，如果双
方都须归还，他们必须同时这样做。

第八十二条

（１）买方如果不可能按实际收到货物的原状归还货物 ，他就丧失宣告合同无效或要求卖方交付替代货物
的权利。

（２）上一款的规定不适用于以下情况：

（ａ）如果不可能归还货物或不可能按实 际收到货物的原状归还货物，并非由于买方的行为或不行为所造
成；或者

（ｂ）如果货物或其中一部分的毁灭或变坏，是由于按照第三十八条规定进行检验所致；或者

（ｃ）如果货物或其中一部分，在买方发现或理应发现与合同不符以前，已为买方在正常营业过程中售出 ，
或在正常使用过程中消费或改变。

第八十三条

- 17 -

买方虽然依第八十二条规定丧失宣告合同无效或要求卖方交付 替代货物的权利，但是根据合同和本公
约规定，他仍保有采取一切其它补救办法的权利。

第八十四条

（１）如果卖方有义务归还价款，他必须同时从支付价款之日起支付价款利息。

（２）在以下情况下，买方必须向卖方说明他从货物或其中一部分得到的一切利益：

（ａ）如果他必须归还货物或其中一部分；或者

（ｂ）如果他不可能归还全部或一 部分货物，或不可能按实际收到货物的原状归还全部或一部分货物，但
他已宣告合同无效或已要求卖方支 付替代货物。

第六节 保全货物

第八十五条
< br>如果买方推迟收取货物，或在支付价款和交付货物应同时履行时，买方没有支付价款，而卖方仍拥有< br>这些货物或仍能控制这些货物的处置权，卖方必须按情况采取合理措施，以保全货物。他有权保有这些货< br>物，直至买方把他所付的合理费用偿还他为止。

第八十六条

（１）如果买方已收到货物，但打算行使合同或本公约规定的任何权利，把货物退回，他必须按情况采取
合理措施，以保全货物。他有权保有这些货物，直至卖方把他所付的合理费用偿还给他为止。
（２）如果发运给买方的货物已到达目的地，并交给买方处置，而买方行使退货权利，则买方必须代表卖方收取货物，除非他这样做需要支付价款而且会使他遭受不合理的不便或需承担不合理的费用。如果卖方或受权代表他掌管货物的人也在目的地，则此一规定不适用。如果买方根据本款规定收取货物，他的权利和义务与上一款所规定的相同。

第八十七条

有义务采取措施 以保全货物的一方当事人，可以把货物寄放在第三方的仓库，由另一方当事人担负费用，
但该项费用必须 合理。

第八十八条

（１）如果另一方当事人在收取货物或收回货 物或支付价款或保全货物费用方面有不合理的迟延，按照第
八十五条或第八十六条规定有义务保全货物的 一方当事人，可以采取任何适当办法，把货物出售，但必须
事前向另一方当事人发出合理的意向通知。


- 18 -

（２）如果货物易于迅速变坏，或者货物 的保全牵涉到不合理的费用，则按照第八十五条或第八十六条规
定有义务保全货物的一方当事人，必须采 取合理措施，把货物出售，在可能的范围内，他必须把出售货物
的打算通知另一方当事人。

（３）出售货物的一方当事人，有权从销售所得收入中扣回为保全货物和销售货物而付的合理费用。他必
须向另一方当事人说明所余款项。

第四部分 最后条款

第八十九条

兹指定联合国秘书长为本公约保管人。

第九十条

本公约不优于业已缔结或可以缔结并载有与属于本公约范围内事 项有关的条款的任何国际协定，但以
双方当事人的营业地均在这种协定的缔约国内为限。

第九十一条

（１）本公约在联合国国际货物销售合同会议闭幕会议上开放签字 ，并在纽约联合国总部继续开放签字，
直至１９８１年９月３０日为止。

（２）本公约须经签字国批准、接受或核准。

（３）本公约从开放签字之日起开放给所有非签字国加入。

（４）批准书、接受书、核准书和加入书应送交联合国秘书长存放。

第九十二条

（１）缔约国可在签字、批准、接受、核准或加入时声明他不受本 公约第二部分的约束或不受本公约第三
部分的约束。

（２）按照上一款规定就本公 约第二部分或第三部分做出声明的缔约国，在该声明适用的部分所规定事项
上，不得视为本公约第一条第 （１）款范围内的缔约国。

第九十三条

（１）如果缔约国具有两 个或两个以上的领土单位，而依照该国宪法规定、各领土单位对本公约所规定的
事项适用不同的法律制度 ，则该国得在签字、批准、接受、核准或加入时声明本公约适用于该国全部领土
单位或仅适用于其中的一 个或数个领土单位，并且可以随时提出另一声明来修改其所做的声明。

（２）此种声明应通知保管人，并且明确地说明适用本公约的领土单位。

- 19 -

（３）如果根据按本条做出的声明，本公约适用于缔约国的一个或数个但 不是全部领土单位，而且一方当
事人的营业地位于该缔约国内，则为本公约的目的，该营业地除非位于本 公约适用的领土单位内，否则视
为不在缔约国内。

（４）如果缔约国没有按照本条第（１）款做出声明，则本公约适用于该国所有领土单位。

第九十四条

（１）对属于本公约范围的事项具有相同或非常近似的法律规则的 两个或两个以上的缔约国，可随时声明
本公约不适用于营业地在这些缔约国内的当事人之间的销售合同， 也不适用于这些合同的订立。此种声明
可联合做出，也可以相互单方面声明的方式做出。
< br>（２）对属于本公约范围的事项具有与一个或一个以上非缔约国相同或非常近似的法律规则的缔约国，可< br>随时声明本公约不适用于营业地在这些非缔约国内的当事人之间的销售合同，也不适用于这些合同的订立。

（３）作为根据上一款所做声明对象的国家如果后来成为缔约国，这项声明从本公约对该新缔 约国生效之
日起，具有根据第（１）款所做声明的效力，但以该新缔约国加入这项声明，或做出相互单方 面声明为限。

第九十五条

任何国家在交存其批准书、接受书、核 准书或加入书时，可声明它不受本公约第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项
的约束。

第九十六条

本国法律规定销售合同必须以书面订立或书面证明的缔约国， 可以随时按照第十二条的规定，声明本
公约第十一条、第二十九条或第二部分准许销售合同或其更改或根 据协议终止，或者任何发价、接受或其
它意旨表示得以书面以外任何形式做出的任何规定不适用，如果任 何一方当事人的营业地是在该缔约国内。

第九十七条

（１）根据本公约规定在签字时做出的声明，须在批准、接受或核准时加以确认。

（２）声明和声明的确认，应以书面提出，并应正式通知保管人。

（３）声明在本 公约对有关国家开始生效时同时生效。但是，保管人于此种生效后收到正式通知的声明，
应于保管人收到 声明之日起６个月后的第１个月第１天生效。根据第九十四条规定做出的相互单方面声明，
应于保管人收 到最后一份声明之日起６个月后的第１个月第１天生效。

（４）根据本公约规定做出声明的 任何国家可以随时用书面正式通知保管人撤回该项声明。此种撤回于保
管人收到通知之日起６个月后的第 １个月第１天生效。

（５）撤回根据第九十四条做出的声明，自撤回生效之日起，就会使另 一国家根据该条所做的任何相互声

- 20 -

明失效。

第九十八条

除本公约明文许可的保留外，不得作任何保留。

第九十九条

（１）在本条第（６）款规定的条件下，本公约在第十 件批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书、包括载有根
据第九十二条规定做出的声明的文书交存之日起１２月 后的第１个月第１天生效。

（２）在本条第（６）款规定的条件下，对于在第１０件批准书 、接受书、核准书或加入书交存后才批准、
接受、核准或加入本公约的国家，本公约在该国交存其批准书 、接受书、核准书或加入书之日起１２个月
后的第１个月第１天对该国生效，但不适用的部分除外。

（３）批准、接受、核准或加入本公约的国家，如果是１９６４年７月１日海牙签订的《关于 国际货物销
售合同的订立统一法公约》（《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》）和１９６４年７月１日在海 牙签订的《关于
国际货物销售统一法的公约》（《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》）中一项或两项公约的 缔约国。应按情况同
时通知荷兰政府声明退出《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》或《１９６４年海牙订立 合同公约》）或退出该
两公约。

（４）凡为《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》缔约 国并批准、接受、核准或加入本公约和根据第九十二条
规定声明或业已声明不受本公约第二部分约束的国 家，应于批准、接受、核准或加入时通知荷兰政府声明
退出《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》。

（５）凡为《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》缔约国并批准、接受、核准或加入本公约和根据 第九十二条
规定声明或业已声明不受本公约第三部分约束的国家，应于批准、接受、核准或加入时通知荷 兰政府声明
退出《１９６４年海牙订立合同公约》。

（６）为本条的目的，《１９ ６４年海牙订立合同公约》或《１９６４年海牙货物销售公约》的缔约国的批
准、接受、核准或加入本公 约，应在这些国家按照规定退出该两公约生效后方始生效。本公约保管人应与
１９６４年两公约的保管人 荷兰政府进行协商，以确保在这方面进行必要的协调。

第一百条

（１）本公约适用于合同的订立，只要订立该合同的建议是在本公约对第一条第（１）款（ａ）项所指缔
约国或第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项所指缔约国生效之日或其后作出的。

（２）本公约只适用 于在它对第一条第（１）款（ａ）项所指缔约国或第一条第（１）款（ｂ）项所指缔
约国生效之日或其后 订立的合同。

第一百零一条

（１）缔约国可以用书面正式通知保管人声明退出本公约，或本公约第二部分或第三部分。

- 21 -

（２）退出于保管人收到通知１２个月后的第１个月 第１天起生效。凡通知内订明一段退出生效的更长时
间，则退出于保管人收到通知后该段更长时间满时起 生效。

１９８０年４月１１日订于维也纳，正本１份，其阿拉伯文本、中文本、英文本 、法文本、俄文本和
西班牙文本都具有同等效力。

下列全权代表，经各自政府正式授权，在本公约上签字，以资证明。

本公约于１９８８年１月１日生效。

１９８１年９月３０日中华人民共和 国政府代表签署本公约，１９８６年１２月１１日交存核准书。
核准书中载明，中国不受公约第一条第（ １）款（Ｄ）、第十一条及与第十一条内容有关的规定的约束。

《联合国国际货物销售 合同公约》是联合国国际贸易法委员会（ＵＮＣＩＴ－ＲＡＬ）于１９８０年
４月１１日在维也纳召开的 外交会议上通过的。该公约于１９８８年１月１日生效。目前批准加入和认可
该公约的国家有３２个国家 ，它们是：

阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、保加利亚、白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国、 加拿大、智利、中国、捷
克斯洛伐克、丹麦、埃及、芬兰、法国、加纳、几内亚、匈牙利、伊拉克、意大 利、莱索托、墨西哥、荷
兰、挪威、波兰、罗马尼亚、新加坡、瑞典、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、美利 坚合众国、委内瑞拉、乌
克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国、苏联、南斯拉夫、赞比亚。

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (CISG)
(Preamble)

The States Parties to this Convention,

Bearing in mind the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special
session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New
International Economic Order,

Considering that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and
mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States,

Being of the opinion that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the
international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal
systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and
promote the development of international trade,


- 22 -

Have agreed as follows:

(Sphere of Application)

Article 1

(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places
of business are in different States:

(a) when the States are Contracting States; or

(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a
Contracting State.

(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be
disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any
dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at
the conclusion of the contract.

(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the
parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application
of this Convention.

Article 2

This Convention does not apply to sales:

(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time
before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that
the goods were bought for any such use;

(b) by auction;

(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law;

(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money;

(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;

(f) of electricity.

Article 3

(1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be

- 23 -

considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a
substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.

(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the
obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other
services.

Article 4

This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and
obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except
as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with:

(a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage;

(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.

Article 5

This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury
caused by the goods to any person.

Article 6

The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12,
derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.

(Formation of the contract)

Article 14

(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons
constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to
be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods
and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the
price.

(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be
considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly
indicated by the person making the proposal.

Article 15

(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

- 24 -

(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the
offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

Article 16

(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the
offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.

(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:

(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is
irrevocable; or

(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the
offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.

Article 17

An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

Article 18

(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is
an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.

(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent
reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not
reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable
time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the
rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be
accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have
established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by
performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the
price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is
performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the
preceding paragraph.

Article 19

(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions,
limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counteroffer.

- 25 -

(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains
additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer
constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the
discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of
the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.

(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment,
quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's
liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the
offer materially.

Article 20

(1) A period of time of acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to
run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on
the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of
time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of
instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the
offeree.

(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are
included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered
at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an
official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is
extended until the first business day which follows.

Article 21

(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the
offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.

(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent
in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the
offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without
delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed
or dispatches a notice to that effect.

Article 22

An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the
same time as the acceptance would have become effective.

Article 23

- 26 -

A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective
in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.

Article 24

For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any
other indication of intention
delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing.

(General Provisions)

Article 25

A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such
detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to
expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable
person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a
result.

Article 26

A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other
party.

Article 27

Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request
or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by
means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the
communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on
the communication.

Article 28

If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require
performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a
judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in
respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention.

Article 29

(1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.


- 27 -

(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or
termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated
by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a
provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.

(Obligations Of The Seller)

Article 30

The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and
transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.

(Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents)

Article 31

If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation
to deliver consists:

(a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods--in handing the goods over to
the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;

(b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract relates to specific
goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or
produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the
goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place--in placing
the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place;

(c) in other cases--in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the
seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.

Article 32

(1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over
to a carrier and if the goods are not dearly identified to the contract by markings on the
goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the
consignment specifying the goods.

(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such
contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation
appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such
transportation.

(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods,

- 28 -

he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with all available information necessary to
enable him to effect such insurance.

Article 33

The seller must deliver the goods:

(a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date;

(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within
that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or

(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.

Article 34

If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them
over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. If the seller has
handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of
conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer
unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any
right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

(Conformity of the goods and third party claims)

Article 35

(1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description
required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by
the contract.

(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the
contract unless they:

(a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be
used;

(b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at
the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the
buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and
judgement;

(c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample
or model;

- 29 -

(d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no
such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.

(3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for
any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the
buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity.

Article 36

(1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of
conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the
lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time.

(2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time
indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his
obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will
remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain
specified qualities or characteristics.

Article 37

If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date,
deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered,
or deliver goods in replacement of any non- conforming goods delivered or remedy any
lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does
not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However,
the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

Article 38

(1) The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short
a period as is practicable in the circumstances.

(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until
after the goods have arrived at their destination.

(3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a
reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the
contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or
redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new
destination.

Article 39

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(1) The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not
give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a
reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it.

(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if
he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from
the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this
time- limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee.

Article 40

The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and 39 if the lack of
conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and which
he did not disclose to the buyer.

Article 41

The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party,
unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim. However, if such
right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller's
obligation is governed by article 42.

Article 42

(1) The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party
based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the
conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that
the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property: (a) under
the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was
contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods
would be resold or otherwise used in that State; or (b) in any other case, under the law
of the State where the buyer has his place of business.

(2) The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not extend to cases
where:

(a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been
unaware of the right or claim; or

(b) the right or claim results from the seller's compliance with technical drawings,
designs, formulae or other such specifications furnished by the buyer.

Article 43

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(1) The buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if he does
not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party
within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of
the right or claim.

(2) The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding paragraph if he
knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it.

Article 44

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of article 39 and paragraph (1) of article
43, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or claim damages,
except for loss of profit, if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required
notice.

(Remedies for breach of contract by the seller)

Article 45

(1) If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this
Convention, the buyer may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52; (b)
claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.

(2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising
his right to other remedies.

(3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when
the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.

Article 46

(1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer
has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.

(2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of
substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of
contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conjunction with notice
given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.

(3) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require the seller to
remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is unreasonable having regard to all
the circumstances. A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice
given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.

- 32 -

Article 47

(1) The buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance
by the seller of his obligations.

(2) Unless the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within
the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for
breach of contract. However, the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have
to claim damages for delay in performance.

Article 48

(1) Subject to article 49, the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his
own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable
delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of
reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer. However, the buyer
retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

(2) If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept performance
and the buyer does not comply with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may
perform within the time indicated in his request. The buyer may not, during that period
of time, resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller.

(3) A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period of time is assumed
to include a request, under the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his
decision.

(4) A request or notice by the seller under paragraph (2) or (3) of this article is not
effective unless received by the buyer.

Article 49

(1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the seller to perform
any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental
breach of contract; or (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods
within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1)
of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed.

(2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right
to declare the contract avoided unless he does so: (a) in respect of late delivery, within
a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made; (b) in
respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time:


- 33 -

(i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach;

(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance
with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform
his obligations within such an additional period; or

(iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in
accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will
not accept performances.

Article 50

If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already
been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the
goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that
conforming goods would have had at that time. However, if the seller remedies any
failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer
refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer
may not reduce the price.

Article 51

(1) If the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered
is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is
missing or which does not conform.

(2) The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the failure to make
delivery completely or in conformity with the contract amounts to a fundamental breach
of the contract.

Article 52

(1) If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed, the buyer may take delivery or
refuse to take delivery.

(2) If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract,
the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity. If the buyer
takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.

(Obligations of the Buyer)

Article 53

The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the

- 34 -

contract and this Convention.

(Payment of the price)

Article 54

The buyer's obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with
such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to
enable payment to be made.

Article 55

Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or
make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of
any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally
charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under
comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.

Article 56

If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be
determined by the net weight.

Article 57

(1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay
it to the seller: (a) at the seller's place of business; or (b) if the payment is to be made
against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing
over takes place.

(2) The seller must bear any increase in the expenses incidental to payment which is
caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.

Article 58

(1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other specific time he must pay it
when the seller places either the goods or documents controlling their disposition at the
buyer's disposal in accordance with the contract and this Convention. The seller may
make such payment a condition for handing over the goods or documents.

(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on
terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their disposition, will not be handed
over to the buyer except against payment of the price.


- 35 -

(3) The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity to examine
the goods, unless the procedures for delivery or payment agreed upon by the parties are
inconsistent with his having such an opportunity.

Article 59

The buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract and
this Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on
the part of the seller.

(Taking delivery)

Article 60

The buyer's obligation to take delivery consists:

(a) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the
seller to make delivery; and

(b) in taking over the goods.

(Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer)

Article 61

(1) If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this
Convention, the seller may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65; (b)
claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.

(2) The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising
his right to other remedies.

(3) No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral tribunal when
the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.

Article 62

The seller may require the buyer to pay the price, take delivery or perform his other
obligations, unless the seller has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this
requirement.

Article 63

(1) The seller may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance

- 36 -

by the buyer of his obligations.

(2) Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not perform within
the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for
breach of contract. However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have
to claim damages for delay in performance.

Article 64

(1) The seller may declare the contract avoided:

(a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this
Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) if the buyer does not,
within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1)
of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he
declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed;

(2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to
declare the contract avoided unless he does so: (a) in respect of late performance by the
buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered; or (b)
in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable
time:

(i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or

(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance
with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform
his obligations within such an additional period.

Article 65

(1) If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features
of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or
within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without
prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance
with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.

(2) If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer of the details
thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the buyer may make a different
specification. If, after receipt of such a communication, the buyer fails to do so within the
time so fixed, the specification made by the seller is binding.

(Passing of Risk)


- 37 -

Article 66

Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge
him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or
omission of the seller.

Article 67

(1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to
hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are
handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the
contract of sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular
place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier
at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the
disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk.

(2) Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified
to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice
given to the buyer or otherwise.

Article 68

The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the
conclusion of the contract. However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed
by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the
documents embodying the contract of carriage. Nevertheless, if at the time of the
conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods
had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at
the risk of the seller.

Article 69

(1) In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes
over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are
placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery.

(2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place
of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of
the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place.

(3) If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to
be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract.

Article 70

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If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do
not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach.

(Provisions Common to the Obligations of the Seller and of the Buyer
Anticipatory breach and installment contracts)

Article 71

(1) A party may suspend the performance of his obligations if, after the conclusion of the
contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of
his obligations as a result of: (a) a serious deficiency in his ability of perform or in his
creditworthiness; or (b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the
contract.

(2) If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds described in the
preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the handing over of the goods to
the buyer even though the buyer holds a document which entitles him to obtain them.
The present paragraph relates only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and
the seller.

(3) A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the goods,
must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party and must continue
with performance if the other party provides adequate assurance of his performance.

Article 72

(1) If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties
will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract
avoided.

(2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give
reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate
assurance of his performance.

(3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has
declared that he will not perform his obligations.

Article 73

(1) In the case of a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, if the failure of one
party to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment constitutes a
fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, the other party may
declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment.

- 39 -

(2) If one party's failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment
gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract
will occur with respect to future installments, he may declare the contract avoided for
the future, provided that he does so within a reasonable time.

(3) A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the
same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries
if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose
contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.

(Damages)

Article 74

Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including
loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages
may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at
the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which
he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of
contract.

Article 75

If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time
after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the
goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract
price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages
recoverable under article 74.

Article 76

(1) If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming
damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the
difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of
avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74. If, however, the
party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the
current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price
at the time of avoidance.

(2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing
at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current
price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute,
making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.

- 40 -

Article 77

A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in
the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach.
If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the
damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.

(Interest)

Article 78

If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is
entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under
article 74.

(Exemption)

Article 79

(1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the
failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be
expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the
contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.

(2) If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to
perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: (a)
he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and (b) the person whom he has so
engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him.

(3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the
impediment exists.

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(4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment
and its effect on his ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party
within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have
known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non- receipt.

(5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to
claim damages under this Convention.

Article 80

A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such
failure was caused by the first party's act or omission.

(Effects of avoidance)

Article 81

(1) Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it,
subject to any damages which may be due. Avoidance does not affect any provision of
the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision of the contract
governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the
contract.

(2) A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution
from the other party of whatever the first party has supplied or paid under the contract.
If both parties are bound to make restitution, they must do so concurrently.

Article 82


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(1) The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to
deliver substitute goods if it is impossible for him to make restitution of the goods
substantially in the condition in which he received them.

(2) The preceding paragraph does not apply: (a) if the impossibility of making restitution
of the goods or of making restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which
the buyer received them is not due to his act or omission; (b) the goods or part of the
goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination provided for in article
38; or (c) if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of
business or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal
use before he discovered or ought to have discovered the lack of conformity.

Article 83

A buyer who has lost the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to
deliver substitute goods in accordance with article 82 retains all other remedies under
the contract and this Convention.

Article 84

(1) If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the
date on which the price was paid.

(2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the
goods or part of them: (a) if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them; or
(b) if it is impossible for him to make restitution of all or part of the goods or to make
restitution of all or part of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received
them, but he has nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to
deliver substitute goods.


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(Preservation of the goods)

Article 85

If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, where payment of the price and
delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the
seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition,
the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them.
He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by
the buyer.

Article 86

(1) If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the
contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as
are reasonable in the circumstances. He is entitled to retain them until he has been
reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller.

(2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination
and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of
the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without
unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. This provision does not apply if
the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at
the destination. If the buyer takes possession of the goods under this paragraph, his
rights and obligations are governed by the preceding paragraph.

Article 87

A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a
warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense

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incurred is not unreasonable.

Article 88

(1) A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may
sell them by any appropriate means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the
other party in taking possession of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the
price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell
has been given to the other party.

(2) If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve
unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with
article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to sell them. To the extent possible he
must give notice to the other party of his intention to sell.

(3) A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount
equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them. He must
account to the other party for the balance.

(Final provisions)

Article 89

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary for
this Convention.

Article 90

This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already
been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters

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governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their places of business in
States parties, to such agreement.

Article 91

(1) This Convention is open for signature at the concluding meeting of the United
Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and will remain
open for signature by all States at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York
until 30 September 1981.

(2) This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory
States.

(3) This Convention is open for accession by all States which are not signatory States as
from the date it is open for signature.

(4) Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession are to be deposited
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 92

(1) A Contracting State may declare at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention or that it will
not be bound by Part III of this Convention.

(2) A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the preceding
paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is not to be considered a
Contracting State within paragraph (1) of article 1 of this Convention in respect of
matters governed by the Part to which the declaration applies.


- 46 -

Article 93

(1) If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which, according to its
constitution, different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with
in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to
one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration
at any time.

(2) These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to state expressly the
territorial units to which the Convention extends.

(3) If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention extends to one or
more but not all of the territorial units of a Contracting State, and if the place of business
of a party is located in that State, this place of business, for the purposes of this
Convention, is considered not to be in a Contracting State, unless it is in a territorial unit
to which the Convention extends.

(4) If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph (1) of this article, the
Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State.

Article 94

(1) Two or more Contracting States which have the same or closely related legal rules on
matters governed by this Convention may at any time declare that the Convention is not
to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of
business in those States. Such declarations may be made jointly or by reciprocal
unilateral declarations.

(2) A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules on matters

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governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting States may at any time
declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation
where the parties have their places of business in those States.

(3) If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding paragraph
subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date
on which the Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State, have
the effect of a declaration made under paragraph (1), provided that the new Contracting
State joins in such declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration.

Article 95

Any State may declare at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by subparagraph (1) (b) of
article 1 of this Convention.

Article 96

A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded in or
evidenced by writing may at any time make a declaration in accordance with article 12
that any provision of article 11, article 29, or Part II of this Convention, that allows a
contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance,
or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing, does not
apply where any party has his place of business in that State.

Article 97

(1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to
confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.


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(2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and be formally
notified to the depositary.

(3) A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention
in respect of the State concerned. However, a declaration of which the depositary
receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on the first day of the
month following the expiration of six months after the date of its receipt by the
depositary. Reciprocal unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day
of the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the latest
declaration by the depositary.

(4) Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw it at any
time by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary. Such withdrawal is
to take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after
the date of the receipt of the notification by the depositary.

(5) A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders inoperative, as from the
date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any reciprocal declaration made by another
State under that article.

Article 98

No reservations are permitted except those expressly authorized in this Convention.

Article 99

(1) This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this
article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the
date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,
including an instrument which contains a declaration made under article 92.

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(2) When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the
deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this
Convention, with the exception of the Part excluded, enters into force in respect of that
State, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the
month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of its
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

(3) A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention and is a party
to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts
for the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague
Formation Convention) and the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the
International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Sales
Convention) shall at the same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the
1964 Hague Sales Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying
the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.

(4) A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves
or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 92 that
it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention shall at the time of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by
notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.

(5) A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies, accepts,
approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under
article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention shall at the time of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Formation
Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.

(6) For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and accessions in

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respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention or
to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not be effective until such denunciations as
may be required on the part of those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have
themselves become effective. The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the
Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions, so as to
ensure necessary coordination in this respect.

Article 100

(1) This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for
concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into
force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1) (a) or the
Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1) (b) of article 1.

(2) This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the
Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in
subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of
article 1.

Article 101

(1) A Contracting State may denounce this Convention, or Part II or Part III of the
Convention, by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary.

(2) The denunciation takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration
of twelve months after the notification is received by the depositary. Where a longer
period for the denunciation to take effect is specified in the notification, the denunciation
takes effect upon the expiration of such longer period after the notification is received by
the depositary.


- 51 -

Done at Vienna, this day of eleventh day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eighty,
in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
texts are equally authentic.

In witness thereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized by their
respective Governments, have signed this Convention.

代理记帐业务约定书
甲方: (以下简称甲方)
乙方： (以下简称乙方)
经甲乙双方友好协商，自愿达成以下乙方为甲方提供会计代理服务相关事项的业务约定：
一、 乙方为甲方提供以下会计代理服务：建账、记账(总分类
账、二级明细账)、填制财务报表、税务报表 、国税申报、地税申报(含网上申报)。甲方如有其他服务要求，需在约定书中注明，口头商定无效。
二、甲方在每月25日至次月15日前，按时将本单位所发生合法的经济业务票据传给乙方(乙方可上门取送票据 ，每月壹次)并提供纳税申报所
需要的各种印章(公章、财务章、人名章等)。因甲方票据传递、提供各 种印章及税务机关要求的其他资料不及时，造成乙方延误各种纳税申报的，
责任由甲方自负。
三、在甲方按时传递经济业务票据及按时提供各种印章的情况下，乙方应按时为甲方代理纳税申报，造成延误各税 种申报的, 责任由乙方
负责。
四、乙方丢失票据，书写、计算错误而引起的税务罚款及滞纳 金，责任由乙方负责；甲方账外逃税、提供的虚假票据、提供原始凭证不符
合规定引起的税务责任，由甲 方负责。
五、甲方的出纳每月应主动与乙方会计核对银行账及现金账余额。
六、甲方 在签订业务约定书的同时付款，否则无效，到期后乙方接受甲方付款的视为约定延续，若到期后未续约付款的，约 定终止，双方不
再相互承担责任。
七、甲方在业务约定期间内如有地址、电话、开户银行及账 号、税务登记、工商登记等发生变化应在非报税期内三天、报税期内(每月25日
至次月15日)当天通 知乙方，不能及时通知乙方由此而产生的后果，由甲方自负。
八、业务约定到期或终止时，如果甲方 聘用乙方工作人员，乙方对业务约定期间的凭证、账目、税务出现的问题概不负责。
九、甲方为：1.纯地税户 2.国地税户3.一般纳税人，每月凭证不超过一本，无特殊核算要求(超出要求范围的，服务费另行协商)。
十、约定期限： 年 月至 年 月，付款方式：每 ，另每会计年度账本及报表资料费贰佰元，工商年检代理费贰
佰元，残保金代理费贰佰元； 年 月 日合计收取 元。
十一、本业务约定书一式两份，双方各持一份，经双方签 字盖章付款后生效。本约定书未尽事宜，甲乙双方应本着友好协商的态度进行协商解
决。
十二、会计每月25日至次月1日联系取票据，以下列举部分单据：
1、企业本月开具的发 票及与之相对应的收款凭证(进账单、现金送款单、现金收入凭单、出库单、发票领用存情况等)；
2、企业取得的购货发票及与之相对应的支出凭证(支票根、电汇单、现金支出凭单、入库单等)； < br>3、企业取得的费用发票(交通费、差旅费、通讯费、广告费、业务宣传费、房租、水电费、办公费、运费 、汽油费、保险单据等)及与之相
对应的支出凭证(支票根、电汇单、现金支出凭单等)；
4、银行缴税税票，利息单，进账单，支票存根，电汇单及其它各种银行票据；
5、企业自制原始凭单：工资单，折旧单等；

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6、一般纳税人发票汇总表(一套)，作废发票(联次齐全)，抵扣票认证清单，金税卡；
7、其它需要的资料_____________________________________
8、凭证报表由乙方暂存，待工作完成后，年度终了时返还客户。
注意：月末取票后企业如开具收入发票须立即通知乙方。
甲方： 乙方：
联系人： 联系人：
联系电话： 联系电话：
电子邮件 QQ: 地址：




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