国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)
法语专业-实习班主任工作计划
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）
What’s International
Trade?
The international trade is the
exchange of goods and services produced in one
country for
goods and services produced
in another country.
EXPORTING
Exporting is the process of earning money by
providing the right product at the right price at
the
right time in the right place beyond your
home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure
that the
exporter is to be paid for the goods
he sells.
EXW
EXW means the seller
delivers when he places the goods at the disposal
of the buyer at the
seller’s premises (法定地址)
or another named place. The seller doesn’t not
declare the goods for
export and he needn’t
load goods on any collecting vehicle.
FAS
Free alongside ship means that the seller
delivers when the goods are placed alongside the
vessel at
named port of shipment. This means
that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of
the goods from that
moment.
FOB
Free on Board means the seller delivers when
the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port
of
shipment. This means that the buyer has to
bear all the costs and risks from that point. The
FOB
terms require the seller to clear the
goods for export.
CFR
Cost and
freight means that the seller delivers when the
goods pass ship’s rail at the named port
of
shipment
CIF
CIF means that the
seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In
additional that he has to
procure marine
insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or
damage to the goods during the
carriage. The
seller contracts for insurance and pay the
insurance premium.
FCA, Free carrier
(…Named place)
It means that the seller
fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has
handed over the goods, cleared
for export,
into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer
at the named place or point. If no
precise
point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may
choose within the place or range stipulated
where the carrier shall take charge of the
goods. When, according to commercial practices,
the
seller’s assistance is required in making
the contract with the carrier, the seller may act
at the
buyer’s risk and expenses.
CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of
destination) 运费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the
seller pays the freight for the carriage of the
goods to the named destination,
the risk of,
loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any
additional costs due to events
occurring after
the time the goods have been delivered to the
carrier, is transferred from the
seller to the
buyer when the goods have been delivered into the
custody of the carrier.
CIP,
Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of
destination) 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the
seller has the same obligations as under CPT but
with the addition that the
seller has to
procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk
of, loss of, or damage to the
goods during the
carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and
pays the insurance
premium.
DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of
destination) 船上交货（…指定目的港）
It means that the
seller shall make the goods available to the buyer
on board the ship at the
destination named in
the sales contract. The seller has to bear the
full cost and risks involved in
bringing the
goods there.
DEQ, Delivered ex
Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定目的港）
It means that the seller makes the goods
available to the buyer on the quay at the
destination
named in the sales contract. The
seller has to bear the full cost and risks
involved on bringing
the goods there.
DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of
destination) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）
It means that the
seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the
goods have been made available at
the named
place in the country of importation. The seller
has to bear all the costs and risks
involved
in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost
and risk of carrying out customs
formalities
for export. The buyer has to pay any additional
costs and bear any risks caused by his
failure
to clear the goods for import in time.
DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of
destination)完税后交货（…指定目的地）
It means that the
seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the
goods have been made
available at the named
place in the country of importation. The seller
has to bear all the risks
and costs including
duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the
goods, clearing for
importation. It represents
the maximum obligation borne by the seller.
DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place)
边境交货（…指定地点）
It means that the seller fulfils
his obligation to deliver when the goods have been
made
available, cleared for export, at the
named point of place at the frontier, but before
the customs
border of the country named in the
sales contract.
Quality of goods
The quality of goods refers to the
outward appearance and the essential quality of
the goods, such
as shape, structure, color,
flavors well as chemical composition, physical and
mechanical property,
biological feature,
international trade, quality of the goods not only
concerns the value in use and
the price of the
goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods
and credit standing of the manufacturer.
Sale by samples.
The sample refers to
the article which can be used to represent the
quality of the whole lot.
Sale by sample
includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s
sample and sale, sale by the
buyer’s sample
and sale by counter sample
Sale by actual
quality:（ 以实际品质交货）
In this case, the buyer
or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place
at first. After they
conclude a deal, the
seller shall deliver the goods according to the
goods examined.
Sale by
description:（以说明表示）
In international
business, most commodities are suitable to sale by
description which can be
subdivided into 7
kinds
Sale by specification:（凭规格买卖）
The specification of the goods refers to
certain main indicators which indicate the quality
of
the goods, such as composition, content,
purity, size, length, etc.
Sale by grade:
（凭等级买卖）
The grade of the goods refers to the
classifications of the commodity of the goods
which is
indicated by words, numbers or
symbols. The classifications are usually decided
by different
qualities, weights, compositions,
appearances, properties, etc.
Sale by
standard: （凭标准买卖）
The standard refers to the
specifications or grades which are stipulated and
announced by the
government or the chambers of
commerce, etc.
F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）
In
the international agricultural and by-product
market, there is a commonly adopted standard,
i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to
the average level of the export commodity within a
certain period of time.
Sale by brand
name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖
As to the goods
whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and
with which the customers are
quite familiar,
we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)
Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖
There
are some agricultural products and by-products
whose origins are well- known all over
the
world.
Sale by description:
凭说明书和图样买卖
The quality of some commodities,
such as technological instruments, electric
machines, etc.
can not be simply indicated by
quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to
explain in detail
the structure, material,
performance as well as method of operation. If
necessary, pictures,
photos, etc. must also be
provided.
Quality Tolerance品质公差
The
quality tolerance is used in the trade of
industrial products, which means that the quality
of the goods delivered by the seller is
allowed to have certain differences within a
certain
range since such differences are
usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the
usage of
the same special trade. Quality
tolerance is mainly used for industrial products
Quality latitude 品质机动幅度
The quality
latitude means that the quality indexes of the
goods delivered by the seller may be
controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.
The packing of goods
In
international trade packing is one of the
essential component parts of commodity production.
Generally speaking, only packed commodities
can enter into the circulation field, and attain
the
commercial value and use value of the
goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it
good in
quality and intact in quantity in the
circulation process.
Neutral packing and
brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌
It
means that there is neither a name of the origin,
nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark,
a brand, or even any words on the packing of
the commodity and the commodity itself. It
includes two kinds: packing with trade mark
designated by the buyer but without the mark of
the manufacturers and origins packing and
without trade mark and origins as well as the
mark of the manufacturers
Brand
designated by the buyer:
It means that the
seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the
package of the commodity
or the commodity
itself as buyer’s request.
定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或
包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做
法叫定牌生产。
Shipping
mark: 运输标志
这种标志又称唛头，通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的丈字组成。
It
is usually made up of geometrical diagrams,
letters, figures and simple words. The contents
of shipping mark are as follows:
nee’s
code or Consignor’s code
2. Reference Number
ation
e number
The shipping mark also
include the contract number, gross and net weight,
origin, etc..
Indicative
mark: （指示性标志）
This kind of mark is used to
reminder the relative workers of the items for
attention when they
load, unload, carry and
store the goods, such as ‘ handle with care’,
‘keep dry’ etc.
Warning mark:
（警告性标志）
It is also called dangerous cargo
mark, which is brushed clearly and definitely on
the shipping
packing of the inflammable,
explosive, poisonous, corrosive goods, so as to
give warnings to
the workers.
Commodity Inspection
The inspection of
commodities refers to that inspection institutions
should examine the quality,
quantity, packing,
etc. of commodities delivered by the seller in
order to make sure that the goods are
exactly
in conformity with the terms of sales contract or
the stipulations of documentary credit.
International Cargo Transportation
The
international cargo transportation refers to the
act of the seller delivering the contracted
cargoes at the agreed time, place and in the
agreed manners, to the buyer (Physical delivery of
goods). Actually, in modern business society,
international cargo transportation also means to
transfer the shipping documents at the
stipulated time to the buyer (Symbolic delivery of
goods).
Tramp(Shipping by chartering)
租船运输
It means a freight-carrying vessel
which has no regular route or schedule of sailings
or port or
freight. The shipper charters ship
from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods.
It falls into 3
kinds:
Natural
calamities自然灾害
They are caused by the
forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g.,
vile weather, thunder,
lightning,
tsunami(tsu'nɑ:mi)(海啸), earthquake, flood, etc.
Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故
They include accidents resulting from unexpected
causes, the carrying conveyance being
grounded, stranded, or in collision with
floating ice or other objects, as well as fire or
explosion.
Actual Total Loss: 实际全损
It means that the insured subject matter is
totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.
Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损
It is
estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is
inevitable or the cost of salvage or
recovery
could have exceed the value of the cargo.
General Average: 共同海损
It
refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra
expense intentionally incurred for the
general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer,
and the
owners of the various cargoes abroad
the a ship is in danger, the captain must make a
decision and one of shippers will order to
compensate the special sacrifice,all the others
will
club together to re-compensate him for
loss.
Particular average: 单独海损
It
means that a particular cargo is damaged by any
cause and the degree of the damage does not
reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss,
which shall be borne by the owner of this
individual
consignment.
With
particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险
It covers
partial loss due to vile weather, lightning,
tsunami, earthquake andor flood as well
as the
risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned
above.
All risks: 一切险
Aside
from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A.
conditions as above, this
insurance also
covers all risks of losses or damage to the
insured goods whether partial or total,
arising from special additional risks.
Additional risks 附加险
This kind of
risk can’t be covered independently; They shall be
underwritten depending on
one kind of the
basic risks.
General additional risks 一般附加险
Special additional risks 特殊附加险
General
Additional Risks
It includes theft, fresh and
rain water damage, shortage, leakage, sweating and
heating ,intermixture and contamination, odor,
hook damage, breakage of packing, rusting,
etc.
Special additional risks
includes
It includes war risk,strikes
risk,failure to delivery,import duty risk,on deck
risk,rejection risk and
aflatoxin risk.
Insurance Certificate 保险凭证
It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and
the rights and obligations of two parties are
omitted. But it has the same legal validity as
the insurance policy.
Bill of exchange 汇票
A bill of exchange is an unconditional
order in writing, addressed by one person to
another,
signed by the person giving it,
requiring the person to whom it is addressed to
pay on demand,
or at a fixed or
determinable further time, a sum certain in money
to, or to the order of, a
specified person, or
to any bearer.
The drawer出票人
The person who draws the bill of exchange and he
is usually the exporter or his banker in
import or export trade.
The drawee付款人
The person who is to pay the money and he
is usually the importer or the appointed
banker under a letter of credit in import and
export trade.
The payee 受款人
The
person who is to receive the money, he may be, and
often is, the same person as the
drawer and he
is usually the exporter himself or his appointed
banker in business or he may be
the bearer of
the bill.
Drawing (issuing) 出票
It means the act of the drawer in
filling up the bill of exchange with particulars
as to
the name of the drawee, the amount
payable, the date of payment and the name of the
payee,
and after signature, the drawer may
present the bill to the drawee through the medium
of the
payee or a banker.
Presentation提示
It refers to the act of
the holder of the bill of exchange presenting the
bill to the drawee,
asking the later either to
pay or to accept the bill. The drawee’s receiving
or seeing the bill is
called sight.
Acceptance承兑
It means the act of
the drawee to show his responsibility by accepting
the usance bill
for payment at a fixed future
date by writing the word “accepted”, marking the
date of
acceptance and signing on the face of
the bill.
Endorsement背书
It may
be a negotiable instrument, and may be
transferable in the international money
market. In the case of a “to order” bill of
exchange, endorsement is needed in the procedure
of
negotiation or transfer by the payee by
signing his name on the back of the bill, either
blank
endorsement which makes the bill payable
to the bearer or holder, or full endorsement with
the name of the transferee and his order, who
is called the endorsee.
Dishonour
(Protesting) 拒付
When a bill has been
duly presented for acceptance or payment and the
acceptance or
payment has been refused, the
bill is said to be dishonored.
Promissory
Note: 本票
A promissory note is an
unconditional promise in writing made by one
person to
another signed by the maker,
engaging in paying, on demand or at a fixed or
determinable
future time, a sum certain in
money to, or to a order of, a specified person or
to a bearer.
Classification of the
promissory note 本票的分类
A Promissory Note
is classified into bank note and commercial note.
Bank note is issued
by the bank; but
commercial note is issued by the business unit or
the individual.
Cheque 支票
A
cheque is an unconditional order in writing drawn
on a banker signed by the drawer,
requiring
the banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money
to or to the order of specified
person or to a
bearer.
Remittance 汇付 The
definition and parties of remittance 汇付的定义及其当事人
Remittance means that the buyer remits
money to the seller through a bank on his own
initiative.
Parties of remittance
Remitter汇款人
Payee or beneficiary收款人
Paying bank汇入行
Remitting bank汇出行
Mail transfer (MT):(信汇)
The buyer
gives money to a local bank which sends a trust
deed（契约） for payment to
its correspondent bank
at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with
the task to pay money to
the seller.
Telegraphic transfer (TT)(电汇)
At
the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a
trust deed for payment by cable or
tested
telegram directly to its correspondent bank at the
seller’s end and entrusts the work to it
to
pay money to the seller.
Demand draft
(DD): (票汇)
The buyer buys a draft from
a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller,
the seller
or his appointed person can collect
money from the relative bank at his end against
the draft
sent by the buyer.
Collection 托收
Collection means that
the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the
acceptance or
payment of the bill overseas,
and the bank will carry his task through it’s own
branch office
abroad or a correspondent bank.
Collection on Clean bill
It means that the exporter collects the purchase
price against the draft only, without
any
shipping documents attached thereto.
Collection on documentary bill
It
means that the exporter collects the purchase
price against the documentary bill. It
can be
subdivided into two kinds:
Document
against payment (DP)
DP calls for actual
payment against the transfer of shipping
documents. There is DP at
sight and DP after
sigh 。
DP at sight
After
shipment of the goods, the exporter shall draw a
sight bill of exchange, and send it
as well as
shipping documents to a local bank, through which
and whose correspondent bank the
documentary
draft is presented to the importer. The importer
shall pay against the documentary
draft drawn
by the seller at sight. It requires immediate
payment by the importer to get hold of
the
documents.
Documents against acceptance
(DA)
It calls for deliver of documents
against acceptance of the draft drawn by the
exporter.
DA is always after sight,
and it makes the importer get hold of shipping
documents
and take delivery of the goods
before payment. So the exporter would have to take
great risks
LC
In simple terms, a LC
is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of
payment.
Expressed more carefully, it is a
written undertaking by a bank given to the seller
at the
request and in accordance with the
instructions of the buyer to effect payment up to
a stated sum
of money, within a prescribed
time limit and against stipulated documents.
Issuing bank(开证行)
which is the bank
receiving the application from the applicant to
issue the LC and will be
responsible for
payment. It is usually a bank at the place where
the importer’s premise is
located.
The negotiating bank(议付行)
which is a bank
ready to accept or discount the documentary bill
drawn by the beneficiary
under the LC. The
negotiating bank may be the advising bank or
another bank appointed to
negotiate under the
LC.
paying bank(付款行)
which is a bank
responsible for the payment specified in the LC.
It is usually the issuing bank
or it may be
another bank appointed by the issuing bank
according to stipulation in the LC.
Confirming
bank(保兑行)
which is the bank confirmed in the
LC at the request of the issuing bank.
Revocable LC: 可撤消信用证
The opening
bank may amend or revoke the credit before
negotiation, acceptance or payment
without
agreement of the beneficiary.
Irrevocable LC:
不可撤消信用证
Once the LC is opened, without
agreement of the beneficiary, the opening bank
can’t amend or
revoke the LC within its
validity. As long as the beneficiary provides the
documents in accordance
with the stipulation
in the LC, the opening bank shall perform its duty
of payment
Confirmed LC: 保兑信用证
The confirmed LC should be an irrevocable LC
confirmed by the confirming bank.
Once an LC
is confirmed, there are two banks to be
responsible for the payment of the
purchase
price, i.e., the opening bank and the confirming
bank.
Unconfirmed LC: 不可保兑信用证
The LC isn’t confirmed by any bank.
Transferable LC: 可转让信用证
It allows
the beneficiary to transfer the amount partly or
wholly of the LC to one or
more than one
parties, i.e., the second beneficiary.
Non-
transferable LC: 不可转让信用证
The beneficiary
can’t transfer the LC to other parties.
Acceptance LC: 承兑信用证
This kind of
LC is accepted by the bank. When the beneficiary
presents the time draft
to the bank, the bank
will accept it and pay the price on the due date.
Negotiation LC: 议付信用证
The
opening bank invites other bank to buy draft and
or documents. This kind of LC
allows the
beneficiary to negotiate the purchase price from
an indicated bank or any bank.
Back to
back LC:
The exporter sends the LC
established by the importer in his favor to a bank
as sole
security, requiring the local bank to
reopen an LC in favor of the actual exporter. The
LC
opened by the importer is called the
original LC, while the second LC issued in favor
of the
actual exporter at the request of the
exporter is called the subsidiary LC.
Anticipatory credit: 预支信用证
It is
called the packing credit. The opening bank allows
the beneficiary to collect the
purchase price
against the draft or other evidence, but he must
give a receipt and an
undertaking to present
the required shipping documents within the
validity of the credit.
Standby LC:
备用信用证
It is also called the commercial
paper LC, which is a guaranty issued by the
opening
bank on behalf of the applicant
declaring that the bank will undertake certain
obligations. It is
a special LC which
Northern American countries usually use instead of
a letter of guarantee.
The roles assumed by
the standby not only include making payment but
also include
guaranteeing to perform a
contract, making repayment for loan, and
fulfilling other agreed
obligations.
Letter of guarantee (LG): 银行保函
It is
a written document issued by the bank on behalf of
the importer or exporter in
favor of the
latter or the former guaranteeing to undertake
payment, conclusion or
performance of a
contract, etc.
The definition of claim
and satisfaction:
Claim means that in
international trade, one party breaks the contract
and cause losses to the
other party directly
or indirectly, the party suffering the losses may
ask for compensation for
the losses.
Satisfaction means that the party breaking the
contract declares that he will accept
and
handle the claim.
Arbitration 仲裁
It means that the two parties, before or after the
disputes arise, reach a written agreement that
they will submit the disputes which can’t be
settled through amicable negotiations to the third
party for arbitration.