要中英习语文化差别-英语-毕业论文-英语专业
英语二级试题-罗密欧与朱丽叶读后感
陕西师范大学远程教育学院
函授生毕业论文
论文题目 论中英习语的文化差别
姓名 李小艳 学号 专业
英语
年级 2014级 层次 专升本 教学点 榆林函授站
交论文时间
2016 年 1 月20日
评 语
成绩__________
评阅教师__________
备注：论文成绩采取优秀、良好、及格、不及格四个等级进行评阅
0
Cultural
Differences between English and Chinese
Idiomatic Phrases
Abstract
Idioms are
social products, carrying a nation's
civilization. Life can be used and seen
anywhere. They have rich
cultural
connotations, reflecting the different ethnic
groups
in history, geography, religion,
customs and ways of thinking.
So it is
necessary to compare their culture. In this paper,
the
author will discuss the idioms in five
levels: living
environment, custom, religion,
allusion, and acknowledge of
objective things.
The translation of idioms in both languages
should not only be a simple conversion, but
also cultural
exchanges.
Key Words:
Idioms; culture; culture differences
1
Catalogue
Abstract
.................................................
1
Introduction
............................................. 3
1 Cultural differences between English and
Chinese Idioms 3
1.1 Differences in living
environment ................. 3
1.2
Differences in Customs
............................ 5
1.3 Cultural
Differences in Religious Beliefs ......... 7
1.4 Allusion
.......................................... 9
1.5 Different opinions on objects
.................... 10
Conclusion
.............................................. 13
Bibliography:
........................................... 14
2
Introduction
Language carries a rich connotations about
culture, however, the
idiom, as the essence of
a language, is even more so. A lot of forms of
fixed, brachylogy, concision, and full of
implications, rather ethnic
characteristics of
the idioms are from in English and Chinese long
history.
The idiom has a strong cultural
identity and is the core and essence of
language and an important part of society and
culture. These idioms and
this nation’s
customs, history and culture are linked in
countless ways.
“Culture is a complex body,
including physicals, knowledge, beliefs,
arts,
ethics, law, customs, and the rest of the ability
and habit which
learned from the community.”A
nations’ values, social customs, ways of
thinking are all most vividly manifest in the
idiom.
About Idiomatic phrases, “ Oxford”
explanation is that the idiom is
divided into
two meanings:(1) language of a people or country
；specific
character of this
；（2）(gram)succession of words whose meaning is not
obvious through knowledge of the individual
meanings of the constituent
words but must be
lean as a whole. Therefore, the Idiomatic phrases,
including idioms, proverbs, sayings, phrases,
slang and allusions.
From the Linguistic
Weltanschauungs, the national life of the Earth
is only one; therefore, the commonalities of
different ethnic language
and culture must
exist. However, “different ethnic languages,
because
the physical environment and located
in different geographical, social
and cultural
philosophies of origins are diverse, and thus
there must be
its own unique national
identity. In any case, cultural differences, the
reality is prevailing at this stage.”
1.1
Differences in living environment
As
the United Kingdom is located in an island nation,
English people
has always been good at
sailing; the maritime industry has always occupied
an important position, a lot of English idioms
are nautical terms which
used by sailors, and
later people on the ground who also gradually use
it. Such as: all at sea (All at sea, as a
metaphor for at a loss),hang
in the wind
(Swaying in the wind, as a metaphor for hesitating
to do things),
three sheets in the wind(three
sails feet shaking, as a metaphor for
drinking
too much), all hands to the pumps(All have gone to
pumping, as
3
a
metaphors foe critical issues, we must go all
out), in the same boat(This
is the sailor
said: “with somebody at the same boat”, and,
later, people
use it to express “the situation
is the same to somebody”) and so on.
China has
vast territory, although near the sea, and the
coastline is very
long, but the maritime
industry has been in a backward state. Though with
the navigation-related idiom there are a few,
such as “same boat”,
“through thick and thin”,
“the drowned disaster” , etc .China mainly
locates in the Asian continent, is a
landlocked country, the land is vital
for
people, people can not live without the land, so
there are many
agriculture-related idioms in
Chinese, such as: “Tu yangjie he”, “the
collapse of soil bang”, “extermination”,
“home-grown”, “comeback”
and so on.
In the
Chinese cultural atmosphere, summer is often
linked with the
intense heat, there are many
idioms describing the hot summer, such as:
“Jiao yang si huo”,“scorch like fire”and so
on. The United Kingdom
is located in the North
Temperate Zone, summer weather is cool and
pleasant,
and it often together with lovely,
warm and good, beautiful the words.
In
Shakespeare's sonnets, Shakespeare draws an
analogy between lover and
summer,“shall I
compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art lovelier
and
more temperate.” In addition, the United
Kingdom is located in the Western
Hemisphere,
the reporter is the message of spring westerly
winds, while
in Chinese, and the east wind is
the reporter about spring.
In addition,
people always use the “bamboo” to describe as
that:
“the things are rapid development” in
China. English idiom is synonymous
with “like
mushrooms”(like a mushroom General).Because
Britain does not
produce bamboo,“bamboo”in
English this word comes from Malay.
1.2
Geographical environment
Britain is an
island country. People who live along seacoast and
whose
livelihood is dependent on the sea will
have idioms about water, sailing,
island and
fish. For example, we speak in Chinese 挥金 如 土 ，but
we
should render it into English as
lot of
English idioms about ship, water and fish: close
as an
oyster守口如瓶), 欺世盗名).
On the other
hand, the Han People live on land, they belong to
an
agrarian society that places agricultural
production at the top of the
4
national agenda, During the long history of
farming, the Chinese language
has accumulated
large numbers of farmers' idioms, like
二人同心，黄土
变金(When two people are of the same
mind, even clay may be changed into
gold)，上无片瓦，下无寸土(as poor as a church mouse).
Britain is located in western hemisphere,
with North Temperate Zone
and marine climate,
so
abounds in rain can be proved in some
idioms concerning rain:
hay while the sun
shines趁热打铁), （穷困时期）,
or shine（无论如何）, Chinese
culture,
of springspring is warm and colorful,
and it is regarded as the
beginning of all
lives. There are many idioms in China, which refer
to
spring： 春暖花开 (in warm spring, all the
blossoms are in full bloom.),
一年之计在于春 (the
whole year's work consists in a good start in
spring.
1.3 Differences in Customs
Culture
is long acquired from customs and habits. These
customs and
habits are representative of the
way of living of a certain speech
community
and they are mirrored in the habitual speaking of
the language.
Idiom has a strong flavor of
life and distinct ethnic characteristics.
Customs of a nation are reflections of
cultural awareness and performance
in the long
years of evolving by the nation’ s psychological
state of
domination. Colorful ethnic customs,
which constitute the roots of idioms
and is
soil which idioms, depends on the resilience to
survive and get
the deep, and a lot of idioms
are from folk idioms. Example, Apple-pie
is a
traditional food and is from the United States
population. Some women
used to start the week,
first baked apple pies are 7, and then discharge
them in turn in the food shelves. Monday is to
eat first lattice pie,
Tuesday is to eat
second grid. Do the same by analogy. Therefore,
apple-pie
order (the order of apple pie) has
become a synonym for neat and orderly.
For
example: Before her guests arrived, the hostess
had put her house in
apple-pie order.
Chinese idiom “xiao cai yi die” and the
English Idioms a piece of
cake (a cake), all
mean easy things. In this sense, the Chinese
language,
“side dishes” and English “cake”
contain “easy things” meaning. But
in the
idiom, the expression of same idea is completely
different in the
form between Chinese and
English, and it is a relationship with eating
habits. The Cake is very common form of food
in the Britain .The British
often used it in
life, so they will use a piece of cake that easy
to do.
5
In China, the cake
appear Over the past few hundred years in people's
life,
is a High-grade food, generally only in
exceptional circumstances can eat.
The dish
has had an important place in the lives of the
Chinese people,
eating a dish is easy for
Chinese people, so we use “a piece of cake”
to
describe a very easy thing for a long time .
Because this eating customs
are different，when
Chinese and English idioms express the same
meaning
from food culture, they use a
completely different form.
Culture is long
acquired from customs and habits. These customs
and
habits are representative of the way of
living of a certain speech
community and they
are mirrored in the habitual speaking of the
language.
Due to different living
conventions , different nations have obvious
cultural differences in concept of value and
aesthetic standards. For
instance ,in Chinese
,the word“old”is the honorific title to the
experienced. For thousands of years , family ,
to the Chinese , is always
an important and
stable part of life. Whether the old is in family
or in
society , they are revered. In Chinese
culture ,“old”was the symbol of
wisdom and
experience. Therefore , it is not surprising that
in Chinese
there exists such idioms as 老成持重 (
experienced and prudent) , 老当
益壮 (old but
vigorous) 老将出马 , 一个顶俩(when a veteran goes into
action , he can do the job of two ) . However
, in western countries ,
especially in America
, the development of industry has spoiled the
traditional relationship between family
members. Most people have to show
their care
about the old by making a phone call . With the
declining social
position of the old and the
rising role of the young , the latter has become
the center of the whole society , which
attaches importance to those full
of vigor. In
American culture ,“old”means the end of youth ,
the decline
of vigor. Therefore , most
Americans mentally resist the idea of becoming
old and try to keep young. They are not
willing to use word“old” just
because of the
connotation of it . And the idiomatic expression
such as
“
you don’t look your age”is
welcomed.
To illustrate this point further ,
let’s take the animal words for
example.
People in the West have had a long tradition of
keeping pets.
To them , domestic animals such
as dogs and cats are dear and valued
companions. However in China dog is disgusting
in people’s eyes.
Naturally they have
different idiomatic expressions toward dog in the
use of language. For instance , in Chinese
people have such derogative
expressions as 狗腿子
,狗崽子 ,狗急跳墙 ,狗嘴吐不 出象牙. Nonetheless ,
in English
people have favorable expressions as follows :
love me ,love
my dog (爱屋及乌) ,top dog (最重要的 人物)
,lucky dog (幸运儿) , dog -
tired (筋疲力竭) ,to lead
a dog’s life (过着牛马不如的生活) .
Another case
in point is dragon. Chinese people admire and
worship
this imagined animal .It is the symbol
of the Chinese nation and it
6
is the symbol of authority , strength and good
fortune. In English , though
dragon can bring
the association of “strength ”and“power”, it gives
derogatory association. When seeing this word
in English , people always
think of cruelty ,
devilishness and viciousness. But Chinese idioms
such
as 望子成龙 ,龙飞凤舞 ,龙子龙 孙 ,龙凤呈祥 express
Chinese people’s
appreciation and love to
dragon.
Similarly , owl implies wisdom and
calmness in the West . “As wise
as an owl
”indicates that English - speaking people
associate wisdom
with this bird. In children’s
books and cartoons , the owl is usually
solemn
and wise. In disputes among birds and beasts , it
is the owl that
they go to for advice.
Sometimes , the bird is considered as impractical
and foolish. But in general , the owl stands
for wisdom. However , there
is a superstitious
belief that this bird is a sign of bad luck and
the
symbol of sinister things among many
Chinese. So comes the common Chinese
saying
夜猫子进宅 , 无事不来 (“an owl visiting a home ”portends
misfortune in that household) . The mere sight
of an owl or the sound
of the creature’s
hooting might cause people to draw back in fear.
1.4 Cultural Differences in Religious
Beliefs
Religious differences are typical
of the psychological and cultural
differences.
Religion has played a very important role in the
development
of all different nations. Western
people are Christian faith, and the
Chinese
are Buddhist faith. Thus, a large number of
idioms, which related
to religion, appear to
the English language. In many Western countries,
especially in the Anglo-American, they are
Christians, related idioms
such as: “God helps
those who help themselves.”,“Go to hell.”This
curse
and so on.
The Bible” was adopted
Christianity as its classic, because“the Bible”
tells a lot with religious myths and legends
related to the Jews, codes,
religious rules,
and some of the facts and so on. It reflects the
emotions
of the ancients, entreaties and
ideals. Therefore, a large number of
idioms
are from “Bible” Such as: Job’s patience “very
patient”, “Judas
Kiss”, a daughter of
Eve“woman”, as wise as Solomon “superior
7
intelligence” and so on. This
shows that the“Bible” of the impact of
the
English language.
“Buddhism was introduced
into China in Western Han Dynasty. There have
been already 1000 years of history. There
appear lots of idioms which form
Chinese
Buddhism in China. They believe the “Buddha”
dominates
everything in the earth，there are
many idioms, such as: “borrow something
to
make a gift of it, leisure does not burn incense,
five body cast, the
back is the shore, paying
homage to Tao is one foot tall high magic Yi
Zhang and so on.”
Religion , the main
component of human culture , reflects different
attitudes towards admiration and taboo of each
nation. Chinese culture
is deeply affected by
Taoism , Buddhism and Confucianism , among which
the effect of Buddhism is the most inveterate
, while English culture is
greatly influenced
by Christianity. There is no question that Chinese
idioms reflect the influence of Buddhism ,
whereas English idioms are
closely related to
Christianity. For instance , 远看菩萨 ,近看泥巴 and
平时不烧香 ,临时抱佛脚 are taken from Buddhism , 灵丹妙药
and 回光返照
from Taoism. In contrast , idioms
from the Bible and Christianity are also
abundant , such as a thorn in the flesh (眼中钉)
,the forbidden fruit
(果) ,the apple of one’s
eye (掌上明珠) ,a covenant of salt (不可背弃
的盟约)
,gird up one’s loins( 准备行动),as poor as Job the
church mouse(家徒四壁) , pride goes before a fall
(骄兵必败) ,and so on.
8
1.5
Allusion
Different countries possess
different history culture , which mainly
comprises allusion , myths , poems , ancient
books and records , etc. Among
them , allusion
is the most important it reflects the national
characteristic. Idioms from history culture
are the gems of human cultural
heritage. It is
worthwhile for us to learn them well . Chinese and
English
idioms , springing from different
cultural background , differ from each
other
to a great extent . A knowledge of the historical
background of the
English and Chinese idioms
may help us to comprehend what they really mean.
A study of several examples will illustrate
this : 妙手回春 and 对症下
药 come from traditional
Chinese medicine , 拔苗助长 and 杞人忧天 from
classical works. English idioms are mainly
from the life experience of
the English people
(e. g. to give somebody the cold shoulder , to be
in
the same boat , to read between the lines ,
to be in the soup) , Shakespeare’
s plays (e.
g. much ado about nothing , gild paint the lily ,
bay bark
at the moon) , myths , legends ,
fables (e. g. sour grapes , Achilles’
heel ,
the lion’s share. ) , in addition to Bible. Having
been customarily
used for ages in terse terms
and with incisive meanings , Chinese idioms
carry more historical color and literary
allusions than do English
idioms .
In
brief , as language learners , the more we learn
about the cultural
differences in English and
Chinese idioms , the better they can understand
and utilize them. The above analysis of
reasons causing cultural
differences and their
influences on idiomatic expressions only provides
a way for us to study them , which is intended
to enhance our intercultural
awareness so as
to comprehend and use idioms from different
cultures
precisely and accurately.
English
language has much less idioms from historical
events than the
Chinese language, but there
are still some, for example,
Waterloo一败涂地) is
from the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815,
which means to be completely defeated; The
idiom evacuation敦
刻尔克撤退)comes from the Second
World War and originally meant the
9
retreat of the English-French
troops forced by the German.
English idioms,
there are some from history, and some are from
fables,
myths and legends, and their structure
are simple, but its significance
is far-
reaching. Therefore, they have a high value of
researching. From
the Greek myth of Achilles'
heel leads people to think of “The only
Achilles heel”; cat’ s paw literally
translated as a cat’s claws, it
is from
“Aesop’s Fables”, metaphor is used to “having been
used as
a tool to use” or “the subject of to
fool people” between Scylla and
Carbides
translated as “a dilemma” ,is from Homer’s epics;
Pandora’
s box literal translation for the
Pandora’s box, which means “endless
disaster”.
Chinese idioms are mainly derived from the
Chinese classical fables、
stories and legends.
For example, trust to chance and stroke of luck;
only
pay lip service, “The foolish old man who
removed the mountain”. “Making
a mark on the
Boat to Looking for a Sword”. Those are derived
from fable;
Chang E flying to the moon,
putting the finishing touch to the picture
of
a dragon, “Jingwei Trying to fill up the Sea”,
those idioms are from
myths and legends. These
idioms fully reflects the Han nationality's
unique ancient culture, it is difficult to
find equivalent idiom in
English also showing
the great differences with the English national
culture. Allusions in English idiom come from
the “Bible” and the Greek
and Roman mythology,
such as “the Achilles’ heel” (the Achilles heel
of the sole), “meet one’s waterloo” (suffered
a crushing defeat),
“Penelope’s web” (never
able to fulfill the work), “a Pandora’s box”
(Pandora’s the case dates disaster, trouble,
the root causes of the
scourge), etc.
1.6
Different opinions on objects
The meanings of
all wisdom which related to animals are very
different
between English and Chinese
languages. Because the two peoples who
attitude towards animals is different. Two
peoples have the habit of dogs,
but in China,
people psychologically hate the creatures. Thus,
in Chinese,
the most idiom which related to
“dog” is derogatory , such as: henchman,
the
dog saw were low, a person who offers bad advice,
a cornered beast
will do something desperate,
dogs bad one did not know a good heart. Lu
10
Sun, a famous scholar once called
on people to “tong daluo shui gou”.
This shows
that Chinese people hate dogs and have no praise
to the dog.
However, for Westerners, either
gatekeepers or hunting dogs can also
be
regarded as human pets, friends or partner. So the
Westerners have pity
emotions to the dog. Many
English idioms that related to dogs are not
derogatory. Celebrity Roland during the French
Revolution, famously
Madame Roland said: ”
obviously, “dog” in the Western is a favorite
animal and is “faithful”
symbol. In English,
the words with “dog” are complimentary sense,
among
these are “Love me, love my dog.”; “A
top dog” (the winners, so the
overall
situation of people); “a gay dog” (Happy); “a sea
dog”
(experienced sailor); “A water dog”
(water well person); “to help a
lame dog over
a stile” (to help others in distress), “You are a
lucky
dog” (You’re really lucky), “better be
the head of a dog than the tail
of a lion” (I
would rather be beheaded, not to a cow’s rump)as a
warning
motto. Another example: “Bear” in
Chinese and Westerners, produced in
the minds
of associative meanings are very different. When
it comes to
the “Bear”, Chinese people will
think about the “useless, no skill”
and other
cultural contents, such as “Look at his bear-
like”, “True
Bear” and other derogatory term.
In English, the bear may be described
with
special talents, such as people: “He is a bear at
math.” He was
a mathematical genius. Have this
can be seen that the same animal words
in
different cultural background brings different
associations.
1.7Conventional influence
Due to different living conventions ,
different nations have obvious
cultural
differences in concept of value and aesthetic
standards. For
instance , in Chinese , the
word“old”is the honorific title to the
experienced. For thousands of years , family ,
to the Chinese , is always
an important and
stable part of life. Whether the old is in family
or
in society , they are revered. In Chinese
culture ,“old”was the symbol
of wisdom and
experience. Therefore , it is not surprising that
in Chinese
there exists such idioms as 老成持重 (
experienced and prudent) , 老
当益壮 (old but
vigorous) 老将出马 , 一个顶俩(when a veteran goes into
action , he can do the job of two ) . However
, in western countries ,
11
especially in America , the development of
industry has spoiled the
traditional
relationship between family members. Most people
have to show
their care about the old by
making a phone call . With the declining social
position of the old and the rising role of the
young , the latter has
become the center of
the whole society , which attaches importance to
those full of vigor. In American culture
,“old”means the end of youth ,
the decline of
vigor. Therefore , most Americans mentally resist
the idea
of becoming old and try to keep
young. They are not willing to use word
“old”
just because of the connotation of it . And the
idiomatic
expression such as“you don’t look
your age”is illustrate
this point further ,
let’s take the animal words for example. People
in the West have had a long tradition of
keeping pets. To them , domestic
animals such
as dogs and cats are dear and valued companions.
However
in China dog is disgusting in people’s
eyes. Naturally they have different
idiomatic
expressions toward dog in the use of language. For
instance ,
in Chinese people have such
derogative expressions as 狗腿子 ,狗崽子 ,
狗急跳墙 ,狗嘴吐不
出象牙. Nonetheless , in English people have
favorable expressions as follows : love me
,love my dog (爱屋及乌) ,top
dog (最重要的 人物) ,lucky
dog (幸运儿) , dog - tired (筋疲力竭) , to
lead a
dog’s life (过着牛马不如的生活) .
Another case in
point is dragon. Chinese people admire and worship
this imagined animal . It is the symbol of the
Chinese nation and it
is the symbol of
authority , strength and good fortune. In English
, though
dragon can bring the association of
“strength ”and“power”, it gives
derogatory
association. When seeing this word in English ,
people always
think of cruelty , devilishness
and viciousness. But Chinese idioms such
as
望子成龙 , 龙飞凤舞 , 龙子龙 孙 , 龙凤呈祥 express Chinese
people’
s appreciation and love to rly , owl
implies wisdom and
calmness in the West . “As
wise as an owl ”indicates that English -
speaking people associate wisdom with this
bird. In children’s books
and cartoons , the
owl is usually solemn and wise. In disputes among
birds
and beasts , it is the owl that they go
to for advice. Sometimes , the
12
bird is considered as impractical and foolish.
But in general , the owl
stands for wisdom.
However , there is a superstitious belief that
this
bird is a sign of bad luck and the symbol
of sinister things among many
Chinese. So
comes the common Chinese saying 夜猫子进宅 , 无事不来 (
“an owl visiting a home ”portends
misfortune in that household) . The
mere sight
of an owl or the sound of the creature’s hooting
might cause
people to draw back in fear .To
the English and most of the Westerners ,
“the
king of the beasts”is the lion enjoys high
prestige ,
as can be seen from such
expressions : regal as a lion , majestic as
a
lion. Richard I , king of England in the late 12th
century , was
known as lionhearted for his
courage and chivalry. It ’s no wonder ,
then ,
that English have chosen the lion as their symbol
. In Chinese
culture this beast has fewer
associations with courage and bravery. He
is
regarded commonly as being fierce and powerful but
not necessarily
majestic or addition ,
influenced by the philosophical idea of
the
Golden Mean (or Central Harmony) , the Chinese
have developed their
peculiar aesthetic
standards , one of which is a unique emphasis on
the
beauty of balance. For example ,
antithesis is an important figure of
speech in
both Chinese and English it emphasizes a
contrast by
presenting contradictory or
similar ideas by using two or more words or
sentences in sharp juxtaposition. But
antithesis is much more prevalent
in Chinese
poetry , folk songs , proverbs and proverbial
expressions than
it is in most English forms.
Good illustrations for this are人无千日
好 ,
花无百日红(proverb) and 满招损 ,谦受益 (Book of songs) .
Moreover ,
the formation of many Chinese four
- character compounds with co -
ordinate
relations also reveals this aesthetic standard of
balance.
Balance is so carefully maintained in
these four - character compounds
that meaning
is often repeated. For example , 天造地设 consists of
two
parts , 天造 and 地设. 地设 actually repeats the
meaning of 天造 in a
similar form. This
formation , which can be found in 天涯海角 , 十拿
九稳
, 年深日久 , 繁荣昌 盛 and many others , serves to make
compounds
balanced in both form and sound with
an emphasis on meaning.
Conclusion
There
are many lively, important, and interesting
examples of idioms
to help us understand
Western cultures and develop their communicative
abilities. In the course of foreign language
learning, we are supposed
to master the
language and the habitual pattern of thinking as
we do in
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our native
language. We are encouraged to go further
understand the
cultural phenomenon of the
foreign language better and also understand
our native language better through contrast.
It can help us to get rid
of the big barrier
to understanding the original English and Chinese
literature.
In short, the idiom is not
only the essence of language, but also is
a
microcosm of the language and is the concentrated
reflection of language
features, and is the
language which people in long-established and
accepted practice; language is a special part
of the human culture the
Idioms precisely
reflects the enormous impact of culture on
language, the
culture of idioms information
load large, many cases of “implication”
is in
essence part of the language vocabulary.
Therefore, to understand
and master the
language of the idiom, not only can improve the
people’
s language skills, but also can enhance
people’s culture and ability,
cultural
competence can contribute to the improvement of
another person’
s language ability, and thus to
further improve our cross-cultural
communicative competence.
Bibliography:
[1]Christine
Amber.
Cool Cats, Top Dogs, and Other Beastly
Expressions
.
Beijing: Foreign Language
Teaching and Research Press, 1999
[2] Hall, E.
Beyond Culture
. New York: Doubleday Co.
Press, 1976。
[3] Harry Collis.
101
American English Proverbs
. Beijing: Foreign
Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003
[4] Pam Watson.
English through
Idioms
. Beijing: Foreign Language Company
Press, 2002
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