医学人文英语教程答案
达特茅斯学院-单位保密自查报告
Unit 1. History of medicine
Keys
Text A
Language Focus
Fill in the
blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary, and pay
attention to the
tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.
1.
is credited with;
2. are sometimes referred to
as;
3. was supposed to;
4. were espoused
by;
5. in addition to;
6. was attributed
to;
7. categorize;
8. is given credit for;
9. though.
Sentence Simulation
（略）
Translate the following sentences into
English.
1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral
theory that the body of man has four distinct
bodily fluids
in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow
bile and black bile, different mixture of which
leads to
different temperaments.
2. In
ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on
from father to son, so Hippocrates studied
medicine under his father from his early age.
3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field
restricted by religious superstition where wizards
cured
diseases by means of prayer, magic or
ritual recitation of spells.
4. It now appears
that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation
of the causes of human
temperament, but his
temperament categories and names have been in use
ever since.
5. Ancient Western doctors about
to enter medical practice were required to take an
oath on
medical ethics, which was derived from
the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek
physician
revered as ” in the West.
6. As
the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the
first to formulate the code of ethics that
doctors are required to comply with.
Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical
practice
have exerted a huge influence on the
development of Western medicine for centuries.
Text B
Answer the following questions
according to text B you have read.
1. Four
traditional examination methods: looking,
listening and smelling, asking, and touching.
2. ①TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients
without needing a scientific understanding of
cause and pathogenesis.②the fundamentals of
TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories
inexplicable to science.
3.①the
methodological quality of trials is low.②Most of
these trials are published in Chinese,
inaccessible to western doctors, and not
included in systematic reviews. ③Selective
publication
of positive trials is another
problem.
4. All natural phenomena could be
categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite,
complementary,
interdependent, and
exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the
universe consisted of five
basic elements
(wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the
universe was constantly changing
towards
dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to
the material aspects of the organism
and Yang
to functions. There is a circulation of Qi
(energy) and blood. The organs work together
by regulating and preserving Qi and blood
through the so-called channels and collaterals.
Disease
occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang
or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the
organs caused
by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy,
lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat,
cold). Treatment
aims to expel or suppress the
cause and restore balance.
Unit 2 Health
professionals for a new century
Text A
Language Focus
Fill in the blanks with the
words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
1. integration
2. kept pace
with
3. adopts
4. In view of
5.
effectiveness
6. ultimate
7. acquiring
8. attributes
9. shifts
10. encounter
Translate the following sentences into
English.
7. Medical science is no longer
simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline
of
humanities, social sciences and
biomedicine.
8. Science and technology
development, along with social progress, has put
forward higher
demands and greater challenges
on higher medical education.
9. Medical
education is characterized by a high degree of
specialization and practicality, as well
as a
comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.
10. It is the main task of medical schools to
train good doctors needed by the people.
11.
The objective of clinical medical education is to
train capable and well qualified academic
doctors with a solid professional foundation
and a broad spectrum of knowledge.
12. The
innovation of teaching methods has not only
improved the students' initiative and
enthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the
quality of clinical teaching and practice.
13.
In spite of its great progress, our country’s
medical education still fails to keep pace with
social progress, development of science and
technology, and needs for medical and health
reform.
Translate the following
passagesentence into Chinese.
1. 过去一个世纪教育的进步在于
三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教
授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时
代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现
在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过
调整核心专业技能使其适
应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。
2.
迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的
搜索、分析和综合
从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗
体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对
教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的
创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。
3.
医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人
们继续徒劳地采用
20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。
Text B
Answer the
following questions according to text B you have
read.
1. Because it is crucial to tackle the
obstacles of the 21st century.
2. The outcome-
based core curriculum has served as a framework in
many countries, and can be
adjusted for
specific local needs as postulated by the
commissioners.
3. Students participate in an
international forum which brings together students
of medicine,
nursing, pharmacy, and allied
health professions (namely, the World Healthcare
Students
Symposium). The benefits of the
annual World Healthcare Students Symposia are for
students
to learn to understand the different
professions and discuss the best ways of effective
and
fruitful collaboration.
4. The authors
think the proposed focus on the implementation of
innovative and promising
information and
communication technologies merits attention and
believe in its potential
benefits for the
education of medical students. According to the
authors, students from
low-income countries
with a lack of resources can especially benefit
from such initiatives as
the website Health
Sciences Online, although such free initiatives
should not counteract the
proposal to focus
development assistance more strongly on health
professionals’ education.
5. Yes. Student
initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant
health, and other issues of
global and
national relevance.
6. Overall, medical
students worldwide have been playing an active
role in implementing the
recommendations of
the Global Commission mainly by developing their
own outcome-based
core curricula and launching
an international forum which brings together
students of
medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and
allied health professions, among other
initiatives.
Unit 3 Health-care system
Keys
Text A
Language Focus
Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
Change the form where necessary.
1.
Compliance；
2. disparity；
3. prescribe；
4. maneuver；
5. commonplace；
6.
underserved；
7. reconcile；
8. fragments；
9. plight；
10. invasive.
Translate the
following passagesentence into English.
1.
Many other Americans are denied insurance due to
previous illnesses or conditions that
insurance companies decide are too risky or
expensive to cover.
2. Health care reform will
reduce our deficit by more than $$100 billion over
the next decade and
more than $$1 trillion in
the decade after that. So this isn’t radical
reform. But it is major
reform.
3. An
estimated eighty-three percent of people under age
sixty-five who are in the United States
legally now have insurance coverage.
4.
This year the law will start closing what is known
as
Medicare coverage for some drug costs for
older Americans.
5. President Obama promised
senior citizens that the health care reform will
not cut their
guaranteed benefits.
Text B
Answer the following questions according to
text B you have read.
1－4（略）
5. ①The SARS
epidemic and rising public discontent generated
the political will to fundamentally
reform the
system, including a partial resumption of central
management of public-health services
and a
major reallocation of central resources to address
inequities in health. ②The outcome of
these
post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are
reasons for optimism.(a) Central
funding is
supporting the re-introduction of a New
Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and
a parallel programme for the uninsured in
urban areas that plans to achieve universal
coverage by
2020. (b) China can accomplish in
health care reform. The exemplary national
monitoring system
for infectious diseases
implemented after the SARS epidemic (which
provides real-time reports of
cases across the
country) and the effective public-health response
to the earthquake in Sichuan are
examples
6. The most important task ahead is to focus
attention and resources on improving the quality,
comprehensiveness, and cost-effectiveness of
services.
Unit 4 Cancer and Life
Keys
Text A
Language Focus
Fill
in the blanks with the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
1. Eradication
2. Deterioration
3. Withstand
4.
Overwhelm
5. Recurrent
6. Prove
7.
Outburst
8. Diverge
Vocabulary
Enlargement& Reinforcement
1. Routine
2.
Advanced
3. Chronic
4. Under siege
5.
Physical &emotional
6. Malignant
7. Risk
factor
8. Steady decline
9. Affluent
10. Admit
11. Severely weaken
12. Well
up with
13. Recurrence
14. Undergo
15.
Outlines
16. Gastrointestinal
17.
Withstand
18. Chores
19. The unexpected
public arising of …
20. Spasms
21.
Chronicle
22. Flicker across
Translate the
following sentences into Chinese.
1. 奥唐奈女士一个月前
的例行乳房X光检查并没有显示出肿瘤的迹象。但在夏威夷为期两
周的假期里，肿块迅速生长，因此她回
印第安纳州后就马上去看医生。
2. 1995年2月奥唐奈女士开始化疗，做了两次手术，包括乳房
切除，并于1995年8月完
成化疗。她现在被认为是治愈了。
3. 当夫妻二人有人对奥唐
奈女士的治疗感到恐惧害怕时，他们会向对方要求一段时间不谈
癌症，可能持续一小时或一天，在此期间
，他们同意谈话不涉及她的健康危机。
4.
他们意识到夫妇两人共同的路突然分开了。他们经历同样的事情，但却有了完全不同的
感受。
5. 但他发现，他的信仰——不仅是宗教信仰，也包括对婚姻能承受长期压力的信念——正
受到考验。
6. 他们夫妻所经历的困难被公诸于众，甚至仅是在她朋友圈中公开，但这 不期意的公开，
令奥唐奈女士感到震惊。
Text B
Answer the following questions according to text B you have read.
1． Long before cancer could ever be detected by current imaging scans or blood tests, the new
way to find cancer earlier is to find an ultra-early indicator of the disease: substances in
blood platelets that indicate cancer is in the works. The platelet substances are a so-called
biomarker of cancer---- characteristics in bodily fluids that can indicate the presence of
disease.
2． Location of the specific cancer. If you don't know where the cancer is----if you can’t feel it,
see it, locate it, or biopsy it----you can’t treat it.
3． Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol
levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the
production of cholesterol in the liver. Increased cholesterol levels have been associated with
cardiovascular diseases, and statins are therefore used in the prevention of these diseases.
Research has found that statins are most effective for treating cardiovascular disease
(secondary prevention), with questionable benefit in those without previous CVD but with
elevated cholesterol levels. Statins have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle
damage, and some doctors believe they are overprescribed. The best-selling statin is
atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor (manufactured by Pfizer) and Torvast. By 2003 atorvastatin
became the best-selling pharmaceutical in history, with Pfizer reporting sales of US$$12.4
billion in 2008. As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor and
Torvast), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo,
Pitava), pravastatin (Pravachol, Selektine, Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin
(Zocor, Lipex) Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as
ezetimibesimvastatin, are also available. (
4． This discovery pushes the issue of early detection further than ever before. In effect, it could
allow cancer to be treated similarly to the way doctors now treat heart disease. Just as doctors
prescribe statin drugs to help prevent heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol,
oncologists could test patients for this early biomarker and prescribe drugs to help prevent
cancer. And just as cardiologists don't have to wait for a heart attack in order to act,
oncologists wouldn't have to wait until malignant tumors are found. Drugs in this case would
be used to stop the cancerous process itself -- rather than targeting a tumor in a particular part
of the body. The marker could also potentially be used to monitor patients who had already
had cancer for the earliest signs of recurrence.
5． Advantages: ①The new, less- toxic cancer treatment (So-called smart drugs such as Gleevec,
Tarceva, Iressa and Erbitux)target only cancerous cells, and have less toxicity than standard
chemotherapy regimens.②These targeted therapies, which can sometimes be taken for years,
have in many cases turned cancer into a manageable chronic disease, similar to the way
diabetes is treated. ③Drugs could be used to stop the development of blood vessels in the
cancer process itself, before the tumor even has a chance to grow.
Disadvantages: ①It isn’t clear yet what drugs would be given in the preventive step. ②Such
efforts are
still in very early stages, and more research
needs to be done to see that drug
treatment
offers people the chance of improved survival
outcomes.
6． The usefulness of the marker
still needs to be validated in trials involving
cancer patients,
before it could be used in
clinical settings. And some observers note that
the cancer
biomarkers discovered so far can
have problems, such as false positives. Even with
the
widely used PSA test, doctors still can’t
tell whether a high reading indicates cancer or a
benign condition without doing a biopsy. “Very
few biomarkers have really stood up against
rigorous testing in a clinical setting,” （says
Sudhir Srivastava）
Unit 5
Text A
Language focus
1. interim provisions 10.
diagnostic criteria
2. clinical application
11. initial step
3. intensive 12. baseline
4. summit 13. provisional approval
5. came
into effect 14. cadaveric organ transplants
6.
compensation 15. equitable
7. written consent
16. conform to
8. death sentences 17.
religious
9. symposium 18. abolish
中译英：
1. Organ transplantation is an accepted
treatment today for many patients with
end-
stage disease.
2. China has made selling of
organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all
prisoner organ donors have filed consent.
3. Both the source and method of obtaining the
organ to transplant are major ethical
issues
to consider, as well as the notion of distributive
justice.
4. It is now possible to transplant
organs from animals into people.
5. In
addition, the importance of various recipient
characteristics to post-transplant
survival
isn't fully understood.
6. Israel is to become
the first country to give donor card carriers a
legal right to
priority treatment if they
should require an organ transplant.
Text B
1. The report highlights the fact that many
medical and financial practices still
mitigate
against the efficient identification and
recruitment of organ donors.
2. As a result,
waiting lists for renal transplantation continue
to rise, putting
increasing pressure on
dialysis budgets.
3. the working party
recommends several initiatives to address the
current shortage
of donors, including
interventional (elective) ventilation, greater use
of
non-heart beating donors, better training
of staff, and better transplant
coordination.
4. Spain itself
attributes this success to its transplant
coordination network, which
has a different
philosophy from that in Britain.
5. The report
highlights the inadequacy of Britain's current
transplant coordinator
network and emphasises
that a major expansion of coordination is “one of
the
most important and urgent needs.”
6.
After a diagnostic review, areas of weakness can
be identified and the
appropriate management
and educational changes introduced.
Unit 6
Doctor-patient relationship
Text A
Language Focus
Sentence Simulation
（略）
Translate the following passagessentences into
Chinese.
1.
我刚将椅子拉近一点，突然，她像猫一样双手本能地朝我的两眼抓去，我差一点被她抓
到。
2. 父母两人都非常尴尬，充满歉意。
3. 我竟喜欢上了这个野蛮的小东西，而对她父母
却毫无好感。在接下来的“战斗”中他们
越来越难堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐惧，这个女孩
对我的抗拒达到了发疯狂暴
的惊人地步。
4. 在这种时候，谁都会叮咛自己，无论这个可恶
的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动，也要违背她
的意愿来保护她。这样做也是为了保护其他孩子，同时这也是一
种社会需要，事实也确是如
此。然而由于释放体内能量的欲望而产生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种
成年人的羞耻
感，使我一直坚持到最后。
Essay Writing
（略）
Text B
Answer the following questions
according to text B you have read.
1. The
underlying reason might be that having to take her
daughter to hospital for treatment has
been a
miserable experience.
2. The most common
childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is
a form of leukemia, or
cancer of the white
blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts.
3. The purpose for the author and her daughter
to visit the doctor this time was to have the port
removed. The treatment for Michelle’s disease
had concluded as a medically rousing success.
4. The anesthesiologist was tall and red-
headed. He looked pale, exhausted, and had bags
under
his eyes. Also, he was kind, caring and
considerate. As the author put it, the
anesthesiologist
not only practiced the
mechanics but the art of medicine.
5. A lot of
things came into the author’s mind after her
daughter drifted off with the gas. She
thought
of the tired residents who had been so tender with
her fragile child, her daughter’s
stolen
childhood, the many times she carried her daughter
to hospital to be hurt, the fact that
she had
recently learned that safe sedatives were often
used to prevent children’s pain and
terror
during procedures, but they were not offered at
their clinic. Besides, she felt grateful
because her daughter was alive and most
probably would grow up, marry, and have her own
babies some day.
6. To make
Michelle feel better, the anesthesiologist talked
gently to Michelle, used gas for
anesthesia to
avoid pokes, allowed Michelle to pick her favorite
flavor of gas, let Michelle
play with the
bubble-gum mask, explained what was going to
happen, promised her the port,
and whispered
to her calling her a beautiful small bear to her
delight.
Unit 7 Medical Research Ethics in
China
Language focus
Text A
选词填空
1. momentum
（动力）翻译：日益增多的国际药业和科学机构资助合作科研，要求对涉及
人体的研究进行伦理审查。
2. protocols (议案)
翻译：现在，中国政府加大了对研究的资助，对国内研究方案的伦理
审查要求也越来越高了。
3. codes；issued （准则；公布）翻译：当前多数医学伦理审查准则，包括中国卫生部
07
年公布的准则，都是建立在尊重个人自主选择权、受益和公平三大原则基础上的。
4.
arise (vi.)（引起，产生) 翻译：在贫穷地区开展大规模药物试验，要考虑公平问题。
5. coexist （共存）翻译：中国传统伦理强调的是社会和谐，而不是个人利益，强调尊重个
人自主选择的医学科研伦理审查，是否可能与传统伦理共存呢？
6. adherence
to （遵循）翻译：中国伦理强调为他人着想，而非死守着笼统的道德原则。
7. at
play; rise (n.) （生效的；兴起）翻译：随着文明社会的逐渐形成，国内一些组织倡导
保护研究中的受试者，但同时也存在着损害受试者人权的各种力量。
c.f.
arise（vi.）产生，例：The problem arose simply because
you didn’t follow my instruction.
rise (vi.)
升起，例：The flag rises slowly.
arouse (vt.) 引起，
例：arouse the interests of sb.
raise (vt.)
提起，例：raise the bucket
8. lies in (lies in sth.
doing) (在于) 翻译：对受试者最大的威胁是对潜在危险的忽视与不作
为。
9.
standardised (Br.) standardized (Ar.) （标准化）翻译：中国在
全球医学和科研界中的重
要性逐渐增加，三大原则基础上的伦理审查将会将会更完善。
10.
vigilant (derivation from “vigil”) （谨慎的）翻译：相要保护受试者
的权益，关键在于对
医学研究进行严谨的规范，而非讨论外国伦理原则和中国传统伦理哪个更适合中国的
国
情。
句子翻译
1.
在中国，应用这种三大原则的医学科研伦理审查面
临着两大难题。第一，中国
传统伦理强调的是社会人际关系的和谐，而不是对个人权利至上的维护。
2. 医学和医学科研中以经济利益为主导动机的活动越来越多，经济利益之间的
冲突也
越来越多，经济利益的考虑大大超越了伦理的考虑。这些变化不但表现为
医学科研界、药业界和出资机构
忽视伦理的趋势，也表现在受试者和政府相关部
门中本应以保护受试者安全为首要责任的利益相关者的行
为上。
3. 当前中国既有公民社会和非政府公益性组织大力倡导保护受试者的伦理要
求，也有损害受试者基本权利的各种力量，认识到这种冲突对于保护受试者的安
全至关重要。
TEXT B
Fresh Thinking about the
Declaration of
Helsinki
Answer the
following questions according to text B you have
read.
1. Since the conception of the
declaration, much has been changed in the nature
of research and
bioethical thinking. However,
public confidence in research is at an all time
low, and the
current model and traditional
ethical tools fail to meet their objectives.
2. The declaration’s objectives were to
protect human subjects in research. The framework
of the
declaration has been criticized as
being paternalistic and for failing to address the
full scope of
ethically responsible research.
3. Basic ethical principles in the alternative
comprehensive framework proposed by the author
can collectively inform, support, and direct
all aspects of research. It broadens the scope of
ethical research beyond that of the behavior
of the individual investigator to include the full
range of stakeholders.
4. A rethinking of
the concepts of autonomy, justice, vulnerability,
and benefit.
5. The root of injustice is
inequalities in power structures, resources, and
knowledge, which are
particularly acute in
resource poor countries. To reduce inequalities in
researches, a research
model should be set up,
in which the subjects should be seen as partners.
6. An ethically responsible research must be
proactive, dynamic, universal, transparent
responsive, and consultative. Most
importantly, it should inspire researchers to
approach
research in an ethically responsible
manner.
7. No, they are not almighty because
there are also social problems. Regulations are
only
instruments and can not achieve their
objectives in isolation from an ethical social
culture.
Unit 8 Publish or Perish
Text A
Language Focus
Fill in the
blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
ng;
2. bring to light;
shaping;
3. highlight, push, promote;
size;
ng down on;
sure;
ement;
, on;
trate;
g through.
Sentence Simulation
（略）
Translate the following sentences into
English.
1. She was intrigued and more than a
little suspicious.
2. This assistant professor
at a fairly high-powered academic university had
many first-author
publications in high-quality
journals and demonstrated academic productivity.
3. She was frightened and didn't realize that
her so-called intimate friends had gotten her into
such
hot water that it could have potential
implications for her promotion.
4. The
Physician detailed the benefits of the therapy
while minimizing its risks.
5.
Ghostwritten articles skewed the medical
literature by injecting a marketing spin that
benefits
the sponsor.
6. The cynical
injection of marketing messages into the
scientific literature sounds outrageous, but
abuses common in academic publishing set the
stage.
Text B
Answer the following
questions according to text B you have read.
1. Like other customs, authorship is usually
not determined by explicit criteria and not
in
polite d with parallel trends toward greater
numbers of authors being
included on
manuscripts and increased collaboration across
disciplines, young scientists these
days often
find themselves involved in complicated
negotiations with other academics over
authorship.
2. Several phenomena,
including the use of co-authorship or several
first authors, honorary
authorship, and ghost
authorship, are likely to increase the complexity
of these negotiations.
3. When a medical
writer is hired to write up the study, or an
individual made contributions that
merited
authorship but is not included in the list of
authors, ghost authorship occurs.
If the
ghostwriter, or the named authors, haven't
understood the underlying experiments and may
be unable to explain or defend them to other
scientists, scientific dialog with the authors is
threatened. Additionally, because the process
of reducing the work to writing forces the
investigator to more closely examine the study
and often gives rise to refinements, much can be
lost by farming out the writing, including
reducing the academic training opportunities for
the
student or postdoc authors. Ghost
authorship leads to less accountability for the
data and its
interpretation by diluting the
responsibility for the research. It also increases
the likelihood and the
number of those
victimized by fraudulent work.
4. ①For
graduate students and even more so for postdocs,
the order of authorship can seem to
make or
break an academic career. ②Many researchers are
not aware that different academic
fields
assign different meanings to the order of
authorship. For example, in some fields, the last
author spot is customarily reserved for the
principal investigator or head of the lab. In
others, the
department chair holds that spot.
In yet others, placement as last author means that
that person was
the one who had the smallest
contribution to the work. ③Authorship placement is
often an
unspoken tradition.
5. Ombuds are
a confidential, neutral, and independent resource
for trainees and faculty. As a
neutral party,
it can help balance the power disparity between
the parties and attempt to mediate
the
dispute. Ombudsmen are frequently asked to help
resolve disputes over authorship,
particularly
disputes over the order of authorship. They may
assist the parties in understanding
how
a dispute arose and how best to consider resolving
it.
6. ①Journals request written confirmation
or specification of authors' roles and
contributions.②
Reliance on curriculum vitae to
describe one's scientific contributions is reduced
for lessening the
pressures of authorship. For
example, during the job application or promotion
process,
explanations of precise roles in
published research could be included in letters or
addenda to the
CV.
Unit 9 To Err is Human
Text A
Language Focus
Fill in the
blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
d;
2. become; alert to;
who are committed to;
3. initiated;
4.
very;
5. incentives;
6. set, adhere to;
7. urge, to;
Sentence Simulation
（略）
Translate the following sentences into
English.
1. Health care quality and patient
safety has become a worldwide concern with the
frequent
occurrence of adverse medical events
worldwide endangering patient safety. The cost
incurred
for countries, especially developing
countries is growing, and how to address patient
safety
has become a primary focus.
2.
Japan is entering the aged society with the
elderly over the age of 70 ever increasing.
Elderly
people are not swift and fall down
than 80% of our patients aged over 70 were
hospitalized after a fall.
3. People's
living standards are ever improving as society and
economics develop. There is an
ever
increasingly urgent pursuit of life and health and
growing emphasis on life and health.
Patients
expect satisfactory clinical outcomes, even expect
an everlasting life. Could doctors
make it
4. Patient Safety Goals has recently been
developed by Jiangsu province, the formulation of
which is of vital importance for the strategic
development of medical institutions. It can
regulate the behavior of medical personnel and
hospital management system. It can also guide
the rational use of drugs, devices and science
and technology.
5. It is estimated that the
number of deaths from medical errors is twice as
much as those from
traffic accidents or breast
cancer or AIDS-related deaths in the U.S.
6.
The highlighted global patient safety challenge is
due to institutional inefficiency and poor
healthcare management. The institutional
problems must be solved and healthcare
management should be strengthened to achieve
patient safety and social security
Text B
Answer the following questions
according to text B you have read.
1. Yes.
There are missed opportunities. Institutions are
still generally underinvested in patient
safety. The federal government's investment in
safety through the Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality, for example, is about 1500th of
its general medical research investment, as
reflected
in the budget of the National
Institutes of Health.
2. The results provided
by error reporting systems could be used to
improve systems or educate
health care
providers. Hospitalists and health care providers
can be encouraged to report medical
errors
when they learn that their reports made a
difference.
3. IT system crashes, faulty
systems that actually introduce errors, physicians
rebelling against
computer interfaces that are
not user-friendly.
Health information
technology may be useful for:① reducing medical
errors by transmitting
accurate information
electronically and eliminating mistakes due to
misreading of doctors’
handwriting ②improving
the quality of care by decreasing medical errors
and assuring that all
health care providers
have accurate and timely information.
4. A
system that could not assign fault on truly
blameworthy errors should be torpedoed.
Accountability mechanisms focused on ensuring
safer care rather than assigning individual blame
is of vital importance.
efforts should be
made in the five major areas related to
advancements in patient safety:
regulation,
error reporting systems, information technology,
the malpractice system and other
vehicles for
accountability, and workforce and training issues.
Unit 10
Text A
Language Focus
Fill
in the blanks with the words given below. Change
the form where necessary,
and pay attention to
the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.
1. focus on;
2. convinced;
3.
quantitative;
4. seduced;
5. yield;
6.
decisive;
7. honed;
8. due to;
9.
flexible;
10. aspiration.
Sentence
Simulation
（略）
Translate the following
sentences into English.
1. Most young women
believe they will achieve a balance between a
rewarding career
and a fulfilling personal
life, despite the economic upheaval and a legacy
of corporate
culture that favors men, a survey
shows.
2. If your job is rightly
chosen, it will not only give you a means of
sustenance, but
also help you escape from
boredom and banish from your mind the worry about
leading a meaningless life after so many years
of higher education.
3. You've accumulated
overtime because you were so into the work you
were doing
that you lost track of time.
4. You have managed to find a balance between
work and personal life and it doesn't
involve
losing too much time with either one.?
5. It
would seem that their choices to focus on work
have left many of them without a
family of
their own.
6. Compared to women, men attach
greater importance to their roles as providers and
protectors of their families.
Text B
Answer the following questions according to
text B you have read.
1. She has achieved
pioneering use of mass spectrometry for the study
of protein
complexes .
2. Her supervisors
were very encouraging to me. They said she would
be bored as
a technician all her life. And so
she did 7 years of part-time study, which was
fantastic because then she went to Cambridge,
3. As soon as her elder son was born, she just
thought,
best as I can and I'm going to stay
at home until he's at school.
4. She did work
pretty hard at my presentation. Because obviously
she was
interviewed alongside current people,
what she did is show a lot of interest in
the
project. And she tried to show a lot of
initiative. Eventually she managed to
convince
people here in Oxford that I could be taken back
on as a postdoc.
5. The very hardest thing for
she was, when she started to have some success,
she
got invited to conferences. It was just an
operational nightmare trying to
organize cover
and people to help during all those times.
6.
Women can have a family and still be effective as
a scientist, even though at
times it feels as
though you're not dedicating enough time. It's not
how long you
work, it's what you do and how
you work that's important.