测量员求职-出纳年终工作总结

期末考试题型

I. Multiple choice 20% Grammar and vocabulary. (outside the textbook)
II. True or false. 10% Comprehension of the text passage. (based on the texts)
III. Matching-up 10%. Comprehension of the vocabulary. (based on the vocabulary and expression)
IV. Error identification and correction 10%. Command of grammar and vocabulary. (based on the text)
V. Cloze 15%. Comprehension of the text passage and command of grammar and vocabulary. (based on
the texts)
VI. Reading comprehension 15% (outside the textbook)
VII. Translate the following sentences into English: 10% (based on the exercise)
VIII. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. 10% (based on the exercise)

（请和本学期大纲对照，答案由老师提供，供参考）

I. Vocabulary and structure.

1. We shall be grateful if you will ______ space for any of the enclosed advertisements in your
publications.
A. donate B. forge C. impart D. specify
2. The little woman looked a ______ sight, standing before him with red, swollen eyes and tear-streaked
cheeks.
A. desirable B. rotten C. shabby D. pathetic
3. The report praises the efforts being made in our city to extract energy from waste and to ______
paper, glass, plastics and steel cans.
A. differentiate B. resist C. recycle D. mobilize
4. Tales of squadrons bombing their own units are here in ______.
A. exposure B. abundance C. incidence D. arrangement
5. The church is full of ______ works of craftsmanship which have been dominated by individuals.
A. exquisite B. commercial C. metallic D. remote
6. These people did not have a term for ―fine arts‖, nor did they make objects to be ______for their
beauty alone.
A. detected B. quoted C. clustered D. contemplated
7. The contents of these buildings are no less ______ than their exteriors.
A. ideological B. optimistic C. universal D. spectacular
8. Make sure managers and supervisors are familiar with the policy and procedures, and make sure too
that they set a good example to the staff they ______.
A. supervise B. intimidate C. license D. maneuver
9. In other commercial sectors, rents are being ______ to find leaseholders, with the first five years of
many office leases offered rent free.
A. frowned B. undertaken C. slashed D. unfolded
10. She had more than enough to cope with, but the chance of a job to bring in a few extra shillings was
not to be ______.
A. resisted B. scratched C. scorned D. suspended
11. Martin Richmond had been jailed in Kathmandu before Christmas after entering the country on
______ papers.
A. submitted B. forged C. withered D. defaulted
12. A parallel is drawn between the direction of a Japanese company’s collective effort against outside
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competitors, and the ability to ______ national effort.
A. mobilize B. ignite C. trigger D. exemplify
13. The wife is no less entitled to share in the family income just because she has assumed
responsibilities in the ―non-profit‖ ______.
A. frequency B. segment C. momentum D. corridor
14. As a being capable of having legal rights and ______, a corporation is a person in the eye of the law.
A. liabilities B. traits C. disadvantages D. components
15. ―Pixel (像素)‖ is the smallest discrete ______ of an image or picture on a computer screen.
A. fossil B. scheme C. component D. installment
16. As an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both ______ targets and moving targets.
A. standing B. stationary C. still D. stable
17. In American universities, classes are often arranged in more flexible ______ and many jobs on
campus are reserved for students.
A. scales B. patterns C. grades D. ranks
18. The insurance company paid him $$10,000 in ______ after his accident.
A. compensation B. installment C. substitution D. commission
19. The political future of the president is now hanging by a ______.
A. thread B. cord C. string D. rope
20. The statue would be perfect but for a few small ______ in its base.
A. mistakes B. weaknesses C. flaws D. errors
21. Following his advice, the company then made a disastrous decision to ______ the investment
opportunity.
A. lesson B. wreck C. decline D. digest
22. This food is often eaten by athletes who require gradually ______ energy for long distance events.
A. expanded B. released C. fulfilled D. ventilated
23. Experiments which take weeks are ______ to arrange, more likely to go wrong, and less fun to do
than those which give an answer at once.
A. illegal B. grand C. tiresome D. rural
24. In the end the two parties ______ and deferred the issue for later discussion.
A. surrendered B. eased C. collapsed D. compromised
25. The intense heat of being held over a gas jet will cause both immediate and ______ discoloring.
A. bizarre B. permanent C. transient D. overdue
26. ―Internal peace and stability cannot be ______ by force and by denying the people a voice,‖ he said.
A. assessed B. suspended C. guaranteed D. ignited
27. Well before a billionth of a second had ______, when the universe was still only the size of an atom,
it started to grow exponentially (以几何级数).
A. licked B. elapsed C. surged D. yielded
28. ______ training to teach operators how to use the system takes more or less time depending on the
software, but typically this ranges from two to five days.
A. Initial B. Premature C. Continuous D. Shabby
29. The horse’s ______ and muscle tension, shown mainly in the head, neck and tail carriage, is a good
indication of the horse’s mood.
A. feedback B. posture C. ambiguity D. vogue
30. My artist friend draws ______ from ordinary scenes and simple places that he knows and loves.
A. rumor B. implication C. explosion D. inspiration
31. Many of the immigrant workers did not stay for very long: the threat of dismissal must have been a
source of ______ to many in the workforce.
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A. anxiety B. scorn C. hypothesis D. terror
32. Under the proposed new treaty of the union, republics would voluntarily ______ certain powers to
the central government.
A. feedback B. surrender C. expand D. slash
33. The brains of dolphins are as large and as complex as ours, and in fact ______ to this size and
complexity several million years earlier than human brains.
A. originated B. evolved C. unfolded D. spilled
34. ―Consent of the ______‖ is a political theory stating that a government’s legitimacy and moral right
to use state power is, or ought to be, derived from the people or society over which that power is
exercised.
A. choked B. submerged C. governed D. exiled
35. That sort of investigative and critical journalism is an essential ______ of an informed democracy.
A. feature B. spectrum C. conviction D. charm
36. By ______ computation, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him a thousand
dollars.
A. coarse B. rude C. crude D. rough
37. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.
A. sheer B. shear C. shield D. sheet
38. I could see that my wife was ______ having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.
A. adequate for B. intent on C. short of D. deficient in
39. The ______ runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.
A. common B. usual C. average D. general
40. One of his eyes was injured in an accident, but after a ______ operation, he quickly recovered his
sight.
A. delicate B. considerate C. precise D. sensitive
41. From his office on the 22
nd
floor of the famous four-towered BMW HQ, he ______formidable
power and commands enormous respect.
A. swings B. wields C. yields D. contemplates
42. Some articles are clearly written as a by-product of teaching, perhaps ______ from lectures or
intended to form part of a book.
A. adapted B. reformed C. revived D sprayed
43. It is a question Michael Joseph is likely to ______ long and hard over the weeks to come.
A. pose B. supervise C. harbor D. ponder
44. It now seemed ______ that so remote and irrelevant a place should ever loom so large in national
and international affairs.
A. majestic B. extraordinary C. adolescent D. prodigious
45. It is well recognized by conservationists that the modern pace and scale of change ______ a threat
which is quite unprecedented.
A. thumb B. imply C. lodge D. pose
46. The ______ that everything, even memory, even the simple power of understanding, was deserting
him, began to torture him unbearably.
A. expectation B. exploration C. conviction D. assurance
47. The voice is an opera singer’s number one ______, and it will be in use all the time.
A. license B. asset C. pillar D. charm
48. Most of us appreciate the beauty that birds can bring to the garden, but when they spoil our fruit
and vegetables they become less ______ garden visitors.
A. exquisite B. exotic C. desirable D. symbolic
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49. We were never poor but it was no life of suburban ______.
A. luxury B. rank C. facility D. package
50. At first Jane could hardly understand a word Henry said, but he was too good-humored to be
______.
A. offended B. licked C. stressed D. isolated
51. No one had ever done anything like it in rock and roll and it was getting a(n) ______ press.
A. incredible B. resultant C. genuine D. shrewd
52. Almost non-existent at the beginning of the 1980s, rail carryings of this commodity had assumed
significant ______ by the end of the decade, showing Railfreight both eager and able to adapt to
new opportunities.
A. assurances B. considerations C. probabilities D. proportions
53. The effects of such tonics (补药) are ______; they add energy from the outside rather than help the
body to make its own.
A. pathetic B. doubtful C. transient D. monstrous
54. Traffic management schemes to cut unnecessary car use and better facilities for cyclists and ______
will make town centers safer and more attractive.
A. opponents B. pedestrians C. patrons D. candidates
55. The London Motorfair is the place to catch a ______ of the latest ideas from the world’s car
makers.
A. feature B. fashion C. presence D. glimpse
56. Why should anyone want to read ______ of books by great authors when the real pleasure comes
from reading the originals?
A. themes B. insights C. digests D. leaflets
57. Parents have a legal ______ to ensure that their children are provided with efficient education
suitable to their age.
A. impulse B. influence C. obligation D. sympathy
58. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a ______.
A. scarcity B. minority C. minimum D. shortage
59. David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
A. go in for B. go through with C. go back on D. go along with
60. Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.
A. put him through B gave him up C. turned him out D. cut him short
61. Since my father’s death there had been, as it were, a ______ in my house which nobody could fill.
A. vacancy B. liability C. agony D. bureaucracy
62. At one point last fall, when Swedish rates rose to 17%, such deals ______a net annualized return of
8%, with little exchange- rate risk
A. fulfilled B. exemplified C. yielded D. documented
63. AIDS brings out prejudice and fear, and people with the disease are often ______ and rejected.
A. denounced B. renounced C. disproved D. choked
64. At the end of the year, Britain seemed much ______ from the black days of the IMF crisis twelve
months earlier.
A. adapted B. revived C. consumed D. mobilized
65. He was ridiculed for his speeches, and ______ for his concern about the inner cities.
A. mocked B. contradicted C. credited D. interrupted
66. Many people are worried about the high ______ of wrongful arrest and torture by martial law
forces and police.
A. abundance B. probability C. incidence D. oppression
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67. For a good chance of a safe landing, the ground must be seen from at least a thousand feet so that
there is time to select a field and ______ the wind.
A. ponder B. assess C. tackle D. resist
68. I sell most of the French variety, which is a small sausage with a strong flavor but a ______ and
fatty texture.
A. coarse B. tragic C. imaginative D. resultant
69. There is still a way out of this economic mess, if you can ______ up the courage to take it.
A. mobilize B. spit C. stir D. summon
70. To contain local spending, volume targets were introduced together with ______ in the form of
loss of central government grant if local authorities exceeded their targets.
A. implications B. penalties C. disadvantages D. vacancies
71. Although insulation is the best way to save money on heating bills, there are many other things you
can do which, when combined, can make ______ savings.
A. crude B. universal C. exotic D. substantial
72. Here and there a tall palm tree stands out, all else is ______ by the flood.
A. rusted B. resisted C. sprayed D. submerged
73. The wind and wet had ______ the warmth out of his blood and he shivered constantly.
A. riddled B. sucked C. summoned D. trapped
74. Royalties vary depending on the ______ value of the artist to the record company.
A. wielded B. denounced C. perceived D. posed
75. is an international online art gallery ______ a huge collection of contemporary art
for sale on the Internet.
A. brooding B. trimming C. exhibiting D. releasing
76. I am sure I can ______ him into letting us stay in the hotel for the night.
A. speak B. say C. talk D. tell
77. Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply ______.
A. declined B. lessened C. descended D. slipped
78. The republication of the poet’s most recent works will certainly ______ his national reputation.
A. magnify B. strengthen C. enlarge D. enhance
79. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ______ a violent act preciously
seen on television.
A. modifying B. duplicating C. accelerating D. stimulating
80. This kind of material can ______ heat and moisture.
A. delete B. compel C. constrain D. repel
81. ―Hey, look where you are driving!‖ ―Oh, I’m sorry, ____.‖
A. I’m not noticing B. I haven't noticed
C. I wasn't noticing D. I don’t notice
82. ―Who was ____ called this morning?‖ ―Mrs. Kate, our new neighbor.‖
A. it that B. it who C. she that D. she who
83. ____ the box, and you will find a beautiful present in it.
A. When open B. If you open C. Open D. Opening
84. Peter as well as his friends ____ to music.
A. like to listen B. likes to listen C. likes to hear D. likes listening
85. ____ wonderful time we had at the beach!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
86. I have got a chair ____.
A. to sit B. for to sit on C. to sit on D. for sitting
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87. I wonder ____ on sale.
A. how much cost these shoes B. how much do these shoes cost
C. how much these shoes cost D. how much are these shoes cost
88. We moved to the front row ____ we could hear and see better.
A. so that B. such C. so D. such that
89. ―Must I get everything ready before they come?‖ ―No, you ____.‖
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. have not D. can’t
90. It is no use ____ that you didn’t know the truth.
A. pretend B. pretending C. to be pretending D. pretended
91. Let’s get in the wheat before the sun ____.
A. will set B. was set C. sets D. set
92. She told them where she ____ her son.
A. has last seen B. had last seen C. last saw D. was last seeing
93. Since Linda is both diligent and smart, I never doubt that she will ____.
A. succeed B. success C. succeeded D. successful
94. Zhou Hong insisted on ____ to work in the Northwest region.
A. being sent B. sending C. having sent D. to be sent
95. We know she wanted to build ____ schools.
A. seven another such B. other seven such
C. such seven other D. another seven such
96. ____ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to watch TV.
A. Not to prepare B. Not being preparing
C. Not having prepared D. Not preparing
97. Lily has made great progress. She listens to the teacher ____ than before.
A. more carefully B. as carefully C. much carefully D. more careful
98. Baker became ____ in science when he was a little child.
A. interests B. interested C. interesting D. interest
99. The foreigners think that the Chinese people are very ____.
A. friends B. friend C. friendful D. friendly
100. Jane burned her hand when she ____ the dinner.
A. cooked B. was cooking C. has cooked D. has been cooking
101. Wang Lin ____ me his telephone number this morning, but I’m afraid I ____ it.
A. gave; have lost B. has given; have lost
C. gave; lost D. had given; had lost
102. He did not do it in the way ____ I would have done it myself.
A. in that B. which C. as D. that
103. ____ you gave were correct.
A. No one answer B. Neither of the answers
C. None answer D. None of the answers
104. Father is ____ of my parents.
A. the oldest B. older C. the older D. old
105. There can be no doubt ____ he is fit for the job.
A. that B. whether C. if D. which
106. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ____ until yesterday.
A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes
107. Going out of the room, ____.
A. the air felt fresh and cool B. the sun has risen
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C. a boy was seen in a tree D. she saw a big bird in a tree
108. ____, he doesn’t do well in school.
A. As he is clever B. He is as clever C. Clever as he is D. As clever he is
109. ____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. When
110. Not until he arrived home ____he find that his gold watch had been stolen.
A. did B. would C. when D. that
111. I didn’t hear ______ when he gave us the assignment.
A. how the professor said B. that the professor said
C. what the professor said D. which the professor said
112. Work hard, ______ you will fail in the exam.
A. although B. and C. or D. unless
113. ______ is known to all, China will become a modernized and powerful country in 20 or 30 years.
A. That B. As C. Which D. It
114. Telling other people how to do things most efficiently is ______ conquerors and generals have to
do.
A. which B. why C. what D. how
115. On the desk lay a dictionary, ______ cover is red.
A. its B. that C. of which D. whose
116. Her face went red ______ he had said.
A. because of what B. because that C. because what D. Because of which
117. Give it to ______ needs it.
A. whoever B. whom C. that D. whomever
118. Agricultural products are so important ______ we cannot live without them.
A. as B. what C. because D. that
119. ______ you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Whom C. That D. Whether
120. To shut your eyes to the facts, ______ many of you often do, is foolish.
A. as B. what C. so D. that
121. Speak to him slowly ______ he may understand you better.
A. since B. for C. in order D. so that
122. The gardener was called in to tell the way ______ the poor dog had died.
A. that B. in that C. which D. by which
123. I shall never forget those years ______ I lived in the country with the farmers, ______ has a great
effect on my life.
A. when; where B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
124. I don’t believe him ______ he says.
A. however B. whenever C. whatever D. whichever
125. The science of medicine, ______ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most
important of all sciences.
A. to which B. with which C. over which D. in which
126. The book looked ______ it had been out in the rain.
A. that B. as though C. even though D. what
127. ______ air is to man, so is water to fish.
A. Like B. As C. Since D. Though
128. There is no doubt ______ he will succeed in his business.
A. that B. whether C. what D. which
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129. ______ you can find a suitable partner, you can dance very gracefully.
A. As far as B. As long as C. As well as D. In order that
130. After ____ for ten minutes the liquid should be allowed to cool
A. heating B. heatedness C. being heated D. having heated
131. They put forward the problem of ____ they were to get the machine needed.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
132. The manager had his secretary ____ the report.
A. rewrite B. rewritten C. to rewrite D. rewrote
133. Tired ____ he was, he insisted on going ahead with the plan at once.
A. even though B. although C. like D. as
134. ____ of your time, and you’ll succeed.
A. Make full use B. Making full use C. To make full use D. Made full use
135. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not having received B. Receiving not C. Not received D. Having not received
136. Hardly ____ any mistakes in the examination last week.
A. made he B. did he make C. should he make D. would he make
137. May I ask when and where ____ the organization?
A. you were joining B. you have joined C. you joined D. you had joined
138. Oh, Tom. ____ surprise you gave us!
A. How a pleasant B. How pleasant C. What a pleasant D. What pleasant
139. Anything ____ should be returned to its owner.
A. borrow B. borrowed C. borrowing D. to borrow
140. The boy looked at the stranger carefully, ____ who he could be.
A. to wonder B. wondering C. wondered D. having wondered


II. True or false.

1. The new generation of weight-loss drugs will chemically convince you that you are not hungry.
F
2. Unlike many legitimate businesses, counterfeiting has a university department dedicated to it in Italy.
T
3. The cutting of tariffs on manufactured contributed to a large extent to the robust increase in world
trade. T
4. In the opinion of one leading industrialist, the U. S. economy has become an entertainment
economy. F
5. Privatization may turn out to contribute to rather than to curb corruption, if it is incorrectly
executed. T
6. When the economy is in trouble, men and women lose jobs; however, in Russia, many more
women are kicked out. T
7. In Phuong’s case, local labor activists are starting to pile on, in part to help boost union
membership by taking on a giant. T
8. In Silicon Valley as in many other places, if you are an entrepreneur, you have to have your own
factories built for production. F
9. It is not so important that the tantalizing mix of fun and learning has caught the attention of
parents, teachers and education experts. F
10. The quick-hit targeted courses are popular with professionals in high-tech companies and
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accounting firms and specialists in business management and international business; however,
doctors, artists and opera singers are not interests in such courses. F
11. All the rich countries, more often than not, lobby foreign governments on their firm’s behalf. F
12. A number of firms hope to develop drugs that tinker with the genes that contribute to obesity.
T
13. Teachers and education experts are very much interested in the combination of learning and fun.
T
14. Quick certificate courses are less cheap and also less time-consuming than traditional degree
programs. F
15. Since 1991, entertainment and recreation have created as big a boost to consumer spending as
health care and autos. F
16. Measures such as quantitative controls over imports and subsidies for exports are taken to protect
domestic agriculture. F
17. Imitation may be a sincere form of flattery, and it makes many fashion companies, film studios and
music businesses happy. F
18. Nike moves its production operations from one country to another when it thinks that the costs in
one place go up too much. T
19. With the help of the Internet, suppliers, manufacturers and retailers will be linked seamlessly,
creating a more efficient economy. T
20. Although the women’s liberation has been on for more than q quarter century, women remain
victims of democracy, prosperity, violence, etc. T
21. Interactive edutainment programs can attract people and hold their attention. T
22. Even during hard times, governments see that labor laws are to be complied with. F
23. Designing a software program for an entertainment project, is as complicated as designing a car.
T
24. With the women’s lib, the gap of pay between men and women who do the same work has
narrowed to zero. F
25. With their perennial enthusiasm for innovation, Americans enjoy a new advantage in a global digital
economy. T
26. Amgen, the world's largest biotech firm, has already started its third phase of human trials on a
protein called leptin. F
27. The World Bank will still provide financial aids to those poor countries in spite of suspected
corruption cases there. F
28. Multilateral negotiations to liberalize international trade sometimes may not facilitate the institution
of liberal trade arrangements among countries. F
29. According Professor Casillo, the forgers do little harm to the genuine manufacturers in the fashion
industry because they are aiming at completely different markets. F
30. In the U. S. A., white-collars, whether he is a director or an office clerk, is going back to school to
refresh himself with quick, practical courses so as to keep up with the competition and with the
rapid changes in technology and business. T
31. Hermes, Burberry and Barbour are not expensive clothing brands. F
32. In the US, demonstration and boycotts would affect the operation of a company and its share price.
T
33. The most politically feasible way to stop bribery is for all rich countries to take the action all at
once. T
34. The quick practical courses usually serve as supplements or complements to traditional degree
programs. T
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35. Doctors insist that drugs should be taken only by people who are very fat, and for whom diet and
exercise have failed. T
36. After the women’s movement was initiated, there are still a few countries in the world paying no
attention to women’s demands. F
37. Just like the auto industry, entertainment and recreation are cyclical, and see consumer spending
increase and decrease in business cycle.) F
38. In developed countries agriculture and service can get financial support and special favors from
their governments because they are very big and important. F
39. According to the American Constitution, Americans are free to do almost everything; however,
they do not have the means and talents to give life and form to their new thoughts. F
40. The experts who criticize the tilt toward ―tainment‖ in many of today’s edutainment titles hold the
opinion that the interactivity, graphics, sound and video of multimedia will foster learning in the
classroom. T


III. Matching up.

1. admission P
2. allege Q
3. capital K
4. career O
5. challenge L
6. corruption D
A. a place that many people want to visit for a particular reason
B. a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing
C. to consider something carefully so that you can make a decision about it
D. dishonest, illegal, or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power
E. the introduction of new ideas or methods; a new idea, method, or invention
F. money that someone pays secretly and dishonestly in return for someone's
help
7. discrimination H G. to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have
asked for
8. entertainment I H. the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an
unfair way
9. establish M I. things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse
or interest people
10. grant G J. a shop or factory in which employees work long hours at low wages under
poor conditions
11. innovation E K. money or property, especially when it is used to start a business or to
produce more wealth
12. kickback F L. a test of one's abilities, strength, skills, or resources in a demanding but
stimulating undertaking
13. mecca A M. to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or
continue for a long time
14. negotiation S N. to examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a
particular person or thing
15. observe R O. a job or profession that one has been trained for, and which one does for a
long period of his or her life
16. picket T P. permission given to someone to enter a building or place, or to become a
member of a school, club etc
17. scan N Q. to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong,
although it has not been proved
18. sweatshop J R. to say or write what you have noticed about a situation; to be or become
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19. trend B
20. weigh C
1. channel S
2. communicate T
3. compensate N
4. compete J
5. contract O
6. controversy C
7. dilemma L
8. enthusiasm I
9. leverage B
10. expense M
11. maintain Q
12. measure G
13. module P
14. motivation A
15. preference R
16. pressure D
17. professional K
18. recession E
19. reform F
20. yardstick H
1. abuse B
2. captivate G
3. concern E
aware of, especially through careful and directed attention
S. official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are
trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
T. to stand or march in front of a shop, factory, government building etc to
protest about something or to stop people from going in during a strike
A. the reason why you want to do something
B. influence that you can use to make people do what you want
C. a dispute, especially a public one, between sides holding opposing views
D. an attempt to persuade someone by using influence, arguments, or threats
E. a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country
than usual
F. a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it
G. an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular
problem
H. something that you compare another thing with, in order to judge how good
or successful it is
I. a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness
to be involved in it
J. to strive with another or others to attain a goal, such as gaining an advantage
or winning a victory
K. someone who works in a job that needs special education and training, such
as a doctor, lawyer, or architect
L. a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the
choices seem equally good or equally bad
M. the amount of money that you spend to attain a goal or accomplish a
purpose; a loss for the sake of something gained
N. to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage; to
replace or balance the effect of something bad
O. an official agreement between two or more parties, stating what each will do,
especially one that is written and enforceable by law
P. a standardized, often interchangeable component of a system or
construction that is designed for easy assembly or flexible use
Q. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as
before; to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
R. the granting of precedence or advantage to one country or group of
countries in levying duties or in other matters of international trade
S to control or direct people or things to a particular place, work, situation etc;
to control and direct something such as money or energy towards a particular
purpose
T. to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people
understand them; to exchange information or conversation with other people,
using words, signs, writing etc
A. to offend or upset someone slightly
B. cruel or violent treatment of someone
C. a sudden increase in amount or number
11

4. conscience P
5. guarantee I
6. lottery T
7. maintain R
8. measure O
9. mock Q
10. outline N
11. overhaul J
12. procedure S
13. profess M
14. profession K
15. prosper H
16. resistance D
17. ruffle A
18. stagger F
19. surge C
20. suspend L
D. a refusal to accept new ideas or changes
E. a feeling of worry about something important
F. to make someone feel very surprised or shocked
G. to attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence
H. to be successful, especially in terms of one's finances
I. something that assures a particular outcome or condition
J. necessary changes or repairs made to a machine or system
K. an occupation requiring considerable training and specialized study
L. to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time
M. to say that you do, are etc something, especially when it is not really true
N. to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the
details
O. an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular
problem
P. the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally
right or wrong
Q. to laugh at someone or something and try to make them look stupid by
saying unkind things about them or by copying them
R. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as
before; to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
S. a set of established forms or methods for conducting the affairs of a
business, legislative body, or court of law; a way of doing something, especially
the correct or usual way
T. a game used to make money for a state or a charity in which people buy
tickets with a series of numbers on them. If their number is picked by chance,
they win money or a prize


IV. Error identification and correction.

1. Phuong’s friends have no idea which she died working for a company at the center of great
controversy. which -- that
2. With the economy recovering sharply and productivity in the rise, personal incomes are starting to
climb again. in the rise – on the rise
3. If the battle against bribes is to succeed it will have to involve a change of mind on the part of
those who take as well as those who give. a change of mind -- a change of heart
4. As international trade develops and becomes all the most complicated, a new era of rising
protectionism has come to the fore. all the most – all the more
5. China’s economy is growing at a double digits clip, but most of the workers in the sweatshops that
are helping to power the boom are women. double digits – double digit
6. In the USA, government encourages innovation, and breakthroughs created by federal researchers
have long transferred quickly and cheaply to private hands. have long transferred – have long
been transferred
7. ―The entertainment industry is now the driven force for new technology, as defense used to be,‖
says Edward R. McCracken, CEO of Silicon Graphics Inc. driven force – driving force
8. Americans are returning to school for quick, practical courses what allow them to keep up with the
competition – and with the rapid changes in technology and business. what -- that
12

9. The rapid growth of cross-border investment, and the growing competition to supply it, has
increased the pressure on rich-country governments to support their exporters. has increased
– have increased
10. Arming with a personal computer, a moderately fast modem, an Internet service provider and a
Web browser, students can quickly gain access to all kinds of course material whenever they want.
Arming -- Armed
11. Of all the entertainment engine, right now gambling is humming the fastest. engine -- engines
12. If handling improperly, some liberalization efforts may produce undesired results. handling --
handled
13. In this world, you have to keep abreast of that is new in your field to survive in competition.
keep abreast of that – keep abreast of what
14. Not only the political and economic gains of the past decade have not always benefited women; in
many places ―progress‖ has dragged them backward. Not only the political and economic
gains of the past decade have not -- Not only have the political and economic gains of the past
decade not
15. The World Bank, a major player in the developing world, now stands readily to cancel contracts and
to ―blacklist‖ companies suspected of corruption. stands readily – stands ready
16. Murphy’s company was more willing than to pay the bill of nearly $$1,800 for the semester-long
intermediate- level computer-animation class. more willing than -- more than willing
17. Roger C. Schank figures that classroom versions of the interactive training systems which he is
designing for industry could be a big factor over fixing America’s schools. over fixing – in fixing
18. Although Phuong’s freak accident received little publicity, labor activists in the US have been
severely criticized Nike’s overall labor- management practices. have been severely criticized --
have severely criticized
19. With a new millennium approaches, the rate of American innovation is soaring—a signal that social
and economic change, which is already occurring at breakneck speed, will in all likelihood accelerate.
approaches -- approaching
20. Among the principal challenges to achieve sustained growth of international economic relations is
rising protection, especially in new and virulent forms that threatens the always fragile growth of
trade between countries at all levels of development. challenges to achieve -- challenges to
achieving
21. A piece of shrapnel struck Phuong in the heart to kill her instantly. to kill – killing
22. Even villagers have access to ultrasound machines that can detected the sex of a fetus in time for a
late abortion. can detected -- can detect
23. Many governments are growing increasingly determined to stamp out that has been referred to as
the ―corruption eruption‖. stamp out that -- stamp out what
24. As international trade develops and becomes all the much complicated, a new era of rising
protectionism has come to the fore. all the much -- all the more
25. Graft-busters must concentrate on making civil servants honesty by improving accounting systems
and increasing bureaucrats’ official salaries. honesty – honest
26. The shift to a digital economy, best exemplified by the explosive growth of the Internet, is
transforming every day products and practices. every day -- everyday
27. Strolled along Branson’s rialto, Iacocca was stunned to see crowds pouring out of theaters and
dozens of construction cranes looming overhead. Strolled -- Strolling
28. Maybe the new form of lively, interactive learning software is what could finally turn the computer
into the high-tech-learning tool which it was always expected to be. which it was always
expected -- as it was always expected
13

29. More than even before, professionals in many fields are feeling the need to obtain fast doses of
additional training to keep up with intense competition and accelerating rates of change.
More than even -- More than ever
30. The new quickie courses are often supplements or complements to traditional education, maybe to
last just a few days, weeks or a semester or two, and often involve training in one specific area.
to last -- lasting
31. Graft, of one form or other, is probably the world's second-oldest business. one form or
other -- one form or another
32. Although the literacy gap is shrinking, women account for two third of the world’s illiterates.
two third -- two thirds
33. Phuong’s friends have no idea that she died worked for a company at the center of great
controversy. worked -- working
34. Rooting up corruption is almost always in a country’s best interests, but not always in those of its
politicians. Rooting up -- Rooting out
35. Nike can make a strong case that it is helping countries like Vietnam by bring jobs to those who are
unemployed. by bring jobs -- by bringing jobs
36. Throw in state lotteries, off-track betting, and other forms of gambling, Americans spent $$27
billion on legal gambling in 1993. Throw in -- Throwing in
37. Since violence and terrorism hog the headlines, the vital issues for most women in most countries
continue to be bread-and-butter ones. Since -- While
38. More than even before, professionals in many fields are feeling the need to obtain fast doses of
additional training to keep up with intense competition and accelerating rates of change.
More than even -- More than ever
39. As a new millennium approaches, the rate of American innovation is soaring—a signal which social
and economic change, which is already occurring at breakneck speed, will in all likelihood accelerate.
a signal which -- a signal that
40. In particular, certificate programs, that issue documents of completion and sometimes an
accreditation to students that have completed a specific course of study, are growing in enrollment
by about 20% annually. that issue – which issue


V. Cloze.

Passage 1
As if Nike needed any more bad news. The factories in Asia that produce the company’s shoes are
already under an intense international spotlight. Some 500,000 laborers like Phuong toil in Vietnam,
China, Indonesia and Thailand, ---1-, gluing, trimming and lacing up Nike athletic shoes. Although
Phuong’s freak accident received ---2- publicity, labor activists in the U.S. have been severely critical of
Nike’s overall labor-management ---3-, alleging that, like other multinational shoe and garment
manufacturers, Nike has been running sweatshops filled by ---4- and underpaid workers.
Demonstrations and boycotts in the U.S. have put pressure on the company—and its share price. ”---5-
it looks like we are picking on them,” says someone from the Global Exchange. “But ---6- what?
They’re the biggest.”
Nike’s defense is straightforward. “We ---7- make shoes,” says the company’s Asia regional
spokeswoman. Technically, she is right. Nike subcontracts manufacturing to local firms. ---8- plant
where Phuong died, for instance, is owned by a Taiwan’s Co. Yet ---9- its size, Nike usually is more
---10- just a simple contractor. Many of the factories it uses produce exclusively for Nike. Some are
14

---11- with large signs that read “Just Do It.” Nike managers ---12- factory floors, and Nike controls
visits ---13- outsiders. In a new documentary, ---14- corporate crusader asks Nike CEO Phil Knight
about the company’s use of cheap labor in Indonesia. Knight comes across as evasive and edgy, ---15-
Nike contends the filmmaker distorted the executive’s views.

1. A. sticking
2. A. much
3. A. practices
4. A. underworking
5. A. Alternatively
6. A. for
7. A. don’t
8. A. Her
9. A. given
10. A. like
11. A. decorating
12. A. run
13. A. to
14. A. that
15. A. through

Passage 2
The collapse of the Russian economy has thrown women out of work in disproportionate numbers,
channeled them into second-rate jobs and revived pre-Revolutionary attitudes about a woman’s place.
Women applying for office jobs in the new Russia often are --1-- that their duties include sleeping with
--2-- boss. The new democratically elected assemblies of Eastern --3-- have far fewer women members
than their predecessors --4--, and abortion rights are --5-- fire in Germany, Poland and Romania.
China’s economy is growing at a double digit clip, but --6-- of the workers in the sweatshops that are
helping to --7-- the boom are women. Islamic militants are crusading --8-- Western-style women’s rights,
issuing death threats against feminists and --9-- headway even in traditionally --10-- Muslim lands such
as Egypt. In China, India and other nations --11-- sons are still valued more --12-- than daughters,
medical --13-- has provided a new means of disposing of --14-- baby girls. Despite the toppling of
military dictatorships in Latin America, the deregulation of India’s economy and the end of apartheid in
South Africa, --15-- has been no halt to what the U. N. has called ―a global epidemic of violence against
women.‖

1. A. told B. reported C. said D. warned
2. A. her B. one C. that D. the
3. A. Africa B. America C. Europe D. Asia
4. A. done B. will do C. did D. do
5. A. under B. at C. below D. on
6. A. more B. most C. much D. the most
7. A. push B. power C. right D. pose
8. A. with B. for C. on D. against
9. A. made B. make C. making D. makes
10. A. totalitarian B. tolerable C. torrential D. tolerant
11. A. in there B. where C. of which D. there
15
B. stretching
B. few
B. operations
B. underworked
B. Maybe
B. as
B. didn’t
B. The
B. giving
B. than
B. to decorate
B. oversee
B. with
B. a
B. however















C. stitching
C. seldom
C. expertises
C. overworking
C. Consequently
C. so
C. can’t
C. A
C. give
C. likely
C. decorate
C. manage
C. by
C. certain
C. though















D. sewing
D. little
D. skills
D. overworked
D. Ever
D. to
D. hardly
D. Nike
D. gave
D. then
D. decorated
D. monitor
D. for
D. such
D. therefore

12. A. highly
13. A. skill
14. A. unwanted
15. A. where





B. dearly
B. technology
B. unloved
B. it




C. importantly
C. technique
C. unfavored
C. which




D. completely
D. expertise
D. unkind
D. there
Passage 3
New ideas are fostered in America like ---1- place on Earth. We’re not only constitutionally ---2- to
say and do almost anything, we have ---3- means and talents to give life and form to new thoughts. ---4-
it’s a new way to teach music, a new product, or a new company, these notions, big and small, ---5- the
landscape of American life. Silicon Valley, the world’s premier incubator of ---6-, is the best example. In
that yeasty zone ---7- south from San Francisco, ---8- with a good idea for a new product can go to a
local ---9- capital firm for start-up funding, as ---10- as for advice and guidance. Other talented ---11-
adventuresome people are ready to join ---12- to help develop the new idea, ---13- for a share of stock
in the nascent enterprise. Costly new factories are not required; existing manufacturers are eager to
make the production ---14- contract. Perhaps most important, failure is not fatal. ―There’s not a big
stigma attached to being involved with a company ---15- doesn’t make it,‖ says Charles Holloway,
co-director of the Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at the Stanford Graduate School of Business,
located in the heart of the valley.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Passage 4
Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for
emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature. In the __1__ place, to set up modern industries
__2__ capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack
the __3__ trained manpower; thirdly, their industries--__4__ established--are usually not sufficient
enough to compete __5__ foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is __6__ to lead to
counteraction against __7__ own exports.
From another point of __8__, it is necessary to bear in mind __9__ there are invariably political,
educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to __10__ seriously with any measures taken
to deal with the economic difficulties __11__ above. To consider only one point: __12__ is obviously
useless to devote great __13__ and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for
16
A. no
A. right
A. a
A. If
A. convert
A. to innovate
A. stretching
A. people
A. lending
A. well
A. but
A. up
A. possible
A. under
A. what















B. such
B. correct
B. the
B. Whether
B. adjust
B. innovativeness
B. reaching
B. anyone
B. virtue
B. long
B. and
B. on
B. may
B. in
B. if
C. never
C. free
C. few
C. How
C. transit
C. innovation
C. covering
C. someone
C. mortgage
C. good
C.
C. through
C. might
C. for
C. that















D. every
D. liberal
D. those
D. That
D. transform
D. being innovated
D. expanding
D. everyone
D. venture
D. soon
D. as well
D. off
D. perhaps
D. on
D. where

psychological reasons, __14__ population as a whole fails to turn theory __15__ effective action.

1. A. one B. first C. other D. previous
2. A. to necessitate B. necessitating C. necessitated D. necessitates
3. A. absolute B. important C. necessary D. skilled
4. A. after B. before C. when D. while
5. A. for B. with C. in D. over
6. A. likely B. likewise C. probable D. possible
7. A. their B. its C. one’s D. the
8. A. view B. idea C. sight D. vision
9. A. what B. where C. which D. that
10. A. intervein B. intervene C. interfere D. interwind
11. A. outdrawn B. outcast C. outcurved D. outlined
12. A. there B. that C. it D. what
13. A. affects B. efforts C. attempts D. effects
14. A. the B. a C. one D. that
15. A. in B. to C. for D. into

Passage 5
When women do become managers, do they bring a different style and different skills to the job?
Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly motivated and __1__ than male
managers?
Some research supports the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management
jobs, such as greater __2__, an emphasis on affiliation and attachment, and a __3__ to bring emotional
factors to bear __4__ making workplace decisions. These differences are __5__ to carry advantages for
companies, __6__ they expand the range of techniques that can be used to help the company manage
its workforce effectively.
A study commissioned by the International Women’s Forum __7__ a management style used by
some women managers (and also by some men) that __8__ from the command-and-control style
__9__ used by male managers. Using this ―interactive leadership‖ approach, ―women __10__
participation, share power and information, __11__ other people’s self-worth, and get others excited
about their work. All these things reflect their belief that allowing __12__ to contribute and to feel
powerful and important is a win-win __13__ -good for the employees and the organization.‖ The
study’s director __14__ that ―interactive leadership may emerge __15__ the management style of
choice for many organizations.‖

1 A. confined B. confronted C. committed D. commanded
2 A. coherence B. correlation C. combination D. cooperativeness
3 A. sensitivity B. willingness C. virtue D. loyalty
4 A. by B. with C. in D. at
5 A. seen B. revised C. watched D. disclosed
6 A. because B. whereas C. nonetheless D. therefore
7 A. developed B. discovered C. located D. invented
8 A. derives B. detaches C. descends D. differs
9 A. traditionally B. conditionally C. inherently D. occasionally
10 A. engage B. dismiss C. encourage D. disapprove
17

11
12
13
14
15
A. enlarge B. ignore C. degrade D. enhance
A. males B. women C. managers D. employees
A. circumstance B. status C. situation D. position
A. defied B. predicted C. diagnosed D. proclaimed
A. as B. for C. into D. from

Passage 6
While most students are taking executive-education and continuing-education classes on university
campuses, a growing number are studying far away from any grove of academe. Some are learning from
videotapes, ___1_ others watch satellite lectures. But these ___2_ of distribution are rapidly being
___3_ by distance learning via the World Wide Web. Armed with a personal computer, a moderately
___4_ modem, an Internet service provider and a Web browser, students can quickly gain access to all
kinds of course material whenever they want. There are about 1,200 degree and certificate
distance- learning programs available ___5_ about 900 accredited colleges, observes Karen Hansen,
executive editor at Peterson’s, a Princeton N.J., education- and career-products publishing company that
puts ___6_ the annual Peterson’s Guide to Distance Learning Programs. Peterson’s ___7_ figures show that
U.S. higher-education ___8_ offer distance-learning courses to more than 7 million students, according
to spokeswoman Sue Brooks.
___9_ distance learning ever replace traditional ___10_ education? You don’t have to wait for the
next century to answer this; you have to wait only ___11_ the fall. Western Governors University, a
completely virtual college based in both Salt Lake City, Utah, and Denver, will be offering ___12_ first
courses. Started by Governors from 18 Western states and ___13_ the state universities in those areas,
W.G.U. will initially offer continuing- education courses and associate degrees, says Jeff Edwards,
marketing director for the school. There will be a concentration on information technology courses,
although at press time ___14_ catalog was still under development. Courses will be offered via the Web
and satellite TV. Students from all over the world will be able to enroll in programs, ___15_ will cost
anywhere from $$300 to $$700 each. The goal is to gather course material from universities and
companies across the country.

1. A. for
2. A. methods
3. A. overtaken
4. A. quick
5. A. from
6. A. up
7. A. latter
8. A. schools
9. A. Could
10. A. open
11. A. after
12. A. its
13. A. encompassed
14. A. his
15. A. that


18















B. and
B. manners
B. undertaken
B. rapid
B. to
B. out
B. late
B. businesses
B. Must
B. class
B. until
B. their
B. encompass
B. some
B. as















C. while
C. channels
C. undertaking
C. fast
C. for
C. off
C. later
C. institutions
C. Might
C. organized
C. unless
C. the
C. encompassing
C. that
C. which
D. or
D. alternatives
D. overtaking
D. far
D. in
D. away
D. latest
D. organizations
D. Should
D. classroom
D. to
D. some
D. to encompass
D. the
D. it

VI. Reading comprehension.

Passage 1
The rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, new communications
technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public
relations or PR.
Surprisingly, while modern PR was largely an American invention, the U. S. leadership in public
relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the world’s
top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular
are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey has found that more than half of all
British companies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning activities, compared to
about one-third of U. S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital
of PR.
Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly
provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example,
has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian
counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall’s U.
S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some
European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people
involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for
instance, most Americans read The Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as
well as The Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country.
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network).
Turner recently announced that the word ―foreign‖ would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts.
According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent
that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.

1. According to the passage, U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of ----.
A. an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies
B. shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies
C. the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U. S.
D. increased efforts of other countries in public relations
2. London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because ----.
A. British companies are more ambitious than U. S. companies
B. British companies place more importance on PR than U. S. companies
C. British companies are heavily involved in planning activities
D. four of the world’s top public relations agencies are British- owned
3. The word ―provincial‖ ((Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means ―----―.
A. limited in outlook B. rigid in thinking
C. like people from the provinces D. interested in world financial affairs
4. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry ----.
A. speak at least one foreign language fluently
B. are ignorant about world geography
C. are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts
D. enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications
5. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?
A. American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.
19

B. The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.
C. People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.
D. People involved in PR should avoid using the word ―foreign‖.

Passage 2
A driver or carpenter in India has to work about two hours to buy a kilogram o f rice while his
counterpart in Austria, and the Netherlands need work only fifteen minutes for it .
In Botswana and Greece, forty minutes of driving earns a kilogram of rice. This is part of the data
collected by the International Labor Office on hourly rates in forty-one occupations and consumer
prices for a sample of household items in about 100 countries.
It is realized that international comparisons are difficult because of the different criteria used by
different countries to gather statistics. Some items may be in great demand by workers in one country
and not so much in another. But generally the data gives an idea of the value of the basic pay received
for an hour’s work in various parts of the world in terms of food purchasing power. Consider a baker in
Botswana for example. He has to work almost two hours at the oven to earn one kilogram of bread, but
a Canadian baker could earn the same loaf by working just ten minutes.
Sugar is considered a luxury in Burma, where the majority of workers have to put in at least
thirteen hours’ work before they can earn one kilogram of it. But the same amount of sugar could be
had for ninety minutes’ work in Nigeria and for merely ten minutes in Mexico.
Most of the wage earners in the market-economy countries, the study shows, can buy one kilogram
of sugar with less than twenty minutes’ wages .And ,for Austrian, and Canadian bakers and carpenters,
an hour’s wage could buy ten kilograms of sugar.
In fact there is an enormous range in the working time necessary to earn various
commodities .Butter can ―cost‖ up to three hours’ work in some countries , but only requires twenty
minutes in Australia and New Zealand .A carpenter in the USA earns enough to pay for fourteen dozen
eggs in the time it would take his counterpart in Portugal to earn a dozen, and if a British carpenter feels
like a liter of beer it will take him forty-five minutes to earn it -- three times as long as a worker in the
Netherlands.

1. In what country does rice cost most in terms of working time?
A. India B. Botswana C. Greece D. Austria
2. The word ―counterpart‖ in line 2 refers to ―------―.
A. time needed to produce rice in Austria and the Netherlands
B. a driver or carpenter in Austria and the Netherlands
C. a friend of an India driver or carpenter
D. rice produced in Austria and the Netherlands
3. One of the difficulties in comparing some of the information provided in the passage is ------.
A. The different criteria used to classify occupations
B. The different demand for goods in different countries
C. The different way of data collection by the International Labor Office
D. The different views in data comparison between the writer and the International Labor Office
4. The writer claims that one valid way of judging differences is ------.
A. the same criteria used to collect statistics
B. the time taken to earn a kilogram of rice
C. the prices for a sample of household goods in different countries
D. the value of an hour’s work with regard to food purchasing power
5. What is the general topic of the passage?
20

A. A discussion of the economic situation in different countries.
B. A comparison of household goods prices in different countries.
C. A comparison of the cost of living and standards of living in different countries.
D. A discussion of the criteria for judging the standards of living in different countries.

Passage 3
An ecosystem exists in a state of equilibrium (平衡). It can support a certain number of plants
and animals of different species. When the population of one animal increases, there will be a change in
the ecosystem. There will not be enough food and water for all the animals. Consequently, some will die.
The system will return to its state of equilibrium. The ecosystem regulates itself in the same way as a
thermostat (恒温器) regulates the temperature in a heating system.
Ecosystems are not static---they change all the time. Plants and animals are able to adapt to
changes in the physical environment. It is possible to predict changes. For example, when fire destroys
the vegetation in a region, there will be certain changes. First grass and some flowers will grow. Then
insects will appear. The wind will blow the seeds of small trees. These trees will grow and birds will
appear. As the trees grow, the grass will disappear and a dense forest will develop. Some trees cannot
live in a dense forest and will die. Other trees will develop and a community of birds and animal will
live in the forest.
During long periods of time ecosystems evolve. The evolution of an ecosystem is caused by
factors inside and outside it. Consider the evolution of the atmosphere. When life began on earth, the
atmosphere contained nitrogen, hydrogen and other gases but no oxygen. There was no ozone in the
atmosphere. Consequently, the sun’s rays prevented life from developing on land. The first living
organisms developed under the sea. After the evolution of photosynthesis (光合作用)， the oxygen in
the atmosphere increased and life expanded. Complex living organisms developed. As the oxygen in the
atmosphere increased, a layer of ozone was formed. Life was then possible on the surface of the earth.
Life on the earth depends on the equilibrium of the atmosphere. There is now a danger that man-made
pollution will destroy the equilibrium. (338 words)

1. According to the passage, ecosystem .
A. deals with living organism, their physical environment and relationships with each other
B. is only concerned with a certain number of plants and animals of different species
C. is a system of evolution
D. is a system which prevents plants, animal and people from being polluted
2. If an ecosystem loses its state of equilibrium, .
A. a change will take place and as a result, a new state of equilibrium will be achieved
B. the population of all animals will be on the rise
C. enough food and water will be available for all animals
D. little effect will be produced on human beings
3. The first living organisms did not develop on land because .
A. the sun’s rays couldn’t reach the surface of the land
B. the ozone layer in the atmosphere was not performed
C. all the surface of the earth was covered with water
D. there was too much oxygen in the atmosphere
4. The author implies in the last paragraph that if we want to preserve the equilibrium of the
atmosphere, we should .
A. reduce the population of animals B. build as fewer factories as possible
C. plant as many trees as possible D. solve the problem of man- made pollution
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5. The title of this passage can be .
A. The Evolution of the Atmosphere B. The Evolution of Photosynthesis
C. The Evolution of the Ecosystem D. The Danger of Man-Made pollution

Passage 4
Geology has for its aim the deciphering of the whole evolution of the earth from the time of the
earliest records that can be recognized in the rocks to the present day. So ambitious a program requires
much subdivision of effort, and in practice it is convenient to divide the subject into a number of
branches. The key words of the three main branches are the materials of the earth’s rocky framework
(mineralogy矿物学 and petrology 岩石学)；the geological process or machinery of the earth, by
means of which changes of all kinds are brought about (physical geology); and finally, the succession of
these changes, or the history of the earth (historical geology).
Geology is by no means without practical importance in relation to the needs and industries of
mankind. Thousands of geologists are actively engaged in locating and exploring the mineral resources
of the earth. The whole world is being searched for coal and oil and for the ores of useful metals.
Geologists are also directly concerned with the vital subject of water supply. Many engineering projects,
such as tunnels, canals, docks and reservoirs, call for geological advice in the selection of sites and
materials. In these and in many other ways, geology is applied to the service of mankind.
Although geology has its own laboratory methods for studying minerals, rocks and fossils, it is
essentially an open-air science. It attracts its followers to mountains and waterfalls, glaciers and
volcanoes, beaches and coral reefs in search for information about the earth and her often puzzling
behavior. Wherever rocks are to be seen in cliffs, their arrangement and sequence can be observed and
their story deciphered. With his hammer and maps the geologist in the field leads a healthy and
exhilarating life. His powers of observation become sharpened, his love of nature is deepened, and the
thrill of discovery is always at hand. (319 words)

1. According to the author, geology .
A. is a completely abstract science
B. is vitally related to the needs and industries of mankind
C. has no practical importance in relation to the needs and industries of mankind
D. only studies the rocks of the earth
2. Judging by the context, the word ―deciphering‖ in the first paragraph can be replaced
by .
A. explaining B. declaring C. classifying D. discarding
3. The first paragraph is mainly about .
A. the mineral resources B. the earth’s rocky framework
C. the geological processes D. the scope of geology
4. Geology can be applied to the exploration of the following EXCEPT .
A. petroleum B. water C. space D. coal
5. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that .
A. geology is just an open-air science
B. geology is one of the most difficult science to learn
C. geology attracts few people because of its hard field work
D. geology is interesting and rewarding though it involves hard field work

Passage 5
If you know exactly what you want, the best route to a job is to get specialized training. A recent
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survey shows that companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to
work immediately with very little on-the-job training.
That’s especially true of booming fields that are challenging for workers. At Cornell’s School of
Hotel Administration, for example, bachelor’s degree graduates get an average of four or five job offers
with high salaries and plenty of chances for rapid advancement. Large companies, especially, like a
background of formal education coupled with work experience.
But in the long run, too much specialization doesn’t pay off. Business, which has been flooded
with MBAs, no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval. The MBA may open doors
and command a higher salary initially, but the impact of a degree washes out after five years.
As further evidence of the erosion （销蚀）of corporate （公司的）faith in specialized degrees,
Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices. Although companies tend to take
on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level management.
―They want someone who isn’t constrained by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture,‖ says Scheetz.
This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduates.
Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to
have : writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the
ability to analyze and solve problems, David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with an MBA or an
engineering degree, ―I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing
things,‖ says Birch. Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes
literature, history, mathematics, economics, science, human behavior---plus a computer course or two.
With that under your belt, you can feel free to specialize. ―A liberal- arts degree coupled with an MBA or
some other technical training is a very good combination in the marketplace,‖ says Scheetz. (345 words)

1. What kinds of people are in high demand on the job market?
A. People with special training in engineering.
B. Students with a bachelor’s degree in humanities.
C. People with an MBA degree from top universities.
D. People with formal schooling plus work experience
2. By saying ―…but the impact of a degree washes out after five years‖ (line 3, Para. 3), the author
means .
A. in five years people will forget about the degree the MBA graduates have got
B. MBA programs will not be as popular in five years’ time as they are now
C. an MBA degree does not help promotion to managerial positions
D. most MBA programs fail to provide students with a solid foundation
3. According to Scheetz’s statement (lines 3-4, Para. 4), companies prefer .
A. people who have received training in mechanics
B. people who have a strategic mind
C. people who are talented in fine arts
D. people who are ambitious and aggressive
4. David Birch claims that he only hires liberal-arts people because .
A. they have attended special programs in management
B. they can stick to established ways of solving problems
C. they are more capable of handling changing situations
D. they are thoroughly trained in a variety of specialized fields
5. Which of the following statements does the author support?
A. Generalists will outdo specialists in management.
B. On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly.
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C. Formal schooling is less important than job training.
D. Specialists are more expensive to hire than generalists.

Passage 6
―Opinion‖ is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and
judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much
importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most do attach great importance to it. ―I have as much right to
my opinion as you to yours,‖ and ―Everyone is entitled to his opinion,‖ are common expressions. In
fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.
Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition
of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend ―What do you think of the new Ford
cars?‖ And he may reply, ―In my opinion, they’re ugly.‖ In this case, it would not only be intolerant to
challenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.‖
But consider this very different use of the term. A newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has
delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not state their personal
preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at
through inquiry and deliberation.
Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an
expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or
belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.
Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are
free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so we do not harm others. (289 words)

1. Which of the statement is TRUE, according to the author?
A. Casual use of the word ―opinion‖ often brings about quarrels.
B. Most of people tend to be careless in forming their opinions.
C. Free expression of opinions often leads to confusion.
D. Everyone has a right to hold his own opinion.
2. According to the author, who of the following would be labeled as intolerant?
A. Someone whose opinion harms other people.
B. Someone who values only their own opinions.
C. Someone who can’t put up with others’ tastes.
D. Someone who turns a deaf ear to others’ opinions.
3. The new Ford cars are cited as an example to show that .
A. it is foolish to criticize a famous brand
B. personal tastes are not something to be challenged
C. it is unwise to express one’s likes and dislikes in public
D. one should not always agree to others’ opinions
4. Considered judgment is different from personal preference in that .
A. it is based on careful thought B. it is stated by judges in the court
C. it reflects public likes and dislikes D. it is a result of a lot of controversy
5. As indicated in the passage, being free to act on one’s opinion .
A. doesn’t mean that one has the right to charge others without evidence
B. means that one can impose his preference on others
C. doesn’t mean that one has the right to do things at will
D. means that one can ignore other people’s criticism

24

Passage 7
Machines and foreign competition will replace millions of American jobs. But work will be
plentiful for people trained in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net
increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995 with service-industry jobs growing three
times as rapidly as factory jobs. ―Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and monotony of the
production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center,
the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute and the training school,‖ predicts
Canadian economist Calvert.
Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest, but from a low base. In terms of actual numbers,
more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters
and clerks. Yet much of the drudges work will be taken on by robots.
―The number of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase from 3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in
1990,‖ says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Virginia.
―Robots might also be found on war zones, in space---even in the office, perhaps making coffee,
opening mail and delivering messages.‖
One unsolved problem: what to do with workers displaced by high technology and foreign
competition. Around the world ―the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming
more accepted as a reality among social planners,‖ notes David Macarov, associate professor of the
Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime the percentage of time people spend on the job is likely to
continue to fall. Robert Theobald, author of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will lead to increasing
depression, bitterness and unrest. ―The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche,
which has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable,‖ he comments.

1. The first paragraph tells the reader that jobs on the production line are .
A. dull but well-paid B. unpleasant but rewarding
C. interesting and challenging D. boring and tiring
2. The word ―mundane‖ in the second paragraph can be replaced by .
A. dignified B. ordinary C. profitable D. enviable
3. According to the passage, robots .
A. are dexterous at doing delicate work
B. are clumsy when doing office work
C. can perform menial labor or dangerous tasks
D. can only do distasteful work
4. The following statements are true EXCEPT .
A. Service-industry needs more workers than factories
B. permanent unemployment will continue to mount when more workers are displaced by high
technology.
C. jobs in high-tech fields will increase fastest
D. there will be a great increase in full-time jobs
5. Robert Theobald thinks that the effect of joblessness on Westerners will be .
A. dreadful B. marginal C. beneficial D. soothing

Passage 8
The life of a journalist can be exciting. To be in constant pursuit of the latest news demands a
curiosity that can only be rewarded by getting to ―where it is happening‖ as soon as possible. The goal,
of course, is to relate what is happening to the public as clearly as possible.
However, every journalist must be careful to report not only a vivid picture of what is happening,
25

but a true picture. Each journalist reports his or her own version of what has taken place. Still, this
version must be an actual account if the reporter is to maintain a reliable reputation.
In order to get to the truth in some news stories, a reporter must rely on the statements of
someone who is on the inside of the situation. Often this insider will only talk to a reporter if the
reporter promises never to reveal the insider’s name. The insider usually threatens never to admit
meeting with the reporter if his or her name is revealed.
Because stories of this nature often involve criminal activity, reporting them becomes a dangerous
job. The intrigue involved in obtaining news in this manner serves as an inviting situation for the
underworld as well as the legal world. Members of the underworld want to find out who the insider is
so that they can keep him or her quiet. Members of the legal world claim that the reporter will obstruct
justice if he or she fails to disclose the insider’s name.
Rather than be unaccountable to a trusted informant, most reporters will go to jail if need be.
Freedom of the press is provided by the First Amendment of the Constitution of the U.S. Impure
interpretations of this portion of the Constitution cause a small number of reporters to be jailed every
year. However, as yet, no amount of legal maneuvering has been put out this light of freedom set up by
our forefathers. All of the reporters refusing to reveal the names of the informants have eventually
been released.
Dedication of this kind has given journalism its reputation for reliability---a reliability that each
journalist is expected to uphold in his or her search for truth. Supplying a truthful account of each day’s
occurrences is the solemn contract made between a reporter and the public.

1. The author implies in the passage that a reliable reporter .
A. seldom follows the First Amendment of the Constitution of the U.S.
B. should be diligent, shrewd and inventive
C. must provide the public with a truthful account of what is happening as clearly as possible
D. must try every means to satisfy the public’s curiosity
2. According to the passage, those who give inside information .
A. are usually under police protection
B. do not want their names made public
C. are on rare occasions on good terms with reliable reporters
D. often have difficulty in protecting their lives
3. It is known from the passage that reporting a story involving criminal activities .
A. is risky but profitable
B. will never get the reporter into trouble even if he refuses to tell the insider’s name
C. is an exciting job
D. sometimes may put the insider in danger
4. Some reporters are put into prison mainly because .
A. the courts sometimes misinterpret the First Amendment of the Constitution
B. they get inside stories by dishonest means
C. they are against the First Amendment of the Constitution
D. there is no law in the U.S. to protect freedom of the press
5. Judging from the context, the word ―inviting‖ in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by .
A. scheming B. unknowing C. stirring D. tempting

Passage 9
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness,
but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
26

During the hours when you labor though your work you may say that you’re ―hot‖. That’s true.
The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at it is peak.
For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening.
No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: ―Get up, John! You’ll
be late for work again!‖ The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his
temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives
realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help,
Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.
Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is
low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour.
This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on
the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for
clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whennever possible, do routine work in the
afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. (318 words)

1. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably .
A. he is a lazy person B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
2. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A. unawareness of energy cycles
B. familiar monologues
C. a change in a family member’s energy cycle
D. attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members
3. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning he should .
A. change her energy cycles B. overcome his laziness
C. get up earlier than usual D. go to bed earlier
4. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will .
A. help to keep your energy for the day’s work
B. help you to control your temper early in the day
C. enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D. keep your energy cycle under control all day
5. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one’s energy.
B. Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C. Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D. Children have energy cycles, too.

Passage 10
The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion
among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large
population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person
produces less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a smaller population.
Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the
development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is
a big demand to justify them.
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One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that
official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of
industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where
a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it
will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences
may be. In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate
may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the
pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened.
Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see
a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.

1. A small population may mean .
A. higher productivity, but a lower average income
B. lower productivity, but a high average income
C. lower productivity and a lower average income
D. higher productivity and a high average income
2. According to the passage, a large population will provide a chance for developing ______ .
A. agriculture B. transport system C. industry D. national economy
3. In a developed country, people will perhaps go out of work if the birthrate .
A. goes up B. goes down C. remains stable D. is out of control
4. According to the passage, a slowly rising birthrate perhaps is good for .
A. a developing nation B. a developed nation
C. every nation with a large population D. every nation with a small population
5. It is no easy job to carry out a general plan for birth control throughout the world because ______.
A. there are too many underdeveloped countries in the world
B. the industrial development of underdeveloped countries is at a low level
C. different governments have different views of the question
D. even developed countries may have complex problems

Passage 11
For several decades, the fast- food industry in the U.S. has experienced phenomenal growth.
Fast-food restaurants began in the early 50s; today there is one fast-food restaurant for every 685 people
in the country. Experts estimate, for example, that more people worldwide eat at McDonald’s daily than
live in Australia and New Zealand. McDonald’s sells burgers at the rate of 140 per second. The
expansion and big earnings of these restaurants are in large part due to changes in the lifestyles of
Americans.
One of the reasons for the growth is related to the fact that in the U.S., more than seven out of
ten women aged 25 to 54 now work outside the home. Nearly 80% of them are employed full time.
There is more money to spend on eating out and less time to prepare meals. Another reason is related
to the huge increase in the 1970s and 80s in the number of people living alone. Singles as well as
working mothers and their families find eating at fast-food restaurants quick, easy, and inexpensive. An
additional factor is the increase in the use of the automobile on freeways for commuting, shopping, and
recreation. The McDonald’s or Burger King at freeway exits is a familiar landmark that represents
consistent quality and service.
McDonald’s, which specializes in hamburgers, is the largest restaurant chain, with over 10 000
locations worldwide. The company’s sales in 1987 were $$14.3 billion. A new McDonald’s restaurant
opens its doors every 17 hours. In urban areas of the U.S., there is approximately one McDonald’s for
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every 25 000 people, so estimating the population of a city is as easy as counting the number of
McDonald’s outlets in the city’s telephone book. Burger King and Wendy’s also specialize in hamburgers
and have considerable sales. These latter two provide a great deal of competition for McDonald’s
famous Big Mac. Other companies that compete for the fast-food dollar are Kentucky Fried Chicken,
Arby’s Roast Beef, Hardee’s and Pizza Hut, to name only a few. Altogether, the fast-food industry sells
over $$100 billion worth of food a year.

1. According to the passage, the fast-food industry in the U.S. expands mainly because .
A. many Americans like fast food very much
B. many Americans have changed their way of life
C. many working people have no time at all to prepare meals
D. many working women hate to do cooking
2. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fast-food restaurant?
A. Quick service B. Cheap food
C. Consistent quality D. Poor management
3. How many fast-food restaurants are listed in this passage?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D.10
4. The word ―phenomenal‖ in the first paragraph can be replaced by ?
A. superficial B. insignificant C. remarkable D. modest
5. This passage is mainly about .
A. big changes of the Americans’ attitude toward fast food
B. the increasing competition among large fast-food restaurants in the U.S.
C. the development of fast-food industry in the U.S.
D. the expansion of McDonald’s

Passage 12
The principal factor depressing life expectancy in developing countries has always been the high
death rate for infants and children. World Bank studies suggest that as much as two thirds of the
difference in life-spans between people in developed countries and those in developing ones can be
traced to differences in survival rates for children under five. It is here where the most improvement has
come. According to UN estimates, significant regional drops in infant mortality---ranging from 25
percent to 60 percent and centering near 40 percent---appear to have taken place between the late 1950s
and the late 1970s in northern Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Although sub- Saharan Africa’s mortality
trends cannot be quantified with confidence, there is reason to believe that life expectancy has risen and
infant mortality has declined in that region, as well. There is little doubt that population growth has
accelerated in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1950s; in fact, sub-Saharan Africa is widely thought to have
the highest rate of population growth of any major region in the world. Only a small portion of that
acceleration is likely to have been caused by increases in fertility (人口出生率)(and increases in fertility,
insofar as they have occurred, may also imply improvements in health and nutrition).
Mortality, of course, is not a perfect measure of nutritional change. Improved nutrition is only one
of a number of forces that have been pushing down death rates in developing countries. Others include
the upgrading of hygiene and sanitation; the extension of public health services; medical innovations;
improvements in education, communications, transportation, and in some areas, civil order. Even so,
the extent to which improvements in nutrition---both direct and indirect---have reduced mortality in
developing countries has frequently been underestimated. For example, Sri Lanka experienced an abrupt
jump in life expectancy shortly after the Second World War. Whereas this was long described as a
―technical fix‖---a triumph of DDT over the anopheles mosquito(疟蚊)----years later researchers
29

realized that abrupt and rapid drops in mortality had also taken place in Sri Lanka’s highlands, or ―dry
zones‖, where malaria （疟疾）had never been a serious problem. In both highland and lowland regions
health improved in tandem with(同……协作) access to food.

1. According to the author, life expectancy in developing countries is not high mainly because
developing countries .
A. have a low standard of living
B. have no public and private hygiene and sanitation
C. have no public health services
D. have low survival rates for infants and children
2. Between the late 1950s and the late 1970s, infant mortality in northern Africa .
A. fell sharply B. rose tremendously
C. still remained high D. was lower than that in Asia
3. The author holds that .
A. medical innovations are the only way to reduce mortality rates in developing countries
B. improved nutrition is the only one factor that reduces mortality rates in developing countries
C. mortality rates in developing countries have been brought down by a number of forces
D. the upgrading of hygiene and sanitation had played a crucial role in reducing mortality rates in
developing countries
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that before the Second World War, .
A. malaria had taken few lives in Sri Lanka
B. malaria had been already put under control in Sri Lanka
C. malaria had been a very serious problem in lowland regions in Sri Lanka
D. malaria had remained unrestrained in Sri Lanka
5. Judging by the context, the word ―mortality‖ in line 5 in the first paragraph probably
means .
A. birth rate B. death rate C. longevity D. growth

Passage 13
The word conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we
ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had
no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them,
even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were ―limitless‖ and ―inexhaustible‖.
Most of the citizens of earlier generation knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate
system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition
of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea;
timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant wood lands; soil
destruction and river flood were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic
cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word ―conservation‖ had nothing of the meaning that it
has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the
mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To
know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as the knowledge of the basic
arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life why the
running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they
finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We
30

need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow
creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above
the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.

1. The author’s attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources
is .
A. positive B. suspicious C. neutral D. critical
2. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that .
A. they had no idea about scientific forestry
B. they had little or no sense of environmental protection
C. they were not aware of the significance of nature study
D. they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials
3. It can be inferred from the 3
rd
paragraph that earlier generation didn’t realize .
A. the interdependence of water, soil, and living things
B. the importance of the proper use of land
C. the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
D. the value of the beauty of nature
4. To avoid the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that .
A. we plant more trees
B. natural sciences be taught to everybody
C. environmental education be directed toward everyone
D. we return to nature
5. What does the author imply by saying ―living space … is figured … also in cubic volume above the
earth‖ (in the 3
rd
paragraph)?
A. Our living space on the earth’s getting smaller and smaller.
B. Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.
C. We need to take some measures to protect space.
D. We must preserve good living conditions for both birds and animal.

Passage 14
Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and
whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have
to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.
But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work.
Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other
ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work
for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the
neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?
The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has
taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work
patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact it could
offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not
meant economic freedom.
Employment became widespread when the enclosures (圈地运动) of the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries
made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the
means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and
removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people
31

commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all
connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.
Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women
had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for
the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.
Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles
between the sexes.
It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form
of work, young people and old people were excluded --- a problem now, as more teenagers become
frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.
All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources
away from the utopian (乌托邦, 理想国) goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of
helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

1. Recent opinion polls indicate that .
A. the available employment should be restricted to a small number of people
B. full-time jobs must be created to reduce high unemployment figures
C. the available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed
D. the present high unemployment figures are on the decline
2. The author thinks that .
A. the employment problem can be solved in many ways
B. more factories should be built to increase productivity
C. small private enterprises should create jobs for all
D. universal employment is conducive to the stability of society
3. The consequence of the enclosures of the 17
th
and 18
th
centuries was that many
people .
A. were sent into exile
B. lost their land and had to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves
C. were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land
D. were badly paid for the jobs they managed to find
4. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Men and women did not work together in pre-industrial times
B. Men usually shared housework with their wives in the industrial age
C. Young and old people became superfluous elements of society in the industrial age
D. In the industrial age, women were put on an unfavorable position as far as employment was
concerned
5. The author states in the last paragraph that .
A. the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility
B. our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient
C. people should try to support themselves by learning a practical skill
D. those who have no full-time jobs may not need help


VII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. 新机场将是现有机场容量的两倍。
The new airport will double the capacity of the existing one.
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2. 最好的办法便是你去直接对他讲。
Your best bet is to go to tell it directly to him.
3. 他们站在那里聊天，别提多轻松自然了。
They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be.
4. 他总是夸她多么聪明，试图以此增强她的自信心。
He is always trying to boost her ego by telling her how clever she is.
5. 世界性金融危机以来，一些非常称职的业务人员离开了这家公司。
A number of well-qualified professional people have left the company since the financial crisis of
the world.
6. 日本某些政府官员为其二战期间的侵略行为进行辩护遭到许多亚洲国家的抨击。
The vindication of some Japanese government officials for its aggression during the Second World
War was under fire from many Asian countries.
7. 如果你方能给我方代理权，我们就能售出大量的货物。
We can dispose of a great amount of the goods if you grant us agency.
8. 落后的文化程度使国民经济日益倒退。
The low level of literacy is dragging the national economy backward.
9. 这事我一无所知，你可不要把我生拉硬拽进来。
I don’t know anything about it, so don’t try and drag me in.
10. 坦率地讲，到目前为止，教育改革几无进展。
Frankly speaking, little headway has been made in educational reform so far.
11. 为了不落后于时代，菜农和果农们学会了使用计算机来获取种植和销售其产品的有用信
息。
In order to keep abreast of the time, vegetable and fruit growers have learned to use computers to
obtain helpful information on the growth and sale of their produce.
12. 作为该公司的董事长，他深知肩负重任。
As the chairman of the board in the corporation, he is fully aware that he is taking on heavy
responsibilities.
13. 银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此破产了。
The bank refused to help the company; consequently, (as a resultthereforeso) it went bankrupt.
14. 这个汽车厂已经高度计算机化了，可以按买主的具体要求生产汽车。
This car factory has been highly computerized and it can customize an automobile.
15. 教育是一个内涵广博的词语，早在孩提 时期就开始了，并伴随终身。它应成为整个人生中
不可或缺的组成部分。
Education is a very broad, inclusive team. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts from infancy
and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.
16. 王先生看上去是个老实人，但事实上他不是一个说话算话的人。
Mr. Wang comes across being honest, but as a matter of fact, he is not a man of his word.
17. 虽然我们知道他们的足球队很强大，我们还是接受了他们的挑战并战胜了他们。
We knew their football team was bigger and stronger, but we took them on anyway and beat them.
18. 不痛不痒解决不了这个问题，我们得做出重大的改革。
It is no use just tinkering with the problem; we have got to make some fundamental changes.
19. 这个想法理论上看起来很好，但实践证明没有什么用。
The idea looked pretty good on paper, but proved useless in practice.
20. 我们公司目前太忙了，所以我们把一些垃圾清运项目分包给另一家公司。
Our firm is very busy at the moment, so we have subcontracted some of the garbage collection
work to another company.
21. 如果你方购买的数量超过100箱，我们可考虑给你2%的折扣。
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If you buy more than 100 cartons, we can consider offering you a discount of 2%.
22. 孩子们沉溺于电脑游戏已经引起家长和老师们的密切关注。
Children’s indulgence in computer games has caught the attention of parents and teachers.
23. 我们请了一位室内装饰设计师来帮助布置我们新近购置的住房。
We have asked an interior designer to help lay out the house we had newly bought.
24. 你需要权衡一下新系统的费用以及它所带来的效益。
You have to weigh the costs of the new system against the benefits it will bring.
25. 我已解释两遍了，我不愿意再重复了。
I’ve explained twice and I am not going to do it again.
26. 这些商人一直在游说议员使参议院通过这项议案。
These businessmen have been lobbying a bill through the Senate.
27. 警方和医学界都在尽力消灭年轻人当中越来越严重的吸毒现象。
The police and the medical profession were trying to stamp out the increasing wave of drug
addiction in young people.
28. 那枚稀有邮票现在的价值是其十年前的100倍。
That rare stamp is worth 100 times as much as 10 years ago.
29. 没有警察的允许，任何人都不得离开这栋楼。
No one is to leave the building without the permission of the police.
30. 许多发展中国家试图通过出口来摆脱贫困。
Many developing countries are trying to export their way out of poverty。
31. 在大城市工作有许多有利条件，可以很容易进入一流的大学、图书馆、音乐厅等等。
Working in big cities gives you many advantages in that you can have an easy access to top
universities, good libraries, concert halls and so on.
32. 这种汽车因符合环保标准而具有很大的优越性。
This kind of automobile has an enormous advantage in that it meets the standards of environment
protection.
33. 这个国家对研究核武器的投资正急剧增长。
The investment in the research of nuclear weapons in this country is increasing at breakneck speed.
34. 唯一可能得益于税收改革的公司是那些有着大量进出口业务的较大的公司。
The only companies likely to benefit by the changes in taxation are the larger ones with a
considerable import and export business.
35. 他的演讲时间太长了，结果听众们开始睡着了。
His speech went on for so long that the audience begun to fall asleep.
36. 我们工厂致力于开发新产品，旨在国际市场上更具竞争力。
Our factory has dedicated itself to developing new products, aiming at being more competitive in
the international market.
37. 污染对人类健康造成的危害是无法用美元来计算的。
The dangers of pollution to human health are impossible to calculate in terms of US dollars.
38. 癌症是第二号杀手，仅次于心脏病。
Cancer is second only to the heart disease as a cause of death.
39. 就像孩子们一样，在成人的生活中，游戏的重要性也不应忽视。
As with children, the importance of games should not be ignored in the life of adults.
40. 他除了在正式场合以外，从不讲究衣着打扮。
He never cares about his clothes except on a formal occasion.
41. 大量的塑料袋代替了纸口袋，造成了严重的―白色‖污染。
An enormous number of plastic bags have been replacing paper bags, hence producing severe
―white‖ pollution.
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42. 公众对矿泉水的兴趣减少了，因为市场上不少的矿泉水是伪劣产品。
The public’s appetite for mineral water is tempered by the fact that much of the mineral water on
the market is either fake or of inferior quality.
43. 虽然人们的生活水平提高了，但是大多数人还是买不起一百多万元一套的住房。
Although people’s standard of living has improved, most people still cannot afford more than
￥1 million for an apartment.
44. 中国的经济自改革三十年以来已经增长了十多倍，这是不争的事实。
China’s economy has increased more than ten times during the thirty years of reform, which is an
indisputable fact.
45. 他们没有对走私货物征收高额关税并罚款，而是没收了那些货物。
They did not levy a high duty and fine on the smuggled goods. Instead they confiscated them.
46. 我们必须采取措施抑制物价上涨。
We must take measures to curb the soaring prices.
47. 外方在中国的投资大都采用独资、合资、合作的形式。
Foreign investment in China mainly takes the forms of sole foreign investment, joint venture and
contractual joint venture.
48. 他的失败归咎于缺乏知识又不努力。
His failure resulted from lack of knowledge and hard work.
49. 学习太用功，再加之睡眠不足，把我女儿累病了。
Studying too hard, coupled with not getting enough sleep, makes my daughter ill.
50. 他写了一部巨著，因而在历史上占有一席之地。
He wrote a famous book, and so he got a place in history.


VIII. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.

Paragraph 1
In the face of staggering social problems such as homelessness and a troubled public education
system, there is some reason to wonder whether spending billions on gambling is a wise idea. Even
more innocent forms of entertainment consumed in great quantities may deprive us of the chance to
enrich ourselves through reading, conversation, or real experiences that have not been filtered and
packaged as entertainment commodities.
面对诸如无家可归及困难重重的公众教育体系等棘手的社会问题，人们有理 由问一下在赌
博上花消几十亿、几百亿是否是明智之举。即使危害性较轻的娱乐方式 – 此类娱乐消费数量
巨大 – 可能也会剥夺我们通过阅读、交谈、实际经历来丰富自己的机会。而这些东西尚未被
筛选包装成娱乐品。

Paragraph 2
Nearly half the world’s women live in countries where males are more numerous. In these places,
girls and women get less food and health care than their brothers and husbands and often die of neglect.
Premature death from neglect is the main cause, but there are others. And now technology offers a
modern alternative in the form of sex-selective abortions.
全球妇女有一半生活在男性占多数的国家。在这些地方，女孩子和妇女们得到的 食物和卫
生保健远不及她们的兄弟和丈夫，并且经常会因漠不关心而夭折。由于漠不关心造成的产前死亡是主要原因，但还有其他别的原因。今天，科技又给人们提供了一种现代方法，这就是
性别选择 堕胎。

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Paragraph 3
The rush to quickie courses doesn’t mean that MBAs and other graduate degrees are going out of
style. It is just that these are no longer the end of the educational road. The new courses are often
supplements or complements to traditional education, maybe lasting just a few days, weeks or a
semester or two, and often involve training in one specific area. This is much cheaper and less time
consuming than going back to grad school or completing a second bachelor’s degree. < br>那么多人踊跃参加速成课程并不意味着工商管理硕士学位和其他硕士学位正在变的不吃
香了。这不 过说明了这些硕士学位不再是教育道路的终点。这些新开设的课程对于传统教育
而言常常是一种补充或互 补，有的课程可能仅需几天就结束了，有的要几周，有的则要一、
两个学期，但培训内容通常限于某一个 特定范围。这比上研究生院或者再获得一个学士学位
要省不少钱和时间。

Paragraph 4
The firm’s labor practices probably aren’t appreciably worse than those of other multinationals. But
its size and visibility assures unwanted attention. And local labor activists are starting to pile on, in part,
no doubt, to help boost union membership by taking on a giant. In Vietnam, newspapers run by labor
organizations have reported wildcat strikes at Nike factories as well as alleged abuses – including the
case of a Nike manager who slapped a worker across the face with the sole of a shoe.
同其他跨国公司相比，耐克公司的劳动惯例没有明显的不足之处。但由于公司的 规模和
受人关注的程度为其带来了不必要的关注，并且当地劳工活动家也开始大量的介入。通过挑
战大公司，这毫无疑问在某种程度上助长了工会组织的扩大。在越南，劳工组织所办的报纸
报道了耐克 工厂野猫式罢工以及所谓的虐待，其中包括某个耐克工厂经理用鞋底打了一个工
人的脸的事件。

Paragraph 5
But more important, the tantalizing mix of fun and learning has caught the attention of parents,
teachers, and education experts. Maybe, just maybe, this new form of lively, interactive software is what
could finally turn the computer into the high-tech- learning tool as it was always expected to be. The key
is the interactivity of the new programs.
但更重要的是，娱乐与学习引人入胜的交融已经引起了家长、老师和教育专家的注意。可
能，仅 仅是可能， 这种新形式的生动的互动软件如人们最初预期的那样会最终使电脑成为一
种高科技学习工具 。问题的关键是新软件的互动性。

Paragraph 6
If handled improperly, however, some liberalization efforts can backfire. Privatizations, for example,
tend to reduce the scope for graft in the long run, by transferring assets into the private sector. But the
privatization process itself tends to invite corruption. For this reason, graft-busters must also
concentrate on making civil servants honest by improving accounting systems and increasing
bureaucrats’ official (i.e., legally obtained) salaries.
然而，如果处理不当，开 放经济的尝试可能会产生相反的结果。例如，实行私有化，即
将财产转到私营部门，从长远看可能会减少 腐败的机会，但是，私有化过程本身就可能会诱
发腐败。为此，打击腐败的人也必须把重点放在通过改革 会计制度、提高官员的职务（即合
法的）薪水从而使公务员们诚实。

Paragraph 7
Innovation has always been a powerful force in American culture. When the automobile came
along, it changed everything from personal mobility and the way cities developed to the rituals of
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courtship. Air conditioning helped the South rise again. Widely available birth-control measures altered
the relations between men and women. Jet airplanes, telephones, and broadcasting demolished distance
and made the world a global village.
创新一直是美国文化中一股强大的力量。汽车的出现改变了一切，从 人们的活动范围和
城市发展的方式到求爱的礼仪；空调使得（美国）南部再度发展起来；随处可得的控制 生育
的措施改变了男女之间的关系；喷气式飞机、电话和广播消除了距离的障碍，使世界成为一
个地球村。

Paragraph 8
Imitation may be the sincerest form of flattery, but many fashion companies, film studios and
music businesses would be happier without Italy’s counterfeits paying them the compliment. Visitors to
Rome, Florence and other Italian tourist spots this Christmas have, as usual, been tripping over
pavement sellers with their ranges of look- alike bags, video cassettes and music tapes. Many street
markets, such as that in Ventimiglia on the Italian side of the border with France, could as well fly the
Jolly Roger as the tricolore.
谄媚奉承最真心实意的形式可能就是模仿了，但假如意大利的造假者没有以仿制来表示
他们的恭 维，许多时装公司、电影制片厂、音乐制作商会更高兴。像往年一样，在今年圣诞
节里，去罗马、佛罗伦 萨以及意大利的其它旅游景点的游客被地摊上的一排排摆放着的仿真
品绊倒。这些仿真品有手提包、盒式 录像带和音乐带。就像与法国接壤的意大利城镇文蒂米
利亚的马路市场一样，许多地方的马路市场不妨飘 起海盗旗来代替意大利的三色旗。

Paragraph 9
The next generation of weight-loss drugs will work differently. Instead of chemically persuading
you that you are not hungry, pills such as Hoffmann-la Roche’s Xenical will stop the gut from the
absorbing so much fat. Since it does not act on the brain or the central nervous system, Xenical should
have no life-threatening effects. But on August 28
th
Roche decided to delay the drug’s launch, expected
this autumn, due to fear about breast cancer.
下一代减肥 药物的减肥机理将不同于以往，它不是以化学的方式使你感觉不饿，比如像
罗氏公司的奥利斯特那类药物 会阻止肠道吸收过量的脂肪，既然这类药物不会作用于大脑或
中枢神经系统，它们就不会有危及生命的副 作用。然而，在八月二十八日，罗氏公司由于担
心这种药物可能会引发乳腺癌，决定推迟投放原定在今年 秋季推出的药物。

Paragraph 10
Meeting the challenges of increasing protectionism is difficult. Though protectionism has been
curbed in recent decades, principally through concerted multilateral efforts, it again poses an appreciable
challenge to the growth of international trade relations. Though the first best (but rarely achieved)
policy of every country is to maintain a free trade regime, unilateral actions to liberalize trade are usually
proscribed by political factors.
对付日益增长的贸易 保护主义的挑战是非常困难的。尽管贸易保护主义主要通过多边共
同努力在最近几十年中得到了抑制， 现在它又一次对国际贸易关系的发展提出了相当大的挑
战。虽然各国首要的最好的政策（但很少获得通过 ）是维护自由贸易体制，但使贸易自由的
单边措施却通常由于政策因素而遭禁止。


37