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Explanations
Chapter 1
New
England: the northeastern corner of the United
States including the
present states of Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island and Connecticut.
Great Lakes:
the five lakes between Canada and the US. They are
Lake
Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake
Erie and Lake Ontario.
Chapter 3
Mayflower Compact: the first governing
document of Plymouth Colony,
drafted by the
“Pilgrims” who crossed the Atlantic aboard the
Mayflower,
seeking religious freedom. It was
signed on November 11, 1620. In this
Compact
they agreed to stick together, to abide by
majority role, and to
have a right to choose
their own leader.
Thanksgiving Day: It is
an annual one-day holiday to give thanks at the
conclusion of the harvest season. The United
States celebrates
Thanksgiving on the fourth
Thursday of November.
Chapter 4
Boston Tea Party: on the evening of , 1773, in
Boston, when ships of tea
reached Boston and
the governor was determined to see that tea was
legally
protected in its distribution, a group
of angry colonists, known as the
Boston Tea
Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and
boarded the three
company ships, ripped open
342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000, and dumped
all the tea into the harbor.
The First Continental Congress: In
1774, the First Continental Congress
was held
in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to
refuse to buy
British goods, and organized
colonial militia units.
Chapter 5
Confederation: a confederation is a government
in which the constituent
governments, called
states in the US, create a central government by
constitutional compact but do not give it
power to regulate the conduct
of individuals.
The Bill of Rights: In 1789, James
Madison introduced in the House of
Representatives a series of amendments which
later were drafted into
twelve proposed
amendments and sent to the states for
ratification. Ten
of them were ratified in
1791 and the first ten amendments to the
constitution were called the Bills of Rights
because they were to insure
individual
liberties.
Chapter 6
Missouri
Compromise: in 1820, the North and South reached a
solution,
“Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was
admitted as a slave state, but the
balance of
political power maintained by admission of Maine
as a free state;
in addition, slavery was to
be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana
Territory north of the line 36’30’ parallel of
latitude.
Gettysburg Address: It refers
to the short speech President Lincoln made
when he dedicated the national cemetery at
Gettysburg. He ended the speech
with “the
government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall
not perish from the earth”.
Chapter 7
Open Door Policy: in
Sin-America relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed
the
so-called “Open Door Policy” which
demanded that all the imperialist
powers
should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as
other aggressors.
The Ku Klux Klan: the
KKK
was the first organized in 1866 and
then reformed
in 1867. The KKK terrorized and
attacked not only blacks, but also
progressives, labor union organizers communist
or socialist party
members.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: it
was passed in 1866. It
divided all the former
Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five
military districts and each was put under the
control of a Northern army
officer. The
officer had the power to keep order and to enforce
martial
law if necessary.
Chapter 8
Roaring Twenties: the ten years between 1919
and 1929 usually called the
“Roaring Twenties”
or the “Jazz Age”: a time of carefree prosperity,
isolation from the world’s problems,
bewildering social changes and
feverish
pursuit of pleasure.
The Social Security
Act: in 1935, it was signed by Roosevelt which
provided
a system of pensions for the retired,
unemployment insurance, and care
for the
dependent and disabled.
Chapter 9
The
Cold War:
a. In the post war period
the different between Russia and the US increased
and led to a new kind of war, a war, without
fighting, which was called
the Cold War.
b. The Cold War was marked by international
tension and hostility arousing
from various
military, diplomatic, social, propagandistic, and
economic
pressures employed by one side
against the order to gain advantage
economically in terms of security, or in terms
world opinion.
c. The Cold War was ended with
the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
Truman Doctrine: On , 1949, President Truman
put forward the Truman
Doctrine in his speech
to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine
meant
to support any country which said it was
fighting communism.
The Marshall Plan: It
was announced by George Marshall on , 1947, and
was
the economic aid plan for Western Europe.
It was also used to prevent the
loss of
Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.
Chapter 10
Pocket veto: A pocket veto is a
legislative maneuver in lawmaking that
allows
a president or other official with veto power
effectively to
exercise that power over a bill
by taking no action.
Federalism:
① The division of powers by a constitution
between the
central government is called
federalism.
② Federalism operates on two
levels, the national and the state.
③
Units of governments within a state
enjoy no
independent existence.
Separation of
powers:
Constitutional division of powers
among the
legislative, executive, and
judicial branches.
Chapter 11
Selective veto:
Judicial review:
John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in
American
history, called the power of the
interpretation of the Constitution
judicial
review.
Chapter 12
Election Day:
Tuesday after the first Monday in November, each
leap year.
Winner-take-all: the candidate
with the most votes in a state wins all
of
that state’s electoral votes.
Question
Chapter 3
Q: Why did so
many English people move to the New World in the
17
th
century
A: a. The New World was a
great and rich land. In the New World there were
all those resources necessary for agricultural
and industrial
development.
b. During the
reign of Queen ElizabethⅠ(1588-1603), the English
in
growing numbers realized make their
fortunes, and to worship and live
according to
their beliefs.
c. Some of them might move
to America to leave oppressive political
institutions, to escape burdensome church
duties, to acquire large
landholdings or
merely to change their general pattern of living.
Of
course, material gain was a common
factor.
Q: What was the social structure
of the 13 colonies
A: Society in the 13
colonies was like a pyramid.
a. The top
was made up of merchants and landlords.
b. The base was made up of refugees from
Europe, black slaves from Africa,
and the
native Indians.
Chapter 4
Q: What
were the main the contents of the Declaration of
Independence
A: The Declaration includes these
five parts:
a. the Preamble, which explains
why the Declaration was issued;
b. a
statement of principles of government to which the
American people
were committed;
c. a list of injustices suffered by the
colonies;
d. a summary of efforts the
colonies had made to avoid a break with the
mother country; and
e. The proclamation
that the “Colonies are Free and Independent
States.”
Chapter 5
Q: What were
the chief causes of the War of 1812
A: a. The
British were not reconciled to the loss of their
thirteen
colonies. Using Canada as the base,
they always challenged to battle with
the
young Republic.
b. This anger reached its
peak in 1807 when one British warship attached
and board the American ship, killing and
wounding 21 men and impressing
four sailors.
Q: What powers do the national and
the individual have under the Articles
of
Confederation
A: Under the Articles of
Confederation the national government consisted
of only a legislature; it had no separate
executive and judicial divisions.
The state
government had sole right to legislate matters
concerning debts,
contracts, family affairs
and it could tax their citizens.
Chapter
6
Q: What was the Monroe Doctrine
A: The
foreign policy of James Monroe, the 5
th
.
President. It was announced
in 1823. The
essence of the Doctrine was “America for
Americans”, which
later became a cornerstone
of the US foreign policy.
Q: What were
the basic causes of the Civil War
A: In 1825,
Harriet Beecher Stowe published her famous book
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin. This novel has been
described as one of the significant events
leading up to the Civil War. Two different
social-economic systems existed
side by side
in the US. In the South slavery was the foundation
of the
economic system while in the North
industry and commerce were the main
character
of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in
the North
required the restriction of slavery
as well as an expanding territory in
order to
provide capitalist production with raw materials,
markets and
abundant labor supply. The slave
economy in the South was an obstacle to
industrial growth and expansion. This economic
antagonism led to
increased conflicts between
the North and the South.
Chapter 7
Q: Do you think Chicago is a city with
glorious revolutionary tradition
Why
A:
Yes. In Chicago, four strikers died at the hands
of police. On the night
of the 4
th
,
1886, workers gathered at Haymarket Square of
Chicago to mourn
for the dead. Unfortunately
eight leaders of the workers’ organization
were arrested by the police. News spread out.
Workers of the whole country
and of some other
countries expressed their support. Paying tribute
to
American martyrs, the Second International
meeting was held at Paris in
1889. The meeting
adopted a resolution designating May 1 as
International
Labor Day to be observed by the
workers of all countries. The US working
class
movement had a new upsurge at the turn of the
century. On March 8,
1909, women workers in
Chicago launched a big struggle for freedom and
equal rights with men. Their efforts won the
recognition of the Second
International
Congress of Women Socialists which decided in 1910
that
March 8 each year was to be observed as
International Working Women’s
Day.
Chapter 8
Q: Why did the US join the
Allies in the war
A:
a. The US was
lack of military preparedness when the war
began.
b. Another factor for the US to
join the war was the American financial
and
industrial commitment to the Allied cause.
c. Finally, the factor that pushed the US into
the war was Germany’s
submarine campaign
against merchant ships. That was to attack every
ship that approached the British Isles.
Q: What were the basic ideas of the New Deal
How do you comment on the
New Deal
A: a. ① The main aims of the New Deal were to
raise commodity prices by
limiting production,
and to carry through a modest inflation by
providing
money at low rates of interest to
farmers and to industry.
② For farmers,
the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in
1933, which enabled the
government, among
other things to pay grants to farmers to induce
them
to reduce the amount of products, which
included such commodities as
cotton, wheat,
corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar, and
others.
③ In
industry, Roosevelt, by
the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power
to control working hours and working
conditions, and to fix minimum wages.
Furthermore, through the National Recovery Act
a vast scheme of public
works were provided by
the government.
④ By 1938, the New Deal
was over
with the expansion of the European
crisis. Roosevelt had to switch his
emphasis
from domestic to foreign affairs.
b. The
basic ideas behind the New Deal, that the federal
government has
the prime responsibility for
the welfare of the people and must not be
limited by narrow concepts of states’ rights,
that bold experimentation
is the way to find
solutions to new social problems, and that active
presidential leadership of Congress and the
people is vital in a world
of growing
complexity, have not been challenged strongly in
the years
since 1938.
Chapter 9
Q: How did America’s foreign policies change
around World War Ⅱ
A: ⒈ From isolation to
intervention. Between 1935 and 1937 the Congress
passed three Neutral Acts which prohibited the
sale of munitions and the
lending of money to
nations at war. It even outlawed travel by the US
citizens on belligerents’ vessels.
⒉ WWⅡ erupted in 1939. The US Congress
repealed the arms embargo and
substituted a
“Cash-and-Carry” policy. The policy required that
belligerents trading with American merchants
transport their goods in
foreign vessels and
that the goods be paid for before they left
American
ports.
⒊ In March 1941,
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which enabled
any
country whose defense the President
considered vital to that of the US
to receive
arms and other equipment and supplies by sale,
transfer,
exchange, or lease. In President
Roosevelt’s words, this act made the
republic
the arsenal of world democracy.
⒋ Japan
suddenly attacked the US naval base at Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii
on December 7,1941. This made
America formally enter the war.
Q: What are the major forms of American Civil
Rights Movement from 1955
to 1968 Can you give
two specific examples
A:
Chapter 10
Q: How does a bill become a law in Congress
A: With the exception of revenue or tax,
legislation can be introduced
in either the
House or the Senate; sometimes identical bills are
introduced in both houses. When bills are
introduced, they are sent to
the appropriate
committees by the Speaker of the House or the
Senate
majority leader. The chair of the
committee then sends the bill to a
subcommittee, which usually issues a report
that is either favorable or
unfavorable to the
bill. Or it may report out an amended or changed
bill
or rewrite the original bill. A
bill favorably reported out of a Senate
committee is put on the calendar for floor
action.
Q: What are the three basic
principles of US political system
A: The Three
Basic Principles: federalism, the separation of
powers and
respect for the constitution and
the rule of the law.
Chapter 11
Q:
How is the President’ power limited
A: In
spite of his great power, the President is
actually moving within
the limits already
drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of
the
government are legislated by Congress. The
Supreme Court has the power
to declare his
policy, even if it has already been approved by
Congress,
unconstitutional and thus abolish
it. Finally, if he abuses his power or
commits
crimes, he will be impeached by Congress.
Impeachment simply means
to bring formal
charges; it does not mean conviction. In American
history
there have been two presidents who
faced impeachment proceedings, but they
were
not convicted.
Chapter 12
Q: How is
the President elected
A: ⒈ The major parties
hold conventions to choose candidates for
President and Vice President and to determine
the parties’ platforms.
⒉ Campaigning
stage: Be early fall of the election year, the
presidential
race is on. Voters are bombarded
from all sides.
⒊ Voters choose a slate
of presidential electors in their state who make
up the Electoral College. a. The number of the
Electoral College in each
state is equal to
that of its senators and representatives in
Congress.
b. The candidate with the
most votes in a state wins all of that state’s
electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-
take-all” principle.
c.
The candidate
who wins the majority (270) of the 538 Electoral
College
votes will be President in the next
four years.
⒋ The electors meet in
their state capitals and cast their votes for
President and Vice President
on the
1
st
Monday after Wednesday in Dec. When
the Congress assembles in
January 6, the
electoral votes are formally counted in a joint
session
of the two houses and the President of
the Senate announces the “state
of the vote”.
If no candidates receive a majority of the
electoral votes,
the House, by a majority
vote, will choose for President one out of the
three having the highest electoral votes.