铜陵一中-预备党员全年总结

美国杰出历史人物
[Note 1][Note 2]
George Washington (February 22, 1732
[O.S. February 11, 1731]
December
14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American
Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
He presided over the convention that drafted the United States
Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and which
remains the supreme law of the land.
Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the electors
in 1788, and he served two terms in office. He oversaw the creation of
a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality
in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance
among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms
and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a
cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Further, the peaceful
transition from his presidency to the presidency of John Adams established
a tradition that continues into the 21st century. Washington was hailed
as father of his country
[3][4]

Washington was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia; his
wealthy planter family owned tobacco plantations and slaves. After both
his father and older brother died when he was young, Washington became
personally and professionally attached to the powerful William Fairfax,
who promoted his career as a surveyor and soldier. Washington quickly
became a senior officer in the colonial forces during the first stages
of the French and Indian War. Chosen by the Second Continental Congress
in 1775 to be commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American
Revolution, Washington managed to force the British out of Boston in 1776,
but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York
City. After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter, he defeated
the British in two battles, retook New Jersey and restored momentum to
the Patriot cause.
Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British
armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. Historians laud
Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals,
encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army,
coordination with the state governors and state militia units, relations
with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and training. In
battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British
generals with larger armies. After victory had been finalized in 1783,
Washington resigned as Commander-in-chief rather than seize power,

proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American
republicanism.
Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of the Continental Congress, in 1787
Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that devised a new
Federal government of the United States. Elected unanimously as the first
President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to bring rival
factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's
programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an effective
tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition from Thomas
Jefferson).
Washington proclaimed the United States neutral in the wars raging in
Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a
decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795,
despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although he never
officially joined the Federalist Party, he supported its programs.
Washington's Farewell Address was an influential primer on republican
virtue and a warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement
in foreign wars. He retired from the presidency in 1797 and returned to
his home, Mount Vernon, and his domestic life where he managed a variety
of enterprises. He freed all his slaves by his final will.
Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be built
on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the national
government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open the western
lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, reduce regional
tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism.
[5]
At his death,
Washington was eulogized as
the hearts of his countrymenHenry Lee
[6]

The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years,
the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed
building the Washington Monument. As the leader of the first successful
revolution against a colonial empire in world history, Washington became
an international icon for liberation and nationalism, especially in
France and Latin America.
[7]
He is consistently ranked among the top three
presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and
the general public.

Thomas Jefferson (April 13
[O.S. April 2]
1743 – July 4, 1826) was an
American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of
Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States
(1801–1809). He was a spokesman for democracy and the rights of man with
worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he
served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia and then served
as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended,
from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris. In May
1785, he became the United States Minister to France.
Jefferson was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793)
serving under President George Washington. In opposition to Alexander
Hamilton's Federalism, Jefferson and his close friend, James Madison,
organized the Democratic-Republican Party, and subsequently resigned
from Washington's cabinet. Elected Vice President in 1796, when he came
in second to President John Adams of the Federalists, Jefferson opposed
Adams and with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Elected president in what Jefferson called the Revolution of 1800, he
oversaw the purchase of the vast Louisiana Territory from France (1803),
and sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) to explore the new
west. His second term was beset with troubles at home, such as the failed
treason trial of his former Vice President Aaron Burr. With escalating
trouble with Britain who was challenging American neutrality and
threatening shipping at sea, he tried economic warfare with his embargo
laws which only damaged American trade. In 1803, President Jefferson
initiated a process of Indian tribal removal and relocation to the
Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River, in order to open lands
for eventual American settlers. In 1807 he drafted and signed into law
a bill banning the importation of slaves into the United States.
A leader in the Enlightenment, Jefferson was a polymath who spoke five
languages and was deeply interested in science, invention, architecture,
religion and philosophy, interests that led him to the founding of the
University of Virginia after his presidency. He designed his own large
mansion on a 5,000 acre plantation near Charlottesville, Virginia, which
he named Monticello and the University of Virginia building. While not
a notable orator, Jefferson was a skilled writer and corresponded with
many influential people in America and Europe throughout his adult life.
After Martha Jefferson, his wife of eleven years, died in 1782, Jefferson
kept his promise to her that he would never remarry. Their marriage had
produced six children, of whom two survived to adulthood.

As long as he lived, Jefferson expressed opposition to slavery, yet, he
owned hundreds of slaves and freed only a few of them. Since his own day,
controversy has ensued over allegations that he fathered children by his
slave, Sally Hemings; DNA tests in 1998, together with historical research,
suggest he fathered at least one. Although he has been criticized by many
present-day scholars over the issues of racism and slavery, Jefferson
remains rated as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.



Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706
[O.S. January 6, 1705]
– April
17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted
polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist,
politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic
activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure
in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his
discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning
rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass
'armonica'.
[1]
He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire
department and a university.
Franklin earned the title of
indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman
in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador
to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.
[2]
Franklin was
foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical
values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing
institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and
religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment.
In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, could be
merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination
of the Enlightenment without its heat.
[3]
To Walter Isaacson, this makes
Franklin
[4]
influential in inventing the type of society America would become.
Franklin, always proud of his working class roots, became a successful
newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the
colonies.
[5]
He was also partners with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway
the three of whom published the
Pennsylvania Chronicle,
a newspaper that
was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British
monarchy in the American colonies.
[6]
He became wealthy publishing
Poor
Richard's Almanack
and
The Pennsylvania Gazette
.
[Note 1][Note 2]

Franklin gained international renown as a scientist for his famous
experiments in electricity and for his many inventions, especially the
lightning rod. He played a major role in establishing the University of
Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of the American
Philosophical Society. Franklin became a national hero in America when
he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp
Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as
American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of
positive Franco-American relations.
For many years he was the British postmaster for the colonies, which
enabled him to set up the first national communications network. He was
active in community affairs, colonial and state politics, as well as
national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as
governor of Pennsylvania. Toward the end of his life, he freed his slaves
and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.
His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and
status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen
Franklin honored on coinage and money; warships; the names of many towns,
counties, educational institutions, namesakes, and companies; and more
than two centuries after his death, countless cultural references.






Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American
author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong
influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his
public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his
work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections,
and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories,
and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works
are considered classics of American literature.
Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported
for a few months for
The Kansas City Star
, before leaving for the Italian
front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918, he was
seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the
basis for his novel
A Farewell to Arms
. In 1921, he married Hadley

Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where
he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the
modernist writers and artists of the 1920s Lost Generation
community.
The Sun Also Rises
, Hemingway's first novel, was published in
1926.
After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline
Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where
he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote
For Whom the Bell Tolls
.
Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated when he met
Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy
Landings and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly after the publication of
The Old Man and the Sea
in 1952, Hemingway
went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive
plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest
of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida
(1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in
Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.




Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),
[1]
better
known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist.
He wrote
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
(1876) and its sequel,
Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn
(1885),
[2]
the latter often called Great American
Novel.
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for
Huckleberry Finn
and
Tom Sawyer
. After an apprenticeship with a printer,
he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of
his older brother Orion. He later became a riverboat pilot on the
Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred
humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to
journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.
[3]
In 1865, his
humorous story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,
published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp
California where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought
international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek.
[4]

His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics
and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists,
and European royalty.

Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures,
he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige
Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. In
the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for protection from his
creditors via bankruptcy, and with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers
eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his
pre- bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility
to do so.
Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted
that he would out with it,too. He died the day following the comet's
subsequent return. He was lauded as the
[5]
his age, and William Faulkner called Twain American
literatur




Albert Einstein (ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn;
German:
[ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn]
(
listen)
; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical
physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two
pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
[2][3]
While best
known for his mass–energy equivalence formula
E
=
mc
2
(which has been
dubbed
[4]
he received the 1921 Nobel
Prize in Physics his services to theoretical physics, and especially
for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
[5]
The latter
was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian
mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical
mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the
development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however,
that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational
fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he
published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to
deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led
to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He
also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the
foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the
general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the
universe.
[6]

He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933
and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin
Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen
in 1940.
[7]
On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President
Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of

begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the
Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but
largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon.
Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the
Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear
weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study
in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150
non- scientific works.
[6][8]
His great intellectual achievements and
originality have made the word genius




Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American
clergyman, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African- American
Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement
of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a
national icon in the history of American progressivism.
[1]

Born Michael King, his father changed his name in honor of German reformer
Martin Luther. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist
early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped
found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957,
serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful
struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized
nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national
attention following television news coverage of the brutal police
response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where
he delivered his I Have a Dream
reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. He also
established his reputation as a radical, and became an object of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation's COINTELPRO for the rest of his life.
FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his
extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and

on one occasion, mailed King a threatening anonymous letter that he
interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.
On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating
racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped
to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he
took the movement north to Chicago. In the final years of his life, King
expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many
of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond VietnamIn 1968
King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called
the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4, in Memphis,
Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities.
Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had
been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for
decades after the shooting, and the jury of a 1999 civil trial found Loyd
Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King.
King was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional
Gold Medal posthumously. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as
a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been
renamed in his honor. A memorial statue on the National Mall was opened
to the public in 2011




Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an
African-American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress
called
movement
[1]
Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested,
December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in the U.S.
states of California and Ohio.
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus
driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat in the colored
section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks
was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken
similar steps in the twentieth century, including Irene Morgan in 1946,
Sarah Louise Keys in 1955, and the members of the
Browder v. Gayle
lawsuit
(Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith)
arrested months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was
the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest

for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws though
eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts.
[2][3]

Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important
symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international
icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated
with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local
chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town
who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement.
At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP.
She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center
for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. She acted
as a private citizen of giving inAlthough widely honored in later
years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a
seamstress in a local department store.
Eventually, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work.
From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers,
an African-American U.S. Representative. After retirement, Parks wrote
her autobiography, and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her
final years, she suffered from dementia.
Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn
Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal,
and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary
Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and second non-U.S.
government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.




Abraham Lincoln
i
ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən (February 12, 1809 – April 15,
1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861
until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States
through its greatest constitutional, military, and moral crisis—the
American Civil War—and in so doing preserved the Union, abolished slavery,
strengthened the national government and modernized the economy. Reared
in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was self-educated, and
became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator
during the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of
Representatives during the 1840s. He promoted rapid modernization of the

economy through banks, canals, railroads and tariffs to encourage the
building of factories; he opposed the war with Mexico in 1846.
After a series of highly publicized debates in 1858 during which he opposed
the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost the U.S. Senate race in Illinois
to his archrival, Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing
state, secured the Republican Party presidential nomination in 1860. With
almost no support in the South, Lincoln swept the North and was elected
president in 1860. His election prompted seven southern slave states to
declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederacy. The
departure of the Democratic politicians to lead the Confederacy gave
Lincoln's party firm control of Congress. The Republican politicians
promptly enacted much of their party platform, including a high tariff,
free land for colleges in every state (Morrill Act of 1862), new banking
laws, free land for settlers (Homestead Act of 1862), free land for the
transcontinental railroad, and a new US Department of Agriculture. No
formula for compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery.
Lincoln explained in his second inaugural address:
deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation
survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and
the war came.
When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after
the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln
concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.
His goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended
habeas corpus
, arresting
and temporarily detaining thousands of suspected secessionists in the
border states without trial. Lincoln averted British recognition of the
Confederacy by defusing the
Trent
affair in late 1861. His numerous
complex moves toward ending slavery centered on the Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863, using the Army to protect escaped slaves,
encouraging the border states to outlaw slavery, and helping push through
Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
which permanently outlawed slavery. Lincoln closely supervised the war
effort, especially the selection of top generals, including commanding
general Ulysses S. Grant. Lincoln brought leaders of the major factions
of his party into his cabinet and pressured them to cooperate. Lincoln's
Navy set up a naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade,
helped take control of Kentucky and Tennessee, and gained control of the
Southern river system using gunboats. He tried repeatedly to capture the
Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Each time a general failed,
Lincoln substituted another until finally Grant succeeded in 1865.
An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in
each state, Lincoln reached out to War Democrats

North against the South), and managed his own re-election in the 1864
presidential election. As the leader of the moderate faction of the
Republican party, Lincoln found his policies and personality were
from all sidesRadical Republicans demanded harsher treatment
of the South, War Democrats desired more compromise, Copperheads despised
him, and irreconcilable secessionists plotted his death.
[2]
Politically,
Lincoln fought back with patronage, by pitting his opponents against each
other, and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.
[3]

His Gettysburg Address of 1863 became the most quoted speech in American
history. It was an iconic statement of America's dedication to the
principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and
democracy.
[4]
At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of
Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy
of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter
divisiveness. Six days after the surrender of Confederate commanding
general Robert E. Lee, however, Lincoln was assassinated by an actor and
Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln's death was the
first assassination of a U.S. president and sent the nation into mourning.
Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars
[5]
and the public
[6]

as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.




Amelia Mary Earhart (ˈɛərhɑrt; July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2,
1937) was an American aviation pioneer and author.
[1][N 1]
Earhart was the
first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
[3][N 2]
She
received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record.
[5]
She set
many other records,
[2]
wrote best-selling books about her flying
experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines,
an organization for female pilots.
[6]
Earhart joined the faculty of the
Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member
to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for
aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early
supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
[7][8]

During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937
in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over
the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life,
career and disappearance continues to this day.
[

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author,
political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to
earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
[1][2]
The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne
Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of
language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has
become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film
The Miracle Worker
. Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller
Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal
level by presidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, the
100th anniversary of her birth.
A prolific author, Keller was well- travelled and outspoken in her
convictions. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial
Workers of the World, she campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights,
socialism, and other radical left causes. She was inducted into the
Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971





George Herman BabeRuth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948),
nicknamed the Bambinothe Sultan of Swat
professional baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
and outfielder who played for 22 seasons on three teams, from 1914 through
1935. He was known for his hitting brilliance setting career records in
his time for home runs (714, since broken), slugging percentage (.690),
RBI (2,213, since broken), bases on balls (2,062, since broken), and
on-base plus slugging (OPS) (1.164). Ruth originally entered the major
leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was
sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right
fielder. He subsequently became one of the American League's most prolific
hitters and with his home run hitting prowess, he helped the Yankees win
seven pennants and four World Series titles. Ruth retired in 1935 after
a short stint with the Boston Braves, and the following year, he became
one of the first five players to be elected into the National Baseball
Hall of Fame.

Ruth was the first player to hit 60 home runs in one season (1927), a mark
not surpassed until another Yankee right fielder, Roger Maris, hit 61 in
1961. Ruth's lifetime record of 714 home runs stood until 1974, when it
was surpassed by Hank Aaron. Unlike many power hitters, Ruth also hit for
a high batting average: his .342 lifetime average ties him with Dan
Brouthers for ninth highest in baseball history,
[1]
and in one season (1923)
he batted .393, a Yankee record.
[2]
Ruth dominated the era in which he played.
He led the league in home runs during a season twelve times, slugging
percentage and OPS thirteen times each, runs scored eight times, and RBIs
six times. Each of those totals represents a modern record.
[3]

Ruth is credited with changing baseball itself. The popularity of the game
exploded in the 1920s, largely due to his influence. Ruth ushered in the
live-ball erahis big swing led to escalating home run totals that
not only excited fans, but helped baseball evolve from a low-scoring,
speed- dominated game to a high-scoring power game. He has since become
regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture.
[4]
Ruth's
legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger than life
figure in the Roaring Twenties
[5]
and according to ESPN, he was the first
true American sports celebrity superstar whose fame transcended
baseball.
[6]
Off the field, he was famous for his charity contributions
which included helping children to learn and play baseball, but also was
noted for his often reckless lifestyle. He has been repeatedly voted onto
teams made up of the sport's greats, and is considered by many to be the
greatest baseball player and hitter of all time.




Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (oʊˈsɑːmə bɪn moʊˈhɑːmɨd b
ɪn əˈwɑːd bɪn ˈlɑːdən; Arabic: ةماسأ هب دمحم هب ضوع هب ندلا‎,
Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin ‘Awaḍ bin Lādin
; 10 March, 1957 – 2 May, 2011)
was the founder of al-Qaeda, the Sunni militant Islamist organization that
claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States,
along with numerous other mass- casualty attacks against civilian and
military targets.
[2][3][4]
He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy
bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite.
[5]

He was born in the bin Laden family to billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin
Laden in Saudi Arabia. He studied there in college until 1979, when he

joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan against the Soviets in
Afghanistan. He helped to fund the mujahideen by funneling arms, money
and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, also gaining popularity
[6][7]
from many Arabs. In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda. He was banished from Saudi
Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until US pressure forced
him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan,
he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of
bombings and related attacks.
[8]
Bin Laden was on the American Federal
Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and
Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy
bombings.
[9][10][11]

From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as
the FBI placed a $$25 million bounty on him in their search for him.
[12]
On
May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential
compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by members of the United States Naval
Special Warfare Development Group and Central Intelligence Agency
operatives in a covert operation ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama





The Vietnam War (Vietnamese:
Chi
ế
n tranh Vi
ệ
t Nam
, in Vietnam also known
as the American War, Vietnamese:
Chi
ế
n tranh M
ỹ
, Kháng chi
ế
n ch
ố
ng M
ỹ),
also known as the Second Indochina War,
[29]
was a Cold War- era proxy war
that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from December 1956
[A 1]
to the
fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina
War and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by China and other
communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the
United States and other anti-communist countries.
[34]
The Viet Cong (also
known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a lightly armed South
Vietnamese communist common front directed by the North, fought a
guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's
Army of Vietnam (a.k.a. the North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more
conventional war, at times committing large units into battle. U.S. and
South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming
firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground
forces, artillery, and airstrikes.
The U.S. government viewed American involvement in the war as a way to
prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of their wider
strategy of containment, which aimed to stop the spread of communism. The

North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify
Vietnam under communist rule. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war,
fought initially against France, then against America as France was backed
by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S.
puppet state.
[35]
Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in
what was then French Indochina. U.S. involvement escalated in the early
1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962.
[36]
Regular
U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed
international borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed by the U.S.
American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, at the time of the Tet
Offensive. After this, U.S. ground forces were gradually withdrawn as part
of a policy known as Vietnamization, which aimed to end American
involvement in the war. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, which was signed
by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued.
Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of
the Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress.
[37]
The capture of
Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the
war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The
war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War
casualties). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese service members and
civilians killed vary from 800,000
[38]
to 3.1 million.
[22][25]
Some
200,000–300,000 Cambodians,
[26][27][28]
20,000–200,000
Laotians,
[39][40][41][42][43][44]
and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the
conflict





John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly
known as Jackor by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United
States, serving from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November
1963.
After military service as commander of Motor Torpedo Boats
PT-109
and
PT-59
during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented
Massachusetts' 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of
Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served
in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President
and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential
election. At age 43, he was the youngest to have been elected to the
office,
[2][a]
the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt), and

the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president.
[3]
To date,
Kennedy has been the only Catholic president and the only president to
have won a Pulitzer Prize.
[4]

Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban
Missile Crisis, the Space Race—by initiating Project Apollo (which would
culminate in the moon landing), the building of the Berlin Wall, the
African-American Civil Rights Movement, and increased U.S. involvement
in the Vietnam War.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee
Harvey Oswald was accused of the crime and arrested that evening. However,
Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald two days later, before a trial could take
place. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald
was the lone assassin. The United States House Select Committee on
Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that those investigations were flawed and
that Kennedy was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy.
[5]

Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedy's private life has come
to light. Details of Kennedy's health problems with which he struggled
have become better known, especially since the 1990s. Although initially
kept secret from the general public, reports of Kennedy being unfaithful
in marriage have garnered much press. Kennedy ranks highly in public
opinion ratings of U.S. presidents but there is a gap between his public
reputation and his reputation among academics

美国杰出历史人物
[Note 1][Note 2]
George Washington (February 22, 1732
[O.S. February 11, 1731]
December
14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American
Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
He presided over the convention that drafted the United States
Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and which
remains the supreme law of the land.
Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the electors
in 1788, and he served two terms in office. He oversaw the creation of
a strong, well- financed national government that maintained neutrality
in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance
among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms
and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a
cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Further, the peaceful
transition from his presidency to the presidency of John Adams established
a tradition that continues into the 21st century. Washington was hailed
as father of his country
[3][4]

Washington was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia; his
wealthy planter family owned tobacco plantations and slaves. After both
his father and older brother died when he was young, Washington became
personally and professionally attached to the powerful William Fairfax,
who promoted his career as a surveyor and soldier. Washington quickly
became a senior officer in the colonial forces during the first stages
of the French and Indian War. Chosen by the Second Continental Congress
in 1775 to be commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American
Revolution, Washington managed to force the British out of Boston in 1776,
but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York
City. After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter, he defeated
the British in two battles, retook New Jersey and restored momentum to
the Patriot cause.
Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British
armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. Historians laud
Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals,
encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army,
coordination with the state governors and state militia units, relations
with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and training. In
battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British
generals with larger armies. After victory had been finalized in 1783,
Washington resigned as Commander-in-chief rather than seize power,

proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American
republicanism.
Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of the Continental Congress, in 1787
Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that devised a new
Federal government of the United States. Elected unanimously as the first
President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to bring rival
factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's
programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an effective
tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition from Thomas
Jefferson).
Washington proclaimed the United States neutral in the wars raging in
Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a
decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795,
despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although he never
officially joined the Federalist Party, he supported its programs.
Washington's Farewell Address was an influential primer on republican
virtue and a warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement
in foreign wars. He retired from the presidency in 1797 and returned to
his home, Mount Vernon, and his domestic life where he managed a variety
of enterprises. He freed all his slaves by his final will.
Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be built
on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the national
government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open the western
lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, reduce regional
tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism.
[5]
At his death,
Washington was eulogized as
the hearts of his countrymenHenry Lee
[6]

The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years,
the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed
building the Washington Monument. As the leader of the first successful
revolution against a colonial empire in world history, Washington became
an international icon for liberation and nationalism, especially in
France and Latin America.
[7]
He is consistently ranked among the top three
presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and
the general public.

Thomas Jefferson (April 13
[O.S. April 2]
1743 – July 4, 1826) was an
American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of
Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States
(1801–1809). He was a spokesman for democracy and the rights of man with
worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he
served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia and then served
as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended,
from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris. In May
1785, he became the United States Minister to France.
Jefferson was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793)
serving under President George Washington. In opposition to Alexander
Hamilton's Federalism, Jefferson and his close friend, James Madison,
organized the Democratic-Republican Party, and subsequently resigned
from Washington's cabinet. Elected Vice President in 1796, when he came
in second to President John Adams of the Federalists, Jefferson opposed
Adams and with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Elected president in what Jefferson called the Revolution of 1800, he
oversaw the purchase of the vast Louisiana Territory from France (1803),
and sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) to explore the new
west. His second term was beset with troubles at home, such as the failed
treason trial of his former Vice President Aaron Burr. With escalating
trouble with Britain who was challenging American neutrality and
threatening shipping at sea, he tried economic warfare with his embargo
laws which only damaged American trade. In 1803, President Jefferson
initiated a process of Indian tribal removal and relocation to the
Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River, in order to open lands
for eventual American settlers. In 1807 he drafted and signed into law
a bill banning the importation of slaves into the United States.
A leader in the Enlightenment, Jefferson was a polymath who spoke five
languages and was deeply interested in science, invention, architecture,
religion and philosophy, interests that led him to the founding of the
University of Virginia after his presidency. He designed his own large
mansion on a 5,000 acre plantation near Charlottesville, Virginia, which
he named Monticello and the University of Virginia building. While not
a notable orator, Jefferson was a skilled writer and corresponded with
many influential people in America and Europe throughout his adult life.
After Martha Jefferson, his wife of eleven years, died in 1782, Jefferson
kept his promise to her that he would never remarry. Their marriage had
produced six children, of whom two survived to adulthood.

As long as he lived, Jefferson expressed opposition to slavery, yet, he
owned hundreds of slaves and freed only a few of them. Since his own day,
controversy has ensued over allegations that he fathered children by his
slave, Sally Hemings; DNA tests in 1998, together with historical research,
suggest he fathered at least one. Although he has been criticized by many
present-day scholars over the issues of racism and slavery, Jefferson
remains rated as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.



Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706
[O.S. January 6, 1705]
– April
17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted
polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist,
politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic
activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure
in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his
discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning
rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass
'armonica'.
[1]
He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire
department and a university.
Franklin earned the title of
indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman
in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador
to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.
[2]
Franklin was
foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical
values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing
institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and
religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment.
In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, could be
merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination
of the Enlightenment without its heat.
[3]
To Walter Isaacson, this makes
Franklin
[4]
influential in inventing the type of society America would become.
Franklin, always proud of his working class roots, became a successful
newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the
colonies.
[5]
He was also partners with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway
the three of whom published the
Pennsylvania Chronicle,
a newspaper that
was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British
monarchy in the American colonies.
[6]
He became wealthy publishing
Poor
Richard's Almanack
and
The Pennsylvania Gazette
.
[Note 1][Note 2]

Franklin gained international renown as a scientist for his famous
experiments in electricity and for his many inventions, especially the
lightning rod. He played a major role in establishing the University of
Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of the American
Philosophical Society. Franklin became a national hero in America when
he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp
Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as
American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of
positive Franco-American relations.
For many years he was the British postmaster for the colonies, which
enabled him to set up the first national communications network. He was
active in community affairs, colonial and state politics, as well as
national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as
governor of Pennsylvania. Toward the end of his life, he freed his slaves
and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.
His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and
status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen
Franklin honored on coinage and money; warships; the names of many towns,
counties, educational institutions, namesakes, and companies; and more
than two centuries after his death, countless cultural references.






Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American
author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong
influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his
public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his
work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections,
and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories,
and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works
are considered classics of American literature.
Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported
for a few months for
The Kansas City Star
, before leaving for the Italian
front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918, he was
seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the
basis for his novel
A Farewell to Arms
. In 1921, he married Hadley

Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where
he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the
modernist writers and artists of the 1920s Lost Generation
community.
The Sun Also Rises
, Hemingway's first novel, was published in
1926.
After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline
Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where
he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote
For Whom the Bell Tolls
.
Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated when he met
Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy
Landings and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly after the publication of
The Old Man and the Sea
in 1952, Hemingway
went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive
plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of the rest
of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida
(1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in
Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.




Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),
[1]
better
known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist.
He wrote
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
(1876) and its sequel,
Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn
(1885),
[2]
the latter often called Great American
Novel.
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for
Huckleberry Finn
and
Tom Sawyer
. After an apprenticeship with a printer,
he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of
his older brother Orion. He later became a riverboat pilot on the
Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred
humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to
journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise.
[3]
In 1865, his
humorous story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,
published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp
California where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought
international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek.
[4]

His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics
and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists,
and European royalty.

Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures,
he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige
Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. In
the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for protection from his
creditors via bankruptcy, and with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers
eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his
pre- bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility
to do so.
Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted
that he would out with it,too. He died the day following the comet's
subsequent return. He was lauded as the
[5]
his age, and William Faulkner called Twain American
literatur




Albert Einstein (ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn;
German:
[ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn]
(
listen)
; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical
physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two
pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
[2][3]
While best
known for his mass–energy equivalence formula
E
=
mc
2
(which has been
dubbed
[4]
he received the 1921 Nobel
Prize in Physics his services to theoretical physics, and especially
for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
[5]
The latter
was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian
mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical
mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the
development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however,
that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational
fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he
published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to
deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led
to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He
also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the
foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the
general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the
universe.
[6]

He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933
and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin
Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen
in 1940.
[7]
On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President
Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of

begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the
Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but
largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon.
Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the
Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear
weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study
in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150
non- scientific works.
[6][8]
His great intellectual achievements and
originality have made the word genius




Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American
clergyman, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African- American
Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement
of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a
national icon in the history of American progressivism.
[1]

Born Michael King, his father changed his name in honor of German reformer
Martin Luther. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist
early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped
found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957,
serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful
struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized
nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national
attention following television news coverage of the brutal police
response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where
he delivered his I Have a Dream
reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. He also
established his reputation as a radical, and became an object of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation's COINTELPRO for the rest of his life.
FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his
extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and

on one occasion, mailed King a threatening anonymous letter that he
interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.
On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating
racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped
to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he
took the movement north to Chicago. In the final years of his life, King
expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many
of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond VietnamIn 1968
King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called
the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4, in Memphis,
Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities.
Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had
been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for
decades after the shooting, and the jury of a 1999 civil trial found Loyd
Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King.
King was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional
Gold Medal posthumously. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as
a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been
renamed in his honor. A memorial statue on the National Mall was opened
to the public in 2011




Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an
African-American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress
called
movement
[1]
Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested,
December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in the U.S.
states of California and Ohio.
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus
driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat in the colored
section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks
was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken
similar steps in the twentieth century, including Irene Morgan in 1946,
Sarah Louise Keys in 1955, and the members of the
Browder v. Gayle
lawsuit
(Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith)
arrested months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was
the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest

for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws though
eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts.
[2][3]

Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important
symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international
icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated
with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local
chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town
who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement.
At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP.
She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center
for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. She acted
as a private citizen of giving inAlthough widely honored in later
years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a
seamstress in a local department store.
Eventually, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work.
From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers,
an African-American U.S. Representative. After retirement, Parks wrote
her autobiography, and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her
final years, she suffered from dementia.
Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn
Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal,
and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary
Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and second non-U.S.
government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.




Abraham Lincoln
i
ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən (February 12, 1809 – April 15,
1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861
until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States
through its greatest constitutional, military, and moral crisis—the
American Civil War—and in so doing preserved the Union, abolished slavery,
strengthened the national government and modernized the economy. Reared
in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was self-educated, and
became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator
during the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of
Representatives during the 1840s. He promoted rapid modernization of the

economy through banks, canals, railroads and tariffs to encourage the
building of factories; he opposed the war with Mexico in 1846.
After a series of highly publicized debates in 1858 during which he opposed
the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost the U.S. Senate race in Illinois
to his archrival, Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing
state, secured the Republican Party presidential nomination in 1860. With
almost no support in the South, Lincoln swept the North and was elected
president in 1860. His election prompted seven southern slave states to
declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederacy. The
departure of the Democratic politicians to lead the Confederacy gave
Lincoln's party firm control of Congress. The Republican politicians
promptly enacted much of their party platform, including a high tariff,
free land for colleges in every state (Morrill Act of 1862), new banking
laws, free land for settlers (Homestead Act of 1862), free land for the
transcontinental railroad, and a new US Department of Agriculture. No
formula for compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery.
Lincoln explained in his second inaugural address:
deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation
survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and
the war came.
When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after
the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln
concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.
His goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended
habeas corpus
, arresting
and temporarily detaining thousands of suspected secessionists in the
border states without trial. Lincoln averted British recognition of the
Confederacy by defusing the
Trent
affair in late 1861. His numerous
complex moves toward ending slavery centered on the Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863, using the Army to protect escaped slaves,
encouraging the border states to outlaw slavery, and helping push through
Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
which permanently outlawed slavery. Lincoln closely supervised the war
effort, especially the selection of top generals, including commanding
general Ulysses S. Grant. Lincoln brought leaders of the major factions
of his party into his cabinet and pressured them to cooperate. Lincoln's
Navy set up a naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade,
helped take control of Kentucky and Tennessee, and gained control of the
Southern river system using gunboats. He tried repeatedly to capture the
Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Each time a general failed,
Lincoln substituted another until finally Grant succeeded in 1865.
An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in
each state, Lincoln reached out to War Democrats

North against the South), and managed his own re-election in the 1864
presidential election. As the leader of the moderate faction of the
Republican party, Lincoln found his policies and personality were
from all sidesRadical Republicans demanded harsher treatment
of the South, War Democrats desired more compromise, Copperheads despised
him, and irreconcilable secessionists plotted his death.
[2]
Politically,
Lincoln fought back with patronage, by pitting his opponents against each
other, and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.
[3]

His Gettysburg Address of 1863 became the most quoted speech in American
history. It was an iconic statement of America's dedication to the
principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and
democracy.
[4]
At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of
Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy
of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter
divisiveness. Six days after the surrender of Confederate commanding
general Robert E. Lee, however, Lincoln was assassinated by an actor and
Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln's death was the
first assassination of a U.S. president and sent the nation into mourning.
Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars
[5]
and the public
[6]

as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.




Amelia Mary Earhart (ˈɛərhɑrt; July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2,
1937) was an American aviation pioneer and author.
[1][N 1]
Earhart was the
first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
[3][N 2]
She
received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this record.
[5]
She set
many other records,
[2]
wrote best-selling books about her flying
experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines,
an organization for female pilots.
[6]
Earhart joined the faculty of the
Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member
to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for
aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early
supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
[7][8]

During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937
in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra, Earhart disappeared over
the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. Fascination with her life,
career and disappearance continues to this day.
[

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author,
political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to
earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
[1][2]
The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne
Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of
language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has
become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film
The Miracle Worker
. Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller
Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal
level by presidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, the
100th anniversary of her birth.
A prolific author, Keller was well- travelled and outspoken in her
convictions. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial
Workers of the World, she campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights,
socialism, and other radical left causes. She was inducted into the
Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971





George Herman BabeRuth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948),
nicknamed the Bambinothe Sultan of Swat
professional baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
and outfielder who played for 22 seasons on three teams, from 1914 through
1935. He was known for his hitting brilliance setting career records in
his time for home runs (714, since broken), slugging percentage (.690),
RBI (2,213, since broken), bases on balls (2,062, since broken), and
on-base plus slugging (OPS) (1.164). Ruth originally entered the major
leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was
sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right
fielder. He subsequently became one of the American League's most prolific
hitters and with his home run hitting prowess, he helped the Yankees win
seven pennants and four World Series titles. Ruth retired in 1935 after
a short stint with the Boston Braves, and the following year, he became
one of the first five players to be elected into the National Baseball
Hall of Fame.

Ruth was the first player to hit 60 home runs in one season (1927), a mark
not surpassed until another Yankee right fielder, Roger Maris, hit 61 in
1961. Ruth's lifetime record of 714 home runs stood until 1974, when it
was surpassed by Hank Aaron. Unlike many power hitters, Ruth also hit for
a high batting average: his .342 lifetime average ties him with Dan
Brouthers for ninth highest in baseball history,
[1]
and in one season (1923)
he batted .393, a Yankee record.
[2]
Ruth dominated the era in which he played.
He led the league in home runs during a season twelve times, slugging
percentage and OPS thirteen times each, runs scored eight times, and RBIs
six times. Each of those totals represents a modern record.
[3]

Ruth is credited with changing baseball itself. The popularity of the game
exploded in the 1920s, largely due to his influence. Ruth ushered in the
live-ball erahis big swing led to escalating home run totals that
not only excited fans, but helped baseball evolve from a low-scoring,
speed- dominated game to a high-scoring power game. He has since become
regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture.
[4]
Ruth's
legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger than life
figure in the Roaring Twenties
[5]
and according to ESPN, he was the first
true American sports celebrity superstar whose fame transcended
baseball.
[6]
Off the field, he was famous for his charity contributions
which included helping children to learn and play baseball, but also was
noted for his often reckless lifestyle. He has been repeatedly voted onto
teams made up of the sport's greats, and is considered by many to be the
greatest baseball player and hitter of all time.




Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (oʊˈsɑːmə bɪn moʊˈhɑːmɨd b
ɪn əˈwɑːd bɪn ˈlɑːdən; Arabic: ةماسأ هب دمحم هب ضوع هب ندلا‎,
Usāmah bin Muḥammad bin ‘Awaḍ bin Lādin
; 10 March, 1957 – 2 May, 2011)
was the founder of al-Qaeda, the Sunni militant Islamist organization that
claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States,
along with numerous other mass- casualty attacks against civilian and
military targets.
[2][3][4]
He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy
bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite.
[5]

He was born in the bin Laden family to billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin
Laden in Saudi Arabia. He studied there in college until 1979, when he

joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan against the Soviets in
Afghanistan. He helped to fund the mujahideen by funneling arms, money
and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, also gaining popularity
[6][7]
from many Arabs. In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda. He was banished from Saudi
Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until US pressure forced
him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan,
he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of
bombings and related attacks.
[8]
Bin Laden was on the American Federal
Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and
Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy
bombings.
[9][10][11]

From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as
the FBI placed a $$25 million bounty on him in their search for him.
[12]
On
May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential
compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by members of the United States Naval
Special Warfare Development Group and Central Intelligence Agency
operatives in a covert operation ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama





The Vietnam War (Vietnamese:
Chi
ế
n tranh Vi
ệ
t Nam
, in Vietnam also known
as the American War, Vietnamese:
Chi
ế
n tranh M
ỹ
, Kháng chi
ế
n ch
ố
ng M
ỹ),
also known as the Second Indochina War,
[29]
was a Cold War- era proxy war
that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from December 1956
[A 1]
to the
fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina
War and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by China and other
communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the
United States and other anti-communist countries.
[34]
The Viet Cong (also
known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a lightly armed South
Vietnamese communist common front directed by the North, fought a
guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The People's
Army of Vietnam (a.k.a. the North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more
conventional war, at times committing large units into battle. U.S. and
South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming
firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground
forces, artillery, and airstrikes.
The U.S. government viewed American involvement in the war as a way to
prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of their wider
strategy of containment, which aimed to stop the spread of communism. The

North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify
Vietnam under communist rule. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war,
fought initially against France, then against America as France was backed
by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S.
puppet state.
[35]
Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in
what was then French Indochina. U.S. involvement escalated in the early
1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962.
[36]
Regular
U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed
international borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed by the U.S.
American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, at the time of the Tet
Offensive. After this, U.S. ground forces were gradually withdrawn as part
of a policy known as Vietnamization, which aimed to end American
involvement in the war. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, which was signed
by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued.
Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of
the Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress.
[37]
The capture of
Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the
war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The
war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War
casualties). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese service members and
civilians killed vary from 800,000
[38]
to 3.1 million.
[22][25]
Some
200,000–300,000 Cambodians,
[26][27][28]
20,000–200,000
Laotians,
[39][40][41][42][43][44]
and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the
conflict





John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly
known as Jackor by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United
States, serving from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November
1963.
After military service as commander of Motor Torpedo Boats
PT-109
and
PT-59
during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented
Massachusetts' 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of
Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served
in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President
and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential
election. At age 43, he was the youngest to have been elected to the
office,
[2][a]
the second-youngest president (after Theodore Roosevelt), and

the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president.
[3]
To date,
Kennedy has been the only Catholic president and the only president to
have won a Pulitzer Prize.
[4]

Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban
Missile Crisis, the Space Race—by initiating Project Apollo (which would
culminate in the moon landing), the building of the Berlin Wall, the
African-American Civil Rights Movement, and increased U.S. involvement
in the Vietnam War.
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee
Harvey Oswald was accused of the crime and arrested that evening. However,
Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald two days later, before a trial could take
place. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald
was the lone assassin. The United States House Select Committee on
Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that those investigations were flawed and
that Kennedy was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy.
[5]

Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedy's private life has come
to light. Details of Kennedy's health problems with which he struggled
have become better known, especially since the 1990s. Although initially
kept secret from the general public, reports of Kennedy being unfaithful
in marriage have garnered much press. Kennedy ranks highly in public
opinion ratings of U.S. presidents but there is a gap between his public
reputation and his reputation among academics

勿忘国耻振兴中华-水电安装合同范本

七夕情人节是什么时候-河南科技大学录取分数线

澳洲留学生打工-会计从业资格考试成绩查询

安徽会计考试-生活需要掌声

成长的脚步-无忧雅思口语预测

商鞅变法时间-初中化学教学工作总结

数学笑话-山东省一本分数线

监控施工合同范本-教师述职