无锡教师资格证-童年趣事作文450字

四年级散文与写作
Lesson One
The Delicate Art of the Forest
林中高招
Mark Twain
Text
1 Cooper's gift in the way of invention was not a rich endowment; but such as it was he liked to work it, he was
pleased with the effects, and indeed he did some quite sweet things with it. In his little box of stage- properties he
kept six or eight cunning devices, tricks, artifices for his savages and woodsmen to deceive and circumvent each
other with, and he was never so happy as when he was working these innocent things and seeing them go.
As it was = as it was not rich = though it was not rich
Vocabulary delicate Marked by sensitivity of discrimination: a critic's delicate perception.
endowment en`daumEnt n. 1. The act of supplying with income, or a talent. 2. Funds or property donated to an
institution, an individual, or a group as a source of income. 3. A natural gift, ability, or quality.
stage-property things, objects used on stages except scenery, costumes
cunning Marked by or given to artful subtlety and deceptiveness
device A plan or scheme, especially a malign one.
artifice skillful tricks
savage Not civilized; barbaric
circumvent outwit; to defeat or outwit by cleverness or stratagem; to surround or encircle with enmity
moccasin A soft leather slipper traditionally worn by Native Americans
twig Any small, leafless branch of a woody plant
handy Readily accessible
vessel A craft, especially one larger than a rowboat, designed to navigate on water
steer a. To direct the course of. b. To maneuver (a person) into a place or course of action.
skipper The master of a ship
undertow The seaward pull of receding waves after they break on a shore.
sailorcraft
cannon A large, mounted weapon that fires heavy projectiles. Cannon include guns, howitzers, and mortars.
promptly immediately
daisy Slang One that is deemed excellent or notable.
trail A mark or trace left by something that has moved or been dragged by.
stump To clear stumps from; To bring to a halt; baffle
slush Soft mud; slop; mire.
vacate To cease to occupy or hold; give up

译文
库伯的发明天份并 不怎么样，虽然如此，他却不厌其烦地运用它，而且还自鸣得意。他还真的用它干了几
件十分惬意的事。 在他的舞台道具盒里，只有七八个高招、秘诀和妙计，能够让他的土人和林子中的人相
互蒙来蒙去。他最 大的快事就是摆弄这些天真的把戏，看（欣赏）它们起作用。

Text
A favorite one was to make a moccasined person tread in the tracks of the moccasined enemy, and thus hide his
own trail. Cooper wore out barrels and barrels of moccasins in working that trick.

译文
其中一个他喜欢的，就是让一个穿鹿皮鞋的人踩着另一个也 穿鹿皮鞋的敌人的脚印，借以掩盖自己的行踪。
干这个让库伯不知磨烂了多少双鹿皮鞋（靴筒）。

Text
Another stage-property that he pulled out of his box pretty frequently was his broken twig. He prized his broken
twig above all the rest of his effects, and worked it the hardest. It is a restful chapter in any book of his when
somebody doesn't step on a dry twig and alarm all the reds and whites for two hundred yards around. Every time a
Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute, he is sure to step on a dry twig.

译文
另一个他常常从他的盒子里拿出来的道具就是他的断树枝。他比什么都喜欢干树枝，所 以不遗余力地使用
它。他的书要是有哪一章没有人踩上干树枝，惊动周围二百码内的印地安人和白人，那 就谢天谢地了。每
回库伯笔下的人碰到危险，而一分安静一分金的时候，他保准要踩上一根干树枝。

Text
There may be a hundred handier- things to step on, but that wouldn't satisfy Cooper. Cooper requires him to turn
out and find a dry twig; and if he can't do it, go and borrow one. In fact, the Leatherstocking Series ought to have
been called the Broken Twig Series.

译文
尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但那称不了库伯的心。 库伯要他最后找一个干树枝。要是他找不到，就去
借一个。照他这样，《皮袜子故事集》干脆就叫它《断 树枝丛书》好了。


Text
I am sorry there is not room to put in a few dozen instances of the delicate art of the forest, as practised by Natty
Bumppo and some of the other Cooperian experts. Perhaps we may venture two or three samples.

译文
很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看 奈地•班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的
高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。

Text
Cooper was a sailor -- a naval officer; yet he gravely tells us how a vessel, driving toward a lee shore in a gale, is
steered for a particular spot by her skipper because he knows of an undertow there which will hold her back
against the gale and save her. For just pure woodcraft, or sailorcraft, or whatever it is, isn't that neat?

译文
库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经（煞有介事）地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸就要撞
礁的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这
行船术，或者叫别的什么术，怎么样？（千载难逢的机会，可就是被库伯找到了，）真巧吧（真是干净利索吧）？

Text
For several years Cooper was daily in the society of artillery, and he ought to have noticed that when a cannon-ball
strikes the ground it either buries itself or skips a hundred feet or so; skips again a hundred feet or so -- and so on,
till finally it gets tired and rolls.

译文
有好几年，库伯每天都呆在炮兵部 队。他当然注意到了一个炮弹落到地上要么钻到地里，要么就会弹起来，
跳出百把尺，再弹再跳，直到跳 不动了，就往前滚。

Text
Now in one place he loses some
night in a fog, on purpose to give Bumppo a chance to show off the delicate art of the forest before the Reader.
These mislaid people are hunting for a fort. They hear a cannon- blast, and a cannon-ball presently comes rolling
into the wood and stops at their feet. To the females this suggests nothing. The case is very different with the
admirable Bumppo. I wish I may never know peace again if he doesn't strike out promptly and follow the track of
that cannon-ball across the plain through the dense fog and find the fort. Isn't it a daisy?

译文
现在有个地方，他的几个女性（他总是这样称呼女的）在一个雾夜在平原附近的树林边上迷了路。他的目
的就是给班波一个机会来给读者显示一下他的森林中的本事。这些迷了路的人正在寻找一个城堡。她们听
到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在她们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波则完全不
同了。我敢发誓，要是班波不立刻行动，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，就让我一生不得安
宁。怎么样？够巧的了吧？

Text
If Cooper had any real knowledge of Nature's ways of doing things, he had a most delicate art in concealing the
fact. For instance: one of his acute Indian experts, Chinachgook (pronounced Chicago, I think), has lost the trail of
a person he is hopelessly lost. Neither you nor I could never have guessed out the way to find it. It was very
different with Chicago. Chicago was not stumped for long. He turned a running stream out of its course, and there,
in the slush in its old bed, were that person's moccasin-tracks. The current did not wash them away, as it would
have done in all other like cases -- no, even the eternal laws of Nature have to vacate when Cooper wants to put up
a delicate job of woodcraft on the reader.

译文
如果库伯不是对 自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝
稼哥（我想，该 读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再
也没法找到了。 无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会找到它。对芝加哥可完全不同。他没迟疑多久。他改变
了一条小溪的流 向，在原来泥泞的河床上，那人的鹿皮鞋印竞然历历在目。在其他情况下，脚印一定被水
冲得荡然无存， 但在（库伯笔下）这里流水竟然冲不掉脚印！对，当然不会冲掉啰！因为只要库伯要给读
者显示一下他森 林中的本事，永恒的自然规律也会失效。

Lesson Two
The Emotive Component of Meaning

词义的情感成分
Text
If the human mind were a strictly logical device like a calculating machine, it would deal with words simply as
names of categories, and with categories as essential tools for imposing order and system on a universe which
otherwise presents itself as an unsorted chaos of sense stimuli. But human reaction to words, like much other
human behavior, is also motivated by irrational impulses such as those we label love, hate, joy, sorrow, fear, awe,
and so forth; and whenever the users of a language evince a fairly uniform emotional response to a given word,
that response becomes part of the connotation, therefore part of the standard meaning of the word in that language.
While the bulk of the vocabulary doubtless consists of words that carry little or no perceptible emotional charge
(lamp, book,read, subtract, through), there are nevertheless a good many that produce reactions of various colors
and shades, with voltages ranging from mild to knockout force.

译文
如果人脑真的象计算机，是一个严密 的逻辑运算器，那它就会把字词处理得象排序归类的名字；进而把排
序归类当成基本工具，使以感官刺激 来表现的无序宇宙有序化（并把归类作为基本方法，使整个宇宙的事
物变得有秩序，否则整个宇宙看起来 就是一片杂乱无章〖感官刺激因素〗）。但人对词语的反应，象许多人
类的其他行为一样，都受非理性的 冲动，如爱、恨、喜、忧、惧、畏等的影响；而当一种语言的使用者显
示出划一的情感反应，这反应就成 为词义内涵的一部分，成为这个词在那种语言中的标准词义。词汇的主
要部分当然是由灯、书、读、减、 过这样的只带一点或一点也不带“ 情感电荷” 的词汇组成的。但也有
不少词汇却能产生不同感情色彩的反应，它们的“[ 情感] 电压” 有的弱，有的能把人“ 击倒” 。
New words
Hayakawa: Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (b. 1906), Canadian-born Japanese American linguist, writer, and politician.
Hayakawa was an opponent of dissident students during his tenure as president of San Francisco State College
(1968-1973) and was a U.S. senator from 1977 to 1982.
snarl 1 [snB:] v. snarled, snarling, snarls v. intr. 1. To growl viciously while baring the teeth. 2. To speak angrily or
threateningly. v. tr. 1. To utter with anger or hostility: snarled a retort. n. 1. A vicious growl. 2. A vicious, hostile
utterance. [Frequentative of obsolete snar perhaps from Dutch or Low German snarren to rattle probably of
imitative origin] snarler n. snarlingly adv. snarl y adj.
purr [pE:] n. 1. The soft vibrant sound made by a cat. 2. A sound similar to that made by a cat: the purr of an
engine. v. purred, purring, purrs v. intr. 1. To make or utter a soft, vibrant sound: The cat purred. The sewing
machine purred. v. tr. 1. To express by a soft, vibrant sound. [Imitative]

Text
Not that it is always easy to distinguish the emotional response to a word itself from the emotional response to the
class of things or concepts the word names. A rose or a skylark's song by any other names would smell or sound as
sweet, and a dung heap or a subway train's wheel-screech by any other names would be a stench in the nostril or a
pain in the eardrum; but many words are undoubtedly
of any observable attributes in the class of objects named. When someone says your language!he is
usually not attacking your right to refer to the thing(s) your are referring to, but only urging you to abstain from an
expression that in itself, quite apart from its denotation and linguistic connotation, is offensive to his ear or eye.
There are, as Professor Hayakawa puts it, words that snarl and words that purr -- and, of course, there are
innumerable gradations in between. An informer and an informant deliver the same confidential information;
selective service and the draft impose identical duties on young male citizens; sweat and perspiration produce the
same demand for deodorant -- but the different words have different odors too, and the nose that is insensitive to

the scent is apt to end up a punched nose; the ear that does not hear their harmonies and discords, a cauliflower ear.

译文
区分感情的反应是词汇造成的还是 词汇所定义的东西造成的并不容易。玫瑰即使改个名，还是芳香宜（怡）
人，百灵的鸣唱即使改个名，也 仍旧悦耳；粪堆即使改个名，照样难闻，地铁轮子的磨擦声即使改个名，
也还刺耳。[ 它们都和名字无关，] 但好多词汇无疑是带上了说话人或听话人的情感。这情感是和这词[ 有
关，而和这词] 所定义的 能观察到的这个东西的属性 无关。如果有人说，“ 说话注意点！” 他不是说你
没权说这些话，而是告诉你不要用定义和涵义都没问题，但他听起来不舒服的话。象早川教授 所说的，有
表示高兴的词，也有表示愤怒的词，当然这两者之间还可以划分好多等级。告密者和信息员都 提供相同的
秘密信息; 抓壮丁和征兵给男性公民提出了同样的要求；汗和汗腺分泌物都要除臭剂才能去 掉臭味。不同
的词有不同的味道。闻不出味道的鼻子，是揍扁了的鼻子；听不出声音和谐不和谐的耳朵， 是打破了的开
花耳朵。

翻译时必须改变词序
英语和汉语的词序完全不同

英语词序： (When)+ S + V + O + How + Where + When
汉语词序：我于某年月于某地以某方式加入某组织
所以在翻译中不改变词序是错误的。
Text
In Romeo and Juliet, for example, when hot-blooded Tybalt meets Mercutio and Benvolio, the friends of the man
he is seeking, he might say to Mercutio,
he begins, doubtless maliciously, thou consort'st with Romeo --. immediately bridles in
anger at the choice of a word which, being then associated with bands of wandering minstrels, could only in
contempt be applied to noblemen: What, dost thou make us minstrels?... Zounds,consort!A few
moments later Tybalt has
leading to the tragic deaths of the two young lovers has been irrevocably set in motion. Today, although the
minstrel connection no longer operates to arouse such a violent sense of insult, the word consort still has a
somewhat derogatory flavor (compare the phrase
completely neutral associate, though both terms have the same denotation and the same linguistic connotation.

译文
比如，在《罗密欧 与朱丽叶》中，当容易冲动的替巴特遇到罗密欧的两个朋友莫扣休和本沃柳时，替巴特
本应说，“ 你们认识罗密欧。” 或者可以说，“ 你们是罗密欧的朋友。” 或者也可以说，“ 你们结交罗密
欧。” 但他却充满敌意地说，“ 莫扣休，你与罗密欧鬼混。” 莫扣休立刻为这“ 鬼混” 二字勃然大怒，
因为“ 鬼混” 在当时的英文中指结交优伶，用于贵族就大为不敬。他立即回嘴说，“ 鬼混？你把我们和
优伶相提并论？... 畜生！你敢说鬼混！” 这样，没多久替巴特就杀了莫扣休（ 给蚯蚓做了个大餐）。而罗
密欧就杀了替巴特。这些由于选词而引起的一系列事件，导致后来两个年轻恋 人的悲剧。今天，优伶（也
即歌星）已经不带蔑视的味道了，但鬼混与结交相比，依然带着贬义（比如， 我们说‘ 与某个罪犯鬼混 勾
结。’ ），尽管二者的词义相同。
Text
Sometimes even slightly different forms of the same basic verbal symbol will carry widely variant emotive charges,
as, for example, informer and informant, already cited. If you wanted to compliment a man on his virility of
appearance or behavior you would speak of him as manly, certainly not as mannish (a derogatory term applied

mostly to women) or manlike (usually a neutral term divorced from value judgment, as in
several manlike figures”). The same emotive distinctions are to be found in the usage of womanly, womanish,
womanlike; the form childly never appear, but childish and childlike convey respectively denigration and mild
praise.

译文
有时同一词根的不同形式往往带有很强的感情 色彩，例如前面讲过的告密者和信息员。如果你想称赞一个
人精力充沛，就要用“ 男子的” 或“ 大丈夫的” ，而不能用有贬义的讲女人的“ 男性化的” 和中性
词“ 男人般的” （如这雕塑中有几个是男人模样的塑象) 。同样，女人的，女性化的，女人般的，也是
如此。英语中，没有childly 这个字。而幼稚和稚气的涵义则分别为贬和褒。

Lesson Three
The Big Bull Market
大牛市（看涨的股市）
Please underline the keywords of paragraph one.
The Big Bull Market was dead. Billions of dollars' worth of profits and paper profits -- had disappeared. The
grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had
suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes
now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newspaper
printed the grim reports of suicides.
译文
价格看好的股市已经过去了。几百亿的利润和账面收益丧失了。杂货商、玻璃清洁工和女裁缝都失去了资
本。在许多城镇，众多的家庭由富有一下子跌入了贫困。那些梦想着退休后能够享受荣华富贵的投资者们 ，
现在发现他们又回到致富的起点，距离他们的那个梦想依然很遥远。每天，报纸外都刊登着关于自杀的 新
闻。

Keywords of the first 6 lines in Paragraph Two:
Coolidge-Hoover Prosperity was not yet dead, but it was dying. Under the impact of the shock of panic, a
multitude of ills which hitherto had passed unnoticed or had been offset by stock-market optimism began to beset
the body economic, as poisons seep through the human system when a vital organ has ceased to function normally.
New Words
offset `Cfset n. 1. An agent, an element, or a thing that balances, counteracts, or compensates for something else.
2. One thing set off or developed from something else. 3. The outset. 4. Architecture A ledge or recess in a wall; a
setoff. 5. Botany A shoot that develops laterally at the base of a plant. 6. Geology A spur of a mountain range or
hills. 7. A bend in a pipe. 8. A short distance. 9. A descendant of a race or family; an offshoot. 10. Printing a. An
faulty transfer of wet ink from a printed sheet to another surface in contact with it. Also Called setoff. b. Offset
printing. v.
off•set off•set•ting off•sets v. tr. 1. To counterbalance, counteract, or compensate for: fringe benefits designed to
offset low salaries. 2. Printing a. To cause (printed matter) to transfer or smear on another surface. b. To produce
by offset printing. 3. To make or form an offset in (a wall, bar, or pipe). v. intr. 1. To develop, project, or be situated
as an offset. 2. Printing To become marked by or cause an unintentional transfer of ink. off set adv. adj.
beset bE`set v. tr. be•set be•set•ting be•sets 1. To attack from all sides. 2. To trouble persistently; harass. See note
at attack . 3. To hem in; surround: “ the mountains which beset it round ” Nathaniel Hawthorne 4. To stud, as with
jewels. [Middle English bisetten from Old English besettan; See sed- in Indo-European Roots.] be`set•ment n.

译文
柯立芝和胡佛时期 的繁荣局面仍然没有结束，但正在逐渐消失。在吓破了胆的情况下，由于股市的乐观情
况所平衡的、或没 有被发现的许多疾病，正象毒素在一个重要器官不在能起作用时，慢慢渗入人体一样，
从四面八方袭击经 济体。
柯立芝和胡佛是名人，要用规范的译字，不能随意。

Keywords till Line Two next page
Although the liquidation of nearly three billion dollars of brokers' loans contracted credit, and the Reserve Banks
lowered the rediscount rate, and the way in which the larger banks and corporations of the country had survived
the emergency without a single failure of large proportions offered real encouragement, nevertheless the poisons
were there: overproduction of capital; overambitious expansion of business concerns; overproduction of
commodities under the stimulus of installment buying and buying with stock-market profits; the maintenance of an
artificial price level for many commodities; the depressed condition of European trade.

译文
尽管清算了经纪人三十亿美元借贷[原 作：“三角债””，今以美丽小居建议修改]增加了信用、国家储备银行
拿出钱补贴降低了贴现率、大银 行和大企业没有蒙受什么损失就渡过难关也使人振奋，但毒素仍然存在：
投资过热、盲目上马、分期付款 购物和凭股市收益购物造成商品生产过剩[原作：“抢购股票造成的商品过
剩”，今以美丽小居建议修改 ]、人为调节价格以及对欧贸易不景气。
投资过热、盲目上马。（运用我们现在的习惯用语）
对欧（对字不能少，不是欧洲贸易）
凭股市收益 （凭字不能改为用字，文章本意是还未兑现 ，估计后市可能仍为多头市场，于是提前消费）[根
据新修改的译文增加]

Keywords in the rest of the paragraph
No matter how many soothsayers of high finance proclaimed that all was well, no matter how earnestly the
President set to work to repair the damage with soft words and White House conference, a major depression was
inevitably under way.

译文
尽管许多金融算命先生说一切都会好起来，尽管总 统热心地尽力说好话、开白宫会议，弥补破损，一场经
济危机却是不可避免的。

Text
Nor was that all. Prosperity is more than an economic condition; it is a state of mind. The Big Bull Market had
been more than the climax of a business cycle; it had been the climax of a cycle in American mass thinking and
mass emotion. There was hardly a man or woman in the country whose attitude toward life had not been affected
by it in some degree and was not now affected by the sudden and brutal shattering of hope.

译文
还不仅如此。繁荣不仅体现在经济上，也体现在精神上。股市 大扬（坚挺上扬）不仅是经济周期的高峰，
也是美国群众思想和情绪周期的高潮。在美国，几乎没有那个 人的生活态度，没有在不同程度上受到它的
影响，而现在希望却完全破灭了。

Text
With the Big Bull Market gone and prosperity going, Americans were soon to find themselves living in an altered
world which called for new adjustments, new ideas, new habits of thought, and a new order of values. The
psychological climate was changing; the ever- shifting currents of American life were turning into new channels.

译文
大牛市不复存在，繁荣正在离去 ，美国人不久就会发现他们正生活在一个需要新的调整、新的思想、新的
思维方式和新的价值观的改变了 的世界。心理气侯在改变，不断变化的美国生活正在转向新的方向。

Text
The Post-war Decade had come to its close. An era had ended.

译文
一战后的第一个十年过去了。一个时代已经结束。
要分清一战二战，不能简单译成战后。

The Emotive Component of Meaning
词义的情感成分
Writing summary — The best way of learning perfect English composition
Steps of writing summary
1.
2.
3.
Underline the key words
Reorganize the keywords in your own way
Check and make sure that it meets the requirement of Unity, coherence and variety
Text
If the human mind were a strictly logical device like a calculating machine, it would deal with words simply as
names of categories, and with categories as essential tools for imposing order and system on a universe which
otherwise presents itself as an unsorted chaos of sense stimuli. But human reaction to words, like much other
human behavior, is also motivated by irrational impulses such as those we label love, hate, joy, sorrow, fear, awe,
and so forth; and whenever the users of a language evince a fairly uniform emotional response to a given word,
that response becomes part of the connotation, therefore part of the standard meaning of the word in that language.
While the bulk of the vocabulary doubtless consists of words that carry little or no perceptible emotional charge
(lamp, book,read, subtract, through), there are nevertheless a good many that produce reactions of various colors
and shades, with voltages ranging from mild to knockout force.

译文
如果人脑真的象计算机，是一个严密的逻辑运算器，那它就会把字词处理得 象排序归类的名字；进而把排
序归类当成基本工具，使以感官刺激来表现的无序宇宙有序化（并把归类作 为基本方法，使整个宇宙的事
物变得有秩序，否则整个宇宙看起来就是一片杂乱无章〖感官刺激因素〗） 。但人对词语的反应，象许多人
类的其他行为一样，都受非理性的冲动，如爱、恨、喜、忧、惧、畏等的 影响；而当一种语言的使用者显
示出划一的情感反应，这反应就成为词义内涵的一部分，成为这个词在那 种语言中的标准词义。词汇的主
要部分当然是由灯、书、读、减、过这样的只带一点或一点也不带“ 情感电荷” 的词汇组成的。但也有
不少词汇却能产生不同感情色彩的反应，它们的“[ 情感] 电压” 有的弱，有的能把人“ 击倒” 。

Keywords of the above three parts

The human mind does not deal with words simply as essential tools (The human mind is not a tool a logical
device) for imposing order and system on a universe of chaos.
Human reaction to words is motivated by irrational impulses (love, hate, joy, sorrow, fear, awe and so forth).
Many words carry little or no emotion (perceptible emotional charge), and others produce various colors and
shades.

Write a good summary by connecting the key words.
The human mind is not a computer for imposing order and system on a universe of chaos because human reaction
is motivated by irrational emotion, and there are many words producing various emotional colors and shades.

New words
Hayakawa: Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (b. 1906), Canadian-born Japanese American linguist, writer, and politician.
Hayakawa was an opponent of dissident students during his tenure as president of San Francisco State College
(1968-1973) and was a U.S. senator from 1977 to 1982.
snarl 1 [snB:] v. snarled, snarling, snarls v. intr. 1. To growl viciously while baring the teeth. 2. To speak angrily or
threateningly. v. tr. 1. To utter with anger or hostility: snarled a retort. n. 1. A vicious growl. 2. A vicious, hostile
utterance. [Frequentative of obsolete snar perhaps from Dutch or Low German snarren to rattle probably of
imitative origin] snarler n. snarlingly adv. snarl y adj.
purr [pE:] n. 1. The soft vibrant sound made by a cat. 2. A sound similar to that made by a cat: the purr of an
engine. v. purred, purring, purrs v. intr. 1. To make or utter a soft, vibrant sound: The cat purred. The sewing
machine purred. v. tr. 1. To express by a soft, vibrant sound. [Imitative]

Text
Not that it is always easy to distinguish the emotional response to a word itself from the emotional response to the
class of things or concepts the word names. A rose or a skylark's song by any other names would smell or sound as
sweet, and a dung heap or a subway train's wheel-screech by any other names would be a stench in the nostril or a
pain in the eardrum; but many words are undoubtedly
of any observable attributes in the class of objects named. When someone says your language!he is
usually not attacking your right to refer to the thing(s) your are referring to, but only urging you to abstain from an
expression that in itself, quite apart from its denotation and linguistic connotation, is offensive to his ear or eye.
There are, as Professor Hayakawa puts it, words that snarl and words that purr -- and, of course, there are
innumerable gradations in between. An informer and an informant deliver the same confidential information;
selective service and the draft impose identical duties on young male citizens; sweat and perspiration produce the
same demand for deodorant -- but the different words have different odors too, and the nose that is insensitive to
the scent is apt to end up a punched nose; the ear that does not hear their harmonies and discords, a cauliflower ear.

译文
区分感情的反应是词汇造成的还是 词汇所定义的东西造成的并不容易。玫瑰即使改个名，还是芳香宜（怡）
人，百灵的鸣唱即使改个名，也 仍旧悦耳；粪堆即使改个名，照样难闻，地铁轮子的磨擦声即使改个名，
也还刺耳。[ 它们都和名字无关，] 但好多词汇无疑是带上了说话人或听话人的情感。这情感是和这词[ 有
关，而和这词] 所定义的 能观察到的这个东西的属性 无关。如果有人说，“ 说话注意点！” 他不是说你
没权说这些话，而是告诉你不要用定义和涵义都没问题，但他听起来不舒服的话。象早川教授 所说的，有
表示高兴的词，也有表示愤怒的词，当然这两者之间还可以划分好多等级。告密者和信息员都 提供相同的
秘密信息; 抓壮丁和征兵给男性公民提出了同样的要求；汗和汗腺分泌物都要除臭剂才能去 掉臭味。不同

的词有不同的味道。闻不出味道的鼻子，是揍扁了的鼻子；听不出声音和谐 不和谐的耳朵，是打破了的开
花耳朵。

翻译时必须改变词序
英语和汉语的词序完全不同

英语词序： (When)+ S + V + O + How + Where + When
汉语词序：我于某年月于某地以某方式加入某组织
所以在翻译中不改变词序是错误的。

Summary
It is not always easy to distinguish the emotional response to a word itself from that to the class of things or
concepts the word names. Many words are loaded with the speaker’s or hearer’s feelings, (independent of any
observable attributes in the class of objects named,) which have innumerable gradations. Different words have
different odors. The nose that is insensitive to the scent is apt to end up a punched nose; the ear that does not hear
their harmonies and discords, a cauliflower ear.

Text
In Romeo and Juliet, for example, when hot- blooded Tybalt meets Mercutio and Benvolio, the friends of the man
he is seeking, he might say to Mercutio,
he begins, doubtless maliciously, thou consort'st with Romeo --. immediately bridles in
anger at the choice of a word which, being then associated with bands of wandering minstrels, could only in
contempt be applied to noblemen: What, dost thou make us minstrels?... Zounds,consort!A few
moments later Tybalt has
leading to the tragic deaths of the two young lovers has been irrevocably set in motion. Today, although the
minstrel connection no longer operates to arouse such a violent sense of insult, the word consort still has a
somewhat derogatory flavor (compare the phrase
completely neutral associate, though both terms have the same denotation and the same linguistic connotation.

译文
比如，在《罗密欧 与朱丽叶》中，当容易冲动的替巴特遇到罗密欧的两个朋友莫扣休和本沃柳时，替巴特
本应说，“ 你们认识罗密欧。” 或者可以说，“ 你们是罗密欧的朋友。” 或者也可以说，“ 你们结交罗密
欧。” 但他却充满敌意地说，“ 莫扣休，你与罗密欧鬼混。” 莫扣休立刻为这“ 鬼混” 二字勃然大怒，
因为“ 鬼混” 在当时的英文中指结交优伶，用于贵族就大为不敬。他立即回嘴说，“ 鬼混？你把我们和
优伶相提并论？... 畜生！你敢说鬼混！” 这样，没多久替巴特就杀了莫扣休（ 给蚯蚓做了个大餐）。而罗
密欧就杀了替巴特。这些由于选词而引起的一系列事件，导致后来两个年轻恋 人的悲剧。今天，优伶（也
即歌星）已经不带蔑视的味道了，但鬼混与结交相比，依然带着贬义（比如， 我们说‘ 与某个罪犯鬼混 勾
结。’ ），尽管二者的词义相同。

Summary
In Romeo and Juliet, the word “consort” insulted Mercutio and further led to the deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt,
Romeo and Juliet. Even today, the word still has a somewhat derogatory flavor.

Text

Sometimes even slightly different forms of the same basic verbal symbol will carry widely variant emotive charges,
as, for example, informer and informant, already cited. If you wanted to compliment a man on his virility of
appearance or behavior you would speak of him as manly, certainly not as mannish (a derogatory term applied
mostly to women) or manlike (usually a neutral term divorced from value judgment, as in
several manlike figures”). The same emotive distinctions are to be found in the usage of womanly, womanish,
womanlike; the form childly never appear, but childish and childlike convey respectively denigration and mild
praise.

译文
有时同一词根的不同形式往往带有很强的感情 色彩，例如前面讲过的告密者和信息员。如果你想称赞一个
人精力充沛，就要用“ 男子的” 或“ 大丈夫的” ，而不能用有贬义的讲女人的“ 男性化的” 和中性
词“ 男人般的” （如这雕塑中有几个是男人模样的塑象) 。同样，女人的，女性化的，女人般的，也是
如此。英语中，没有childly 这个字。而幼稚和稚气的涵义则分别为贬和褒。

Lesson Four
The Evil of My Tale
我的故事中的邪恶
T. E. Lawence
T. E.劳伦斯
Disarm the reader
During World War I, Lawrence led an irregular army of Arabian tribesmen in revolt against their Turkish rulers,
and they finally founded the modern Arab states. Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom recorded their experiences.
Our selection forms the beginning of the book. The paragraphs constitute a kind of apology for what will follow as
a tale too shocking. It is to disarm the reader, to tell them the worst at the very beginning and thus to catch them up
in his story without telling them any details.

New words
circumstance, conditions
anyhow, true or relevant in spite of other things mentioned; somehow, indicating sth you don’t know
naked: there are no plants, no houses, nothing
indifferent: without emotion or interest
ferment, be in a state of emotional or mental turmoil
dizzy, cause to be unclear in mind
stain, v. tint, dye, color, rinse, tinge, touch up
pettiness, smallness
devour, eat quickly, chew, consume, ingest, eat up
ravenous, hungry, starving
transcendent, ultimate, supreme

Underline the keywords
Some of the evil of my tale may have been inherent in our circumstances. For years we lived anyhow with one
another in the naked desert, under the indifferent heaven. By day the hot sun fermented us; and we were dizzied by
the beating wind. At night we were stained by dew, and shamed into pettiness by the innumerable silences of stars.
We were a self-centered army without parade or gesture, devoted to freedom, the second of man's creeds, a

purpose so ravenous that it devoured all our strength, a hope so transcendent that our earlier ambitions faded in its
glare.

Analysis of the text
An apposition enables a writer to predicate new ideas without the tiresome repetition of a subject already stated.
[We] devoted to freedom, [which is] the second of man's creeds, [which is also] a ravenous purpose that devoured
all our strength, [which is at the same time] a transcendent hope in whose glare our earlier ambitions faded.
There is another apposition at Line 45 which is to be discussed later.

译文
我的故事中邪恶部分，都来自环境。多年来，我们这些人住在光秃秃的沙漠上，住在不 知痛痒的苍穹之下。
白天，火一样的太阳，烧烤着我们，我们都要发酵了。风夹着沙子，扑面而来，打得 我们昏头转向。晚上，
露水沾湿了我们的衣裳，辽阔的天空，寂静的星辰，数都数不清，却没一个理我们 ，使我们感到十分渺小。
我们这支部队是独立的，我们自己管理自己，不搞阅兵式，也不注意军容风纪。 我们完全为自由献身，完
全为这人类的第二个信条献身。它是这样的贪婪，以致我们的所有力量，都被它 吞噬。它是这样的超绝，
以致我们先前的雄心壮志，与之相比，就相形见绌。
汉语的语序与英语不同，所以innumerable silences of stars，不能译成“无数的寂静”，只能译成“无数的星
辰，寂静无声”。

Précis — another way to composition
Shorten the text to half or even less.
Some of the evil of my tale may have been inherent in our circumstances. For years we lived in the naked desert,
under the indifferent heaven. By day, the hot sun fermented us, the beating wind dizzied us. At night we were
stained by dew, and shamed into pettiness by the stars. We were a self-centered army, devoted to freedom, the
second of man's creeds, which devoured all our strength, and in which our earlier ambitions faded in its glare.

New words
unquestioning, having no reservation, unconditional, wholehearted
willy-nilly, whether one likes it or not
slavery, social system of keeping slaves
manacle, handcuff, restrict the activity
chain-gang, prisoners chained together
bow, surrender, succumb
mentality, the faculty of thinking
surrender, yield, submit
overmastering, overpowering, overcoming克服;压倒
drain, use all of, exhaust
morality, a principle of right or good conduct
volition, will, the mental faculty to choose or decide

Underline the keywords
As time went by our need to fight for the ideal increased to an unquestioning possession, riding with spur and rein
over our doubts. Willy-nilly it became a faith. We had sold ourselves into its slavery, manacled ourselves together
in its chain-gang, bowed ourselves to serve its holiness with all our good and ill content. The mentality of ordinary

human slaves is terrible -- they have lost the world -- and we had surrendered, not body alone, but soul to the
overmastering greed of victory. By our own act we were drained of morality, of volition, of responsibility, like
dead leaves in the wind.
译文
随着时间的流逝， 我们为理想而战成了一种无可置疑的财产。它象一位骑手，用马剌和缰绳驾驭我们的疑
惑。不管愿意不愿 意，我们这财产变成一个信念。我们自己卖身，成了信念的奴隶，又把自己和其他的奴
隶拴在一起。不管 我们身上好的还是不好的，都一古脑地奉献给了这神圣的事业。普通的奴隶失去了他们
的世界，因此他们 的精神状态是十分可怕的；而我们不仅在身体上，而且在精神上，都拜倒在一定要获胜
的巨大欲望之下。 我们则由于我们自己的所做所为，在道德、思想和责任上都用尽了力气，再也无力控制
自己，就象风中飘 零的枯叶，不由自主。
serve its holiness 不能译成“为它的神圣服务”。
in the wind 不应简单译成 “象风中的枯叶”，要指出飘零之意。汉语多短句和四字词，可用汉语结构重组。
New words
hideous, grim, horrible
torture, torment, put on the wheel
sentient `senFEnt, sensitive, alive
taskmaster,
bruised, black,blue
stagger, walk unsteadily
toil, labor, sweat
stretch, relaxed
sag, depression
crest, climax, height
trough, ditch
Underline the keywords
The everlasting battle stripped from us care of our own lives or of others'. We had ropes about our necks, and on
our heads prices which showed that the enemy intended hideous tortures for us if we were caught. Each day some
of us passed; and the living knew themselves just sentient puppets on God's stage: indeed, our taskmaster was
merciless, merciless, so long as our bruised feet could stagger forward on the road. The weak envied those tired
enough to die; for success looked so remote, and failure a near and certain, if sharp, release from toil. We lived
always in the stretch or sag of nerves, either on the crest or in the trough of waves of feeling.

Analysis of the text
on our heads prices = prices on our heads
Merciless, merciless: for stress
The weak = the weak soldiers
Those tired = those who are tired
Failure a near and certain = failure looked a near and certain thing
Controlling ideas: sharp pang, deep grief, high ecstasies
Pang 剧痛: death, torment, hardship
Grief 悲凄: impotency
Ecstasy 疯狂: gusty, white memory
译文
旷日持久的战斗，剥夺了我们对他人生 命和自己的生命的关心。我们的脖子上套着无形的绳索，我们的脑

袋定了悬赏的价格。这 意味着，我们一旦被捕，就会遭受残酷的拷打。每天都有人牺牲。活着的人知道，
自己不过是上帝舞台上 一个有知觉的玩偶。自由之神是无情的，十分无情。只要我们受伤的双脚还能蹒跚
前进，我们就得继续前 进。虚弱的人妒嫉那些累得快死的人。因为胜利是那么遥远，而失败却近在咫尺，
且确定无疑。如果忍受 不了，快死的人就可以一死了之，彻底从苦难中解脱。我们生活在摇摆不定的情绪
的波动之中，有时在波 峰，有时在波谷。我们对胜利的无能为力，是十分痛苦的。
New words
impotent, incapable
reckless, irresponsible, lack of thought
transient`trAnziEnt, lasting for a short time
gust, burst, eruption
perversion, abuse, mishandling
lust, desire
hedge about, get around
humdrum, monotony

Underline the keywords
This impotency was bitter to us, and made us live only for the seen horizon, reckless what spite we inflicted or
endured, since physical sensation showed itself meanly transient. Gusts of cruelty, perversions, lusts ran lightly
over the surface without troubling us; for the moral laws which had seemed to hedge about these silly accidents
must be yet fainter words. We had learned that there were pangs too sharp, griefs too deep, ecstasies too high for
our finite selves to register. When emotion reached this pitch the mind choked; and memory went white till the
circumstances were humdrum once more.

Analysis of the text
the seen horizon: something that can be seen but cannot reached.
Gusts of cruelty, perversions, lusts is a list of three without and. The usage is called parataxis, or paratactical
structure. Julius Caesar’s “Veni, Vidi, Vici”(I came, I saw, I conquered) is the most often quoted example of this
structure. Here in this text, parataxis heightens the emotional intensity by keeping three emotional terms close
together without relief in between. It also indicates the abnormal situation of the army.

译文
我们好象为可望而不 可及的地平线生活，因为身体的痛苦又寒酸又短暂，所以我们毫不在乎别人对我们搞
点什么恶作剧，也丝 毫不在意受什么罪。阵阵的残酷、堕落和情欲，轻而易举地就浮出表面，而我们竟毫
不在乎。因为那些涉 及这些蠢事的道德规范，现在都成了苍白无力的文字。我们尝遍了不能再剧烈的痛苦、
不能再深沉的悲哀 、不能再狂放的喜悦（我们的有限人生，遍尝了本不能尝的巨痛、深悲和狂喜）。当情感
达到这一高度， 心灵就嘎然停止，而记忆则成为一片空白，直到环境又恢复到乏味无聊为止。
New words
exaltation, elevation, glorification, high spirit
adrift, lost, confused
rubbish, garbage, waste
simulacrum, copy, imitation
unaided, without help
subject to, bring into contact with, introduce to
instinct, feeling, tendency, intuition

shrink, cower, draw together

Underline the keywords
Such exaltation of thought, while it let adrift the spirit, and gave it licensee in strange airs, lost it the old patient
rule over the body. The body was too coarse to feel the utmost of our sorrows and of our joys. Therefore, we
abandoned it as rubbish: we left it below us to march forward, a breathing simulacrum, on its own unaided level,
subject to influences from which in normal times our instincts would have shrunk.

Analysis of the text
In strange airs: in strange manners
Old patient rule: morals
A breathing simulacrum, an apposition, = body = it = rubbish
Therefore, we abandoned it as rubbish: we left it below us to march forward, a breathing simulacrum, on its own
unaided level, subject to influences from which in normal times our instincts would have shrunk.
a breathing simulacrum is the subject of subject-to-phrase, and the appositive of it.

译文
我们的思想在拔高，使我们的精神飘浮，以其特殊的方式，给精神极大的自 由，而失去了原来那控制身体
的耐心。身躯太粗鄙，它不能感知巨大悲伤和高兴。所以我们继续向前走， 而把身躯当拉圾丢掉，把它当
做会喘气的臭皮囊丢掉，没有人去管它，去过问它，让它去受那些在通常情 况下我们会本能地退缩的东西
的影响。
Underline the keywords
The men were young and sturdy; and hot flesh and blood unconsciously claimed a right in them and tormented
their bellies with strange longings. Our privations and dangers fanned this virile heat, in a climate as racking as can
be conceived. We had no shut places to be alone in, no thick clothes to hide our nature. Man in all things lived
candidly with man.

Analysis of the text
Strange longings: sexual desire
译文
当兵的都年轻力壮。年轻的血肉之躯，不自觉地要求 一种权力，一种特殊的企求折磨着他们的小腹。生活
必需品的匮乏、死亡的危险，在能够意识到痛苦的气 候下，（加剧）煽起了他们的欲火。我们无幽所可以独
居，无厚衣可以遮丑。男人和男人无可避讳地生活 在一起，干所有的事都只有男人。

Lesson Five
Oxford As I See it
我所看到的牛津
by Stephen Leacock
史蒂文•李考克 著



New words
dilapidated, (adj.) being in a state of decay: putrefactive

fire-escapes, emergency exit in the event of fire
ventilation, circulation of air
sanitation, disposal of sewage.
up-to-date, adj. 1. Informed of or reflecting the latest information or changes: an up-to-date timetable. 2. Being in
accord with the latest ideas, improvements, or styles: up-to- date technology; up-to-date fashions.
facilities, 1. Something that facilitates an action or process. 2. Something created to serve a particular function:
hospitals and other health care facilities.
persist (v.) hold firmly; be insistent; insistlive, stick to
assertion (n.) the act or an example of stating positively: affirmation, asseveration, averral, avowal, declaration
Underline the keywords
...Yet in spite of its dilapidated buildings and its lack of fire-escapes, ventilation, sanitation, and up-to-date kitchen
facilities persist in my assertion that I believe that Oxford, in its way, is the greatest university in the world. I am
aware that this is an extreme statement and needs explanation.

Analysis of the text
译文
… 尽管牛津大学 校舍破旧，缺少防火太平门、通风设备、卫生设备和现代厨房设施，我仍坚持，牛津以其
特有的方式，是 世界上最好的大学。我清楚，这说法太极端，还需要进一步解释。

New words
endowment (n.) A gift to a charity or cause: contribution, alms, benefaction, beneficence, charity, donation,
bestowal, offering, grant
`nowhere `nEuhwZE adv. 1. Not anywhere. 2. To no place or result: protested the ruling but got nowhere. n. 1. A
remote or unknown place: a cabin in the middle of nowhere.


Underline the keywords
Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It
has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto. To mention Oxford beside the 26,000
students of Columbia University sounds ridiculous. In point of money, the 39,000,000 dollars endowment of the
University of Chicago, and the $$35,000,000 one of Columbia, and the $$43,000,000 of Harvard seem to leave
Oxford nowhere. Yet the peculiar thing is that it is not nowhere.
译文
比方，牛津 大学的学生人数，比明尼苏达州立大学少得多，钱也少得多。牛津大学现在，或者说直到昨天，
比多伦多 大学的学生少。把牛津和有二万六千学生的哥伦比亚大学相提并论，显得很可笑。从钱的角度说，
有三千 九百万收入的芝加哥大学、三千五百万的哥伦比亚大学、四千三百万的哈佛大学，看来更使牛津无
立身之 地。奇怪的是，事情并非如此。

New words
queer (adj.) Deviating from established or accepted standards or norms: strange, peculiar, curious, unusual,
singular
profound (adj.) Possessed of or exhibiting wisdom: wise, sagacious, enlightened, judicious, sage

Underline the keywords

By some queer process of its own it seems to get there every time. It was therefore of the very greatest interest to
me, as a profound scholar, to try to investigate just how this peculiar excellence of Oxford arises.
译文
牛津大学通过本身的一些神奇方式，每次都不 示弱。所以，作为一个堂堂的学者，我有极大的兴趣，要搞
清牛津大学总是最好，是如何造成的。 < br>堂堂的:翻译时要传达原文内的戏谑口吻。翻译Profound，如不用自嘲，可用自谦：喜欢刨根问底 的，但不
能译成“造诣深”。
总是最好：翻译时可以进行词性转换。
New words
flourish v. to be in a period of highest productivity, excellence, or influence
frankly (adv.) With candor and sincerity: candidly, directly, forthrightly, honestly
laughable, Causing or deserving laughter or derision; ridiculous
Applied Science 应用科学
a theological college 神学院
dynamo 发电机
broad daylight 光天化日
heat, 热学
plumbing, 水暧工
electric wiring, 布线
gas-fitting 安煤气
blow-torch 喷灯，焊枪

Underline the keywords
It can hardly be due to anything in the curriculum or programme of studies. Indeed, to any one accustomed to the
best models of a university curriculum as it flourishes in the United States and Canada, the programme of studies is
frankly quite laughable. There is less Applied Science in the place than would be found with us in a theological
college. Hardly a single professor at Oxford would recognize a dynamo if he met it in broad daylight. The Oxford
student learns nothing of chemistry, physics, heat, plumbing, electric wiring, gas-fitting or the use of a blow-torch.

译文
这不可能是课程设置（美国叫curriculum，英国叫programme of study) 的原因。说真的，对任何熟知美国和
加拿大的最流行和最好的课程设置的人来说，牛津大学的课程设置， 坦率地说，是十分可笑的。牛津的应
用科学课程，比我们这里的一个神学院开设的还要少。没有哪个牛津 教授，在大白天遇到一个发电机，会
认得出来。牛津大学的学生对化学、物理、热学、管子工、装电线、 安煤气、用焊枪，一无所知。
Daylight 译成“光天化日之下”口气太重。

New words
run a motor car,
take a gasoline engine to pieces,
washer A flat disk, as of metal, plastic, rubber, or leather, placed beneath a nut or at an axle bearing or a joint to
relieve friction, prevent leakage, or distribute pressure.
a kitchen tap, tap: n. 1. A valve and spout used to regulate delivery of a fluid at the end of a pipe. 2. A plug for a
bunghole; a spigot. 3. a. Liquor drawn from a spigot. b. Liquor of a particular brew, cask, or quality. 4. Medicine
The removal of fluid from a body cavity: a spinal tap. 5. A tool for cutting an internal screw thread. 6. A makeshift

terminal in an electric circuit.
an expert opinion
furnace
stamp him as a college man,
occasion vt. to provide occasion for; cause
a very pardonable pride: 不无道理的骄傲
amateur

Underline the keywords
Any American college student can run a motor car, take a gasoline engine to pieces, fix a washer on a kitchen tap,
mend a broken electric bell, and give an expert opinion on what has gone wrong with the furnace. It is these things
indeed which stamp him as a college man, and occasion a very pardonable pride in the minds of his parents. But in
all these things the Oxford student is the merest amateur.

译文
随便哪个美国大学生，都会开车，拆御汽油发动机，给厨房的水龙头换垫片，修理电铃， 对炉子的故障发
表内行的意见。正是这些东西，给他们打上了大学生的印记。他们父母心中也因此而有一 种不无道理的自
豪。所有这些，牛津大学生顶多只是业余搞搞。

New words
mechanical side of education，
cultured studies,
Housekeeping,
Salesmanship,
Comparative Religion,
the influence of the Press，
Human Behavior,
Altruism, (n.) Kindly concern for others: benevolence, kindheartedness, beneficence, charitableness, good will,
kindliness
Egotism (n.) An immodestly high opinion of one's own worth: conceit, vanity, conceitedness, amour-propre,
vainness
Play of Wild Animals，

Underline the keywords
This is bad enough. But after all one might say this is only the mechanical side of education. True: but one
searches in vain in the Oxford curriculum for any adequate recognition of the higher and more cultured studies.
Strange though it seems to us on this side of the Atlantic, there are no courses at Oxford in Housekeeping, or in
Salesmanship, or in Advertising , or on Comparative Religion, or on the influence of the Press. There are no
lectures whatever on Human Behavior, on Altruism, on Egotism, or on the Play of Wild Animals.

译文
这真是糟糕透了。不过有人会说，这 不过仅仅是工科教育。不错，但是人们在牛津大学的课程中，也无法
找到高一级的和文科更有关的应用课 程。对我们这些大西洋此岸的人来说，很奇怪，牛津竟然没有家务、
营销、广告、比较宗教、报刊影响之 类的课程。那儿也不讲人类行为、利他主义、自我欣赏、或是野生动

物嬉戏。
工科教育：mechanical 不能译成机械的
文科：culturedstudies 要和工科对应

New words
feeble: (adj.) Not strong in temperament or character: mild, docile, easy, weak, weak-willed
testament `testEmEnt n. 1. Something that serves as tangible proof or evidence: The spacious plan of the city is a
testament to the foresight of its founders. 2. A statement of belief; a credo: my political testament. 3. Law A written
document providing for the disposition of a person's property after death; a will. 4. Testament Abbr.T. Test. Bible
Either of the two main divisions of the Bible. 5. Archaic A covenant between human beings and God. [Middle
English a will from Latin testamentum from testari to make a will from testis witness; See trei-in Indo-European
Roots.] `testa•`mentar•y ( -`mentEri, -`mentri) adj.

Underline the keywords
Apparently, the Oxford student does not learn these things. This cuts him off from a great deal of the larger culture
of our side of the Atlantic. What are you studying this year? I once asked a fourth year student at one of our great
colleges. I am electing Salesmanship and Religion, he answered. Here was a young man whose training was
destined inevitably to turn him into a moral business man: either that or nothing. At Oxford Salesmanship is not
taught and Religion takes the feeble form of the New Testament. The more one looks at these things the more
amazing it becomes that Oxford can produce any results at all.

译文
很明显， 牛津学生不学这些。这就使他们少了我们大西洋此岸的广义文科的相当一部分课程。有一次，我
问我们这 边一个名牌大学的四年级学生，“今年你选学什么？”他说，“我选了推销和宗教。”这个年轻人，
他所 受的训练，注定他或者成为一个有道德的商人，或者一事无成。在牛津，销售学是不教的，而宗教课
不过 教教《新约》之类的无精打彩的东西。人们越是这样研究，就越是奇怪牛津怎么能够有好的教学效果。
New words
assert (v.) To state to be true: claim, allege, contend, declare, profess, maintain
athletics, Activities, such as sports, exercises, and games, that require physical skill and stamina.
the Greek letter society
the Banjo and Mandolin Club

Underline the keywords
The effect of the comparison is heightened by the peculiar position occupied at Oxford by the professors' lectures.
In the colleges of Canada and the United States the lectures are supposed to be a really necessary and useful part of
the student's training. Again and again I have heard the graduates of my own college assert that they had got as
much, or nearly as much, out of the lectures at college as out of the athletics or the Greek letter society or the
Banjo and Mandolin Club. In short, with us the lectures form a real part of the college life.

译文
两者效果相比较 ，最令人费解的是牛津大学教授讲课。在加拿大和美国，课堂教学被视为训练学生的必要
和有用的部分。 我一再听到我们的大学毕业生说，他们从讲课中得到的和从体育运动，或希腊字母协会，
或班卓琴、曼陀 林琴俱乐部得到的一样多，或差不多一样多。一句话，对我们来说，课堂教学形式是大学
教育的主要内容 。

上课: lecture不能译成讲座
lecture `lektFE n. Abbr. lect. 1. An exposition of a given subject delivered before an audience or a class, as for the
purpose of instruction. 2. An earnest admonition or reproof; a reprimand.

New words
punk, of poor quality; worthless.
appeal, to make an earnest or urgent request, as for help.
rotten, very bad; wretched.

Underline the keywords
At Oxford it is not so. The lectures, I understand, are given and may even be taken. But they are quite worthless
and are not supposed to have anything much to do with the development of the student's mind. The lectures here,
said a Canadian student to me, are punk. I appealed to another student to know if this was so. I don't know whether
I'd call them exactly punk, he answer, but they're certainly rotten. Other judgments were that the lectures were of
no importance: that nobody took them: that they don't matter: that you can take them if you like; that they do you
no harm.
(From My Discovery of England)

译文
但牛津不是这样。据我所知，那里课有人上，也 有人听。但是上课没有什么用，据说也无助于学生的智力
提高。有一个加拿大去的留学生告诉我，“这儿 讲的课一点用也没有。”我向另一个学生求教，想知道是不
是真的如此。他说，“我不知道是不是真的没 用，但肯定它们真烂。”其他的说法是：听不听课不重要；没
人去听课；听课无关紧要；你要愿意听就可 以听；听听课也没害处。

Lesson Six
Pedantry
迂 腐
Jacques Barzun
杰柯之•巴真
English paragraphs
New words
pedant [`ped-ant]n. 1. One who pays undue attention to book learning and formal rules. 2. One who exhibits one's
learning or scholarship ostentatiously. 3. Obsolete A schoolmaster.
pedantic [pe`dan-tik] adj. 1. Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal
rules: a pedantic attention to details.
pedantry：Pedantic attention to detail or rules.
assign: ascribe; attribute
the House of Commons,
a classics seminar
taint: A moral defect considered as a stain or spot.

Underline the keywords
To define pedantry is not an easy thing to do. The meaning assigned should be neutral and fixed. But pedantry is
relative to occasion. [For example] When it was forbidden as pedantic to quote Greek in the House of Commons, it

was not forbidden to quote Latin. Today Latin would be as pedantic as Greek, though in a classics seminar both
languages must be quoted, and can be, without taint of pedantry.
译文
定义“迂腐”并不容易。这定义应该公允而不变。但“迂腐”却要视情况而变化。当在 下院不能引用希腊
文，引用就是迂腐时，却可以引用拉丁文。今天，在下院引用拉丁文，也同引用希腊文 一样是学究气，但
在古典文学习班，两种文字都可以引用，一点也不让人感到是迂腐。

New words
fitness: harmony, consonance, congruity, balance, orderliness, closeness, togetherness, consistency, fitness,
parallelism: A sense of harmony can be felt among the European nations.
Aristotle 亚里士多德
ward off: to try to prevent; Avert: took vitamins to ward off head colds.
precision：exactness
carry the count to five decimal places:
anecdote: A short account of an interesting or humorous incident.
ascertain：
Archaic To make certain, definite, and precise.
pedant

Underline the keywords
The idea by which to test pedantry, then, is fitness -- and fitness not only as regards time and place, but also as
regards degree, quality, amount, or kind. Aristotle was warding off one sort of pedantry when he said that no
subject should be treated with more precision than the purpose require. Should one want to know the average
number of children in each American family, it would be pedantry to carry the count to five decimal places. The
teller of an anecdote who interrupts himself to ascertain whether the event took place on the Tuesday or the
Wednesday is a pedant -- unless the day matters for an understanding of the point.

译文
检验是否是“迂腐”，不仅要看时间和地点是否适合，也要看程度、质量、数量和种类，是否适合。
亚里士多德在说“主题不应处理得超过目的所要求的精度”时，就避免了一种“迂腐”。 如果有人想知 道
每个美国家庭的平均孩子数，把它计算到小数点后五位，那就是迂腐。当一个讲古（趣闻轶事）的人， 停
下来去搞清是星期二还是星期三时，要是这和理解故事无关，他就是迂腐。

New words
Intellectually: Appealing to or engaging the intellect
homogeneous: Of the same or similar nature or kind: “ a tight-knit, homogeneous society ” James Fallows
flutter: To move or fall in a manner suggestive of tremulous flight: “ Her arms rose, fell, and fluttered with the
rhythm of the song ” Evelyn Waugh
predominate: To dominate or prevail over.

Underline the keywords
[Restatement] In other words, it is intellectually right not to try to know or to tell more than a subject contains of
significance; or in still other words, knowledge is not an absolute homogeneous good, of which there cannot be
enough. Beyond the last flutter of actual or possible significance, pedantry begins. [Purpose of the writing] Now

think of the huge yearly mass of scholarly research and apply the tests of fitness and significance: clearly pedantry
predominates; it is the sea around us
译文
换句话说，理智上的正确与否，就是看是否讲了超出主题该讲 的有意义的话。或者再换句话说，知识未必
是没完没了，越多越好。
当一段陈述的最后意义讲完了，再讲就是迂腐了。
现在请看看每年那大块头的学术论文，用 上述是否得当和是否讲了费话来衡量一下，就可以清楚地看到，
迂腐比比皆是。我们深陷迂腐的大海。
A genus-species definition is good for concrete physical objects, not for abstract words like pedantry.
Mr. Barzun defines pedantry by pointing out its specific examples. We call it defining by example, or
examplification. It helps make the meaning clearer. However, sometimes it may mislead the reader when the reader
thinks differently.
pedantry 的字典意思为：保守，守旧，陈腐，迂腐，
刻板，古板，死板，呆ai板，死（这人做事…得很）， 板（态度很…）穷酸，抱残守缺，墨守成规，因循
守旧，因袭旧套，陈陈相因，安于现状，固（故）步自 封，率由旧章，一仍旧贯，蹈常袭故，萧规曹随
学究，迂夫子，书呆子
卖弄学问；装腔 作势；华而不实的，炫耀，夸耀，显耀，炫示，夸示，显示（他总爱…自己），显露，显摆
（…门面）， 摆（…阔），炫（自…其能），自诩xu<，卖弄，卖嘴，摆嘴，炫鬻yu，自鬻，咋呼（唬），搬
弄（ …自己的才华），表现（喜欢…自己），标榜，自我标榜，出风头，掉书袋，露才扬己，衣绣昼行，白
日 衣绣，招摇过市
絮语，车轱辘话；赘zhui言，旁岔儿，废话，芜词，冗rong词赘句，噜苏， 罗唆（嗦），赘zhui言，赘述，
罗里罗唆（嗦），哩哩罗罗
从Barzun的例子看， 他对pedantry的定义倾向于指不能审时度势(fitness)和不着边际(significance )

Lesson Seven
Plot
第七课 情节
E.M. Forster
E.M.福斯特

New words
sequence (n.) A number of things in or as if in line: series, chain, catena, course, order
causality n. pl. causalities 1. The principle of or relationship between cause and effect. 2. A causal agency, force, or
quality.
preserve, keep
overshadow (v.) To surpass in power, importance, or influence: predominate, dominate, govern, loom large, prevail

Underline the keywords
1 Let us define a plot. We have defined a story as a narrative of events arranged in their time-sequence. A plot is
also a narrative of events, the emphasis falling on causality.
king dies, and then the queen died of grief,is a plot. The time-sequence is preserved, but the sense of
causality overshadows it.

译文

让我们给情节 下一 个定义，我们已经把故事定义为按时间叙事。情节也是叙事，只是重点放在因果关系上。
“国王死了后来 王后死了”，是故事。“国王死了，而王后因悲痛国王而死”，是情节。时间顺序没有变，但
因果关系使 它显得不重要了。
没有变，译成被保存不好。
显得不重要，译成在阴影下不好。

New words
suspend v. pause, hesitate, interrupt, delay, hold up, discontinue, break, wait, mark time, intermit, falter, rest: He
suspend for a moment to allow late-comers to take their seats.

Underline the keywords
Or again;
sequence, it
moves as far away from the story as its limitations will allow. Consider the death of the queen. If it is in a story we
say
novel.

译文
或者说， “王后死了，没人知道为什么。直到最后人们才发现，是死于对国王驾崩的哀痛。”这是一个富有
神秘色 彩的情节，是一个能够向纵深发展的形式。它暂时不考虑时间顺序，把它悬了起来。它在故事允许
的范围 内，远离了故事情节。看看王后的死。如果是故事，我们说，“后来呢？”如果是情节，我们问，“为
什 么？”这是小说的两个方面的根本区别。

New words
gaping Deep and wide open: a gaping wound; a gaping hole.
cave 山洞 A hollow or natural passage under or into the earth with an opening to the surface.
Sultan 苏丹 A ruler of a Moslem country, especially of the former Ottoman Empire.

Underline the keywords
A plot cannot be told to a gaping audience of cave men or to a tyrannical sultan or to their modern descendant the
movie-public. They can only be kept awake by — and then.
demands intelligence and memory also.

译文
情节不能对那些只知道傻呆呆咧大嘴的原始穴居人讲，也不 能给专制的君主苏丹讲，还不能讲给他们的后
代，即那些现代影迷们听。因为这些人只知道问，“后来呢 ，后来呢？”否则他们就会打瞌睡。他们只有好
奇心。然而，读情节需要理解力和记忆力。
傻呆呆
原始穴居人
否则他们就会打瞌睡
New words
sag 耷拉 To sink, droop, or settle from pressure or weight.
bulge 突出 To stick out; protrude

Underline the keywords
2 Curiosity is one of the lowest of the human faculties. You will have noticed in daily life that when people are
inquisitive they nearly always have bad memories and are usually stupid at bottom. The man who begins by asking
you how many brothers and sisters you have, is never a sympathetic character, and if you meet him in a year's time
he will probably ask you how many brothers and sisters you have, his mouth again sagging open, his eyes still
bulging from his head.

Analysis of the text

译文
好奇心是人类最低的一种能力。你会注意到在日常生活中，那些好奇的人，通常记忆力都很坏。他们蠢到
了底。张口就问你有几个兄弟姐妹的人，永远不是富有同情心的人。如果你一年以后再碰到他，他还是会
问你，你有几个兄弟姐妹。他问你的时候,还是（象一年前一样）嘴张得大大的，眼睛鼓得圆圆的。

New words

Underline the keywords
It is difficult to be friends with such a man, and for two inquisitive people to be friends must be impossible.
Curiosity by itself takes us a very little way, nor does it take us far into the novel — only as far as the story. If we
would grasp the plot we must add intelligence and memory.

译文
和这样的人交朋 友是很困难的。两个好奇的人几乎根本不能成为朋友。好奇只能使人对事物有肤浅的了解，
对小说的理解 也深不了，只是听听故事而已。如果我们想抓住情节，我们就要有理解力和记忆力。
Underline the keywords
3 Intelligence first. The intelligent novel-reader, unlike the inquisitive one who just runs his eye over a new fact,
mentally picks it up. He sees it from two points of view; isolated, and related to the other facts that he has read on
previous pages. Probably he does not understand it, but he does not expect to so yet awhile. The facts in a highly
organized novel (like The Egoist) are often of the nature of cross-correspondences and the ideal spectator cannot
expect to view them properly until he is sitting up on a hill at the end.

译文
先说理解力。聪明的读者,不象好奇的人，他不只是扫一眼新 的事实，而是记住它。他从二方面看它。一方
面，它是孤立的；另一方面,它又和从前几页看到的事实有 联系。现在他可能还不理解它，而且也不企图马
上就会理解它。在一个组织得很好的小说(如《自私自利 的人》)中，事实多半是相互交叉的。理想的读者
不期望在最后达到高潮前理解它。

New words
crudely, Lacking tact, refinement, or taste.
subtle, adj. sensitive, finely tuned, delicate, responsive, acute, reactive, receptive subtly adv.
dawn, 1. To begin to become light in the morning. 2. To begin to appear or develop; emerge. 3. To begin to be
perceived or understood: Realization of the danger soon dawned on us.
appreciate, 1. To recognize the quality, significance, or magnitude of: appreciated their freedom. 2. To be fully
aware of or sensitive to; realize: I appreciate your problems. 3. To be thankful or show gratitude for

brood, 1. To sit on or hatch eggs. 2. To hover envelopingly; loom. 3. a. To be deep in thought; meditate. b. To focus
the attention on a subject persistently and moodily; worry:

Underline the keywords
This element of surprise or mystery — the detective element as it is sometimes rather emptily called is of great
importance in a plot. It occurs through a suspension of the time- sequence; a mystery is a pocket in time, and it
occurs crudely, as in did the queen die?and more subtly in half-explained gestures and words, the true
meaning of which only dawns pages ahead. Mystery is essential to a plot, and cannot be appreciated without
intelligence. To the curious it is just another —
behind, brooding, while the other part goes marching on.

译文
这种惊奇和神秘的成分—有时人们干脆空洞地叫它“侦探成分”—对情节应是十分重要 的。它打断故事发
展的思路。谜是时间上的一个口袋、一个包袱(相声上叫甩包袱)。它出现得很唐突， 就象“为什么王妃死
了？”而在那有意安排，不讲明的动作和话语中，真正的意思在前几页就已经提到了 。神秘对情节是必须
的。没有理解力就不能鉴赏它。对好奇的人，只能是“后来呢”。而鉴赏神秘，一定 要留一部分脑力来思索，
而让其他部分继续往下看事实。
New words
Underline the keywords
4 That brings us to our second qualification: memory.
5 Memory and intelligence are closely connected, for unless we remember we cannot understand. [for example] If
by the time the queen dies we have forgotten the existence of the king we shall never make out what killed her. The
plot-maker expects us to remember, we expect him to leave no loose ends. Every action or word ought to count; it
ought to be economical and spare; even when complicated it should be organic and free from dead matter.

译文
这就把我们带到第二个条件上了：记忆力
记忆力和理解力密切 相关。因为记不住，就懂不了。如果到王妃死时，我们忘记还有过国王的事，我们就
永远不知道她是为什 么死的。编情节的人希望我们能够记住。我们希望他把他讲的都能用上，不要留着断
了的线头。情节应该 简洁而留有余地。即使复杂，也必须是有机地联系着。不应该生拉硬扯。

New words
unfold, develop 展开
aesthetically 美学上
compact, 紧凑 adj. short, shortened, brief, concise, compressed, compendious, compact, pocket, (Am.)
vest-pocket; abbreviated, abridged, cut

Underline the keywords
It may be difficult or easy, it may and should contain mysteries, but it ought not to mislead. And over it, as it
unfolds, will hover the memory [倒装句，这是主语] of the reader (that dull glow of the mind of which intelligence
is the bright advancing edge) and will constantly rearrange and reconsider, seeing new clues, new chains of cause
and effect, and the final sense (if the plot has been a fine one) will not be of clues or chains, but of something
aesthetically compact, something which might have been shown [注意虚拟语态] by the novelist straight away,
only if he had shown it straight away it would never have become beautiful.

译文
它可以曲折, 也可以平淡。它可以也应该有神秘的色彩。但它不应该误导读者。当它展开的时候,记忆 力应
该围绕它转（在心灵的炭火中，理解力是闪亮的前进的动力）。记忆力要不停顿地重新组织、重新考 虑，找
新线索，找新的因果关系。最后的感觉（如果情节是好的话）,不应再是线索和一个个孤立的环节 ，而应是
一种巧妙紧凑之美、是一种完全可以被小说家直接了当讲出来的、但是又不能直言的美。因为他 要是讲破
了,它就不成其为美了。(小说家不应该一味追求美，但是如果他没有把美表露出来，他却又失 败了。)
New words
come up against
inquiry:
proper
Botticelli Sandro . Originally Alessandro di Mariano dei Filipepi. 1444?-1510 Italian painter of the Florentine
school whose flowing draftsmanship is evident in his masterpieces, Primavera (c. 1477) and Birth of Venus (c.
1485).
due
prima donna n. 1. The leading woman soloist in an opera company. 2. A temperamental, conceited person.

Underline the keywords
We come up against beauty here — for the first time in our inquiry: beauty at which a novelist should never aim,
though he fails if he does not achieve it. I will conduct to her proper place later on. Meanwhile please accept her as
part of a completed plot. She looks a little surprised at being there, but beauty ought to look a little surprised: it is
the emotion that best suits her face, as Botticelli knew when he painted her risen from the waves, between the
winds and the flowers. The beauty who does not look surprised, who accepts her position as her due — she
reminds us too much of a prima donna.
(From Aspects of the Novel)


Analysis of the text
译文
在我们的研究中, 我们第 一次谈到美。以后我们在适当的章节还会讨论美。现在请大家先把它作为情节的
一部分接受下来。美有时 看上去有点意外。但美感本来就应该有一点意外。意外是最适合她的颜面的一种
面部表情。BOTTIC ELLI懂得这一点。所以他画的风与花簇拥的出水维那斯,就带着一种意外的神情。如果
美看上丝毫没 有惊奇的神情,如果美被当之无愧地接受,我们就不禁会联想到歌剧中高傲的女主角

Lesson Eight
Loneliness... An American Malady
孤独 —— 一种美国症
Carson McCullers
卡森.麦克卡勒
New words
essentially
quest, the act or an instance of seeking or pursuing something; a search.
identity, the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; individuality.

Underline the keywords
1 This city, New York -- consider the people in it, the eight million of us. An English friend of mine, when asked
why he lived in New York City, said that he liked it here because he could be so alone. While it was my friend‘s
desire to be alone, the aloneness of many Americans who live in cities is an involuntary and fearful thing. It has
been said that loneliness is the great American malady. What is the nature of this loneliness? [开始定义] It would
seem essentially to be a quest for identity.

译文
想想看， 我们这个城市、纽约，有八百万人。人家问我们的一个朋友，为什么住在纽约。他说，他喜欢住
在这，是 因为能够与世隔绝，不受干扰。他喜欢一个人住。可是许多美国城里人，却不愿意孤独，他们怕
孤独。人 家说，孤独是一种不得了的美国症。孤独的本质是什么？它看来主要就是要寻求‘我是谁’的答
案。
想想看，翻译不必重复原来的语序。
我是谁，翻译的“达”，是达意，而不是一字一字地直译，或硬译。

New words
spectator, An observer of an event
amateur philosopher,
ricochets, the act or an instance of rebounding at least once from a surface
rejections,
enduring,
belong，
infancy, the earliest period of childhood
be obsessed by, compulsively preoccupied
dual motives,
crib, a bed with high sides for a young child or baby
wavering, exhibiting of irresolution or indecision; tentative
pristine, of, relating to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive or original

Underline the keywords
2 To the spectator, the amateur philosopher, no motive among the complex ricochets of our desires and rejections
seems stronger or more enduring than the will of the individual to claim his identity and belong. From infancy to
death, the human being is obsessed by these dual motives. During our first weeks of life, the question of identity
shares urgency with the need for mild. The baby reaches for his toes [，] then explores the bars of his crib; again
and again he compares the difference between his own body and the objects around him, and in the wavering,
infant eyes there comes a pristine wonder.

译文
2 对于一个观察者、一个业余哲学家，在所有的要和 不要的复杂抉择中，再没有什么比要选择‘我是谁’
还是选择和‘我属于谁’次数更多和更持久了。一个 人从生到死，总是被这两个问题困扰。生命的头几个
星期，‘我是谁’的问题就和要吃奶的问题一样紧急 。婴儿去抓他的脚趾、去探索婴儿床的栏杆，一遍又一
遍地比较他的身体和他周围的物体的区别。而这在 幼小的试探性的眼中留下了最初的惊奇。
抓他的脚趾，注意原文的 for 字。
试探性，注意词义的选择。

New words
consciousness,
abstract problem
primitive grasp of identity
constantly shifting emphasis
maturity,
mutations, the act or process of being altered or changed
reveal, to make known (something concealed or secret)

Underline the keywords
3 Consciousness of self is the first abstract problem that the human being solves. Indeed, it is this self
consciousness that removes us from lower animals. This primitive grasp of identity develops with constantly
shifting emphasis through all our years. Perhaps maturity is simply the history of those mutations that reveal to the
individual the relation between himself and the world in which he finds himself.

译文
3 认识自我，是人解决的第一个抽象问题。不错，正是这自我意识，使我们区别于低一等的动物。对‘ 我
是谁’的最初理解，在人一生中不断发展，其重点也一直变化着。大概成熟就是这些发展和变化的历史 。
这历史向这个人揭示他和他知道的他所在世界的关系。

New words
the imperative need,
separateness,

Underline the keywords
4 After the first establishment of identity there comes the imperative need to lose this new-found sense of
separateness and to belong to something larger and more powerful than the weak, lonely self. The sense of moral
isolation is intolerable to us.

译文
4 一旦确定了‘我是谁’，人们就迫切需要丢掉这刚刚找到的分离感，去 从属于一个大于、强于这个较小和
孤立的自我的某种东西。这精神上的隔绝感，对我们简直是不能忍受的 。

New words
articulates,
universal need,

Underline the keywords
5 In The Member of the Wedding the lovely 12-year-old girl, Frankie Adams, articulates this universal need:
trouble with me is that for a long time I have just been an I person. All people belong to a We except me. Not to
belong to a We makes you too lonesome.

译文

在《婚礼的成员》中佛兰克•艾德母斯，一个十二岁的可爱的小姑娘， 道出了普遍的需求，“我的问题是，
长期以来我都只是一个人。别人都属于我们，而我没有份。我不属于 我们。这让人感到太孤寂了。”

New words
paradox, one exhibiting inexplicable or contradictory aspects
affirmation,
motivate, to provide with an incentive; move to action; impel
casts out,
togetherness,
contentment, the state of being contented; satisfaction.
haunting, continually recurring to the mind; unforgettable
charitable, mild or tolerant in judging others; lenient.

Underline the keywords
6 Love is the bridge that leads from the I sense to the We and there is a paradox about personal love. Love of
another individual opens a new relation between the personality and the world. The lover responds in a new way to
nature and may even write poetry. Love is affirmation; it motivates the yes responses and the sense of wider
communication. Love casts out fear, and in the security of this togetherness we find contentment, courage. We no
longer fear the age-old haunting question:
fear, we can be honest and charitable.

译文
6 爱是沟通我和我们这两种感觉的桥梁。对 于人之间的爱，有一个是非而是的问题。对另一个人的爱，开
辟了个人和世界的新关系。能爱别人的人（ 有爱心的人），对自然作出了不同以往的新的反应，甚至能写出
诗篇（充满了诗情画意）。爱是一种肯定 。它激励人去讲“对”，它激励人进行更广泛交际的愿望。爱会使
人抛弃恐惧，并在共处群体的安全中， 得到满足和勇气。我们不再惧怕那长久萦绕在我们脑中的问题。‘我
是谁’，‘为什么是我’，‘我要去 哪’。丢掉了恐惧，我们就会变得诚实和宽宏大量。

New words
frustration, feelings of discouragement or bafflement
project, to cause (an image) to appear on a surface
bewildered, confused or befuddled, especially with numerous conflicting situations, objects, or statements
corollary, a natural consequence or effect; a result.
incertitude, insecurity or instability.
snobbism, pretentiousness,冒充绅士气派;俗不可耐
intolerance, lack of tolerance
xenophobic, unduly fearful or contemptuous of that which is foreign, especially of strangers or foreign peoples

Underline the keywords
7 For fear is a primary source of evil. And when the question
frustration project a negative attitude. The bewildered soul can answer only:
am,' I only know what I am racial
hate. The xenophobic individual can only reject and destroy, as the xenophobic nation inevitably makes war.

译文
7 因 为恐惧是罪恶的最根本根源，当‘我是谁’被反复提出，又找不到答案，恐惧和沮丧感就使人产生否
定的 态度。这迷惘受挫的心灵只能回答：“由于我不知道我是谁，我只知道我不是什么。”这一无把握的回
答 的结果，就产生装腔作势，就产生容不了人，就产生了民族仇恨。恨生人、恨外国人的人，只会拒绝和
破 坏，就象一个排外的民族，必定会发动战争一样。
被反复提出，原文是主动态，我们可以用被动。

New words
xenophobia,
outgoing,
rigid,
aesthetic schools,
eternal,
maverick, one that refuses to abide by the dictates of or resists adherence to a group; a dissenter
orbit, a range of activity, experience, or knowledge

Underline the keywords
8 The loneliness of Americans does not have its source in xenophobia; as a nation we are an outgoing people,
reaching always for immediate contacts, further experience. But we tend to seek out things as individuals, alone.
The European, secure in his family ties and rigid class loyalties, knows little of the moral loneliness that is native
to us Americans. While the European artists tend to form groups or aesthetic schools, the American artist is the
eternal maverick -- not only from society in the way of all creative minds, but within the orbit of his own art.

译文
8 美国人的孤独不是 根源于民族仇恨。作为一个善于交际的友好民族，我们总是能找到直接交往，并且进
一步去体验。但我们 倾向于单独地一个人探索事物。欧洲人重视家庭亲情，讲究严格忠诚其阶级，所以对
我们美国人天生的精 神上的孤寂所知甚少。欧洲艺术倾向于构成团体和美学流派，而美国艺术家则是永远
要别出心裁、要与众 不同、不仅要象一切有创造性头脑的人一样标新立异，不随社会大流，就是在他个人
艺术的范畴里也是这 样。

New words
Thoreau,
ultimate, of the greatest possible size or significance; maximum
creed, a system of belief, principles, or opinions
simplicity,
modus vivendi, mode of life
deliberate,
stripping,
Spartan necessities, the least necessities
inward life,
back the world into a corner,
indicate,

Underline the keywords

9 Thoreau took to the woods to seek the ultimate meaning of his life. His creed was simplicity and his modus
vivendi the deliberate stripping of external life to the Spartan necessities in order that his inward life could freely
flourish. His objective, as he put it, was to back the world into a corner. And in that way did he discover
man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates, his fate.

译文
9 梭罗到深山老林去寻找 生活的真谛。他的信条是恬淡虚无，简朴纯真，把物质生活减少到斯巴达克式的
最少程度，以期让内心的 生活丰富起来。他说，他的目的是征服这个世界。这样他发现了，“一个人怎么样
看待他自己，就决定了 ，或者更准确地说，就表示了他的命运会怎么样。”

New words
Thomas Wolfe,
frenetic, wildly excited or active; frantic; frenzied
lost brother,
the magic door,

Underline the keywords
10 On the other hands, Thomas Wolfe turned to the city, and in his wanderings around New York he continued his
frenetic and lifelong search for the lost brother, the magic door. He too backed the world into a corner, and as he
passed among the city's millions, returning their stares, he experienced
of all the meetings of men's lives.

译文
10 另 一方面，托马斯•沃尔伏却转向到城市，他在纽约盘桓，继续他近似疯狂的一生探索，寻找他那能与
他共 享其思想情绪的失去的兄弟，寻找那能打破孤独的魔门。他也把世界逼到一个角落，从而认识了它。
当他 和成千上万的城市人擦肩而过，用同样的眼神，心有灵犀一点通似地回报对方时，他体会到，人生的
相聚 ，可用那会心的一瞥来概括。

New words
pastoral, of or relating to the country or country life; rural.
labyrinthine, of, relating to, resembling, or constituting a labyrinth
labyrinth, an intricate structure of interconnecting passages through which it is difficult to find one's way; a maze

Underline the keywords
11 Whether in the pastoral joys of country life or in the labyrinthine city, we Americans are always seeking. We
wander, question. But the answer waits in each separate heart -- the answer of our identify and the way by which
we can master loneliness and feel that at last we belong.

译文
11 不管是享受田园式的乡村生活，还是城市的迷宫，我们美国人总是在求索。我们 徘徊，我们提问。但是
答案在一个个人心中。这就是对我是谁的回答，就是我们能够控制孤独，而最后感 到我们有所归宿的那种
方法

Lesson Nine

The Population of Augustan Rome
奥古斯都罗马的人口
Henry Thompson Rowell
亨利•汤普森•罗威尔

New words
confront with, (v.) To encounter or experience: undergo, brave, come up against, face, go through, meet, sample,
suffer, take, taste, feel, meet with
irremediable: (adj.) Impossible to undo: irreversible, incorrigible, ineradicable, inexpugnable, inextirpable,
irrecoverable, irredeemable, irreparable, irrepealable, irrevocable, unchangeable, uncorrectable, undoable
census: in ancient Rome, a count of the citizens and an evaluation of their property for taxation purposes
dole [d ul] n. 1. Charitable dispensation of goods, especially money, food, or clothing
statistic, A numerical value, such as standard deviation or mean, that characterizes the sample or population from
which it was derived
plebs
e•ques•tri•an [i`kwestri n], adj. 1. Of or relating to horseback riding or horseback riders.
plebeian class
dependent, one who relies on another especially for financial support.

Underline the keywords
1 Of a city which interests us at a definite period of time in its past history, we are likely to ask first,
it then?
we are confronted with an irremediable lack of vital statistics. We simply do not have anything corresponding to
our census reports of today. We know that 320,000 members of the urban plebs received gifts of money from
Augustus in 5 B.C. and that about 200,000 were on the dole three years later.
These are our firmest figures. But they do not permit us to estimate, even approximately, the size of the plebeian
class as a whole because the distributions were made to adult male citizens, with the possible exception in the case
of the dole of some widows and orphans. We do not know how many of the men were supporting families, or the
size of an average plebian family. Furthermore, there were slaves and foreigners who inhabited the city without
being citizens. As for the two upper classes, we know that 600 men sat in the Senate and about 5,000 were on the
equestrian rolls. Again there is no way of estimating the number of their dependent.
译文
１ 对一个我们感兴趣的历史上某一特定的城市，我们通常先问：“那时候它有多大？”这里的大小，一 般
指人口多少。不幸的是，当我们提到奥古斯都罗马时，我们面对的是无法弥补的重要数据的缺乏。我们 根
本没有任何与我们现在的人口普查报告相适应的东西。我们知道公元前五年有３２万个城市平民从奥古 斯
都罗马从奥古斯都那里得到赏钱。三年后约有２０万人接受救济。这些是我们肯定的数字。但是这不能 使
我们估计，那怕是大致地估计一下整个平民阶级的大小，因为那些钱只给成年男性公民，可能在救济金 时
会有例外，也发并给了寡妇和孤儿。我们不知道有多少要养家糊口的男人，也不知道一个平民家庭有平 均
人口。而且，还有奴隶和外国人住在城市里。他们并不算公民。至于两个上层阶级，我们知道议会有６ ０
０个席位，大约五千人在骑士的名单上。同样，这里也没有办法估计从属他们的人口数目。
New words
Augustan Rome: the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).
obstinate, difficult to manage, control, or subdue; refractory.
get around 1. To circumvent or evade: managed to get around the real issues.

valiantly, possessing valor; brave.
attempt, to make an effort to do, get, have, etc.; try; endeavor
furnish, to supply; give
illustration, an example, story, analogy, etc. used to help explain or make something clear
fallacy, a statement or an argument based on a false or an invalid inference
untenable, impossible to get
pertinent, having logical, precise relevance to the matter at hand; relevant

Underline the keywords
2 We have suggested above that no precise figure exists for the number of slaves in Augustan Rome. This is an
obstinate fact. It is worth noting how some scholars have valiantly attempted to get around it, for it furnishes the
clearest illustration of the fallacies involved in reaching an untenable solution to problem which cannot be solved
for lack of firm and pertinent evidence.

译文
２ 我 们上面提过，在奥古斯都的罗马，准确的奴隶数字，一个也没有保存下来。这是一个铁的事实。值
得注意 的是，某些学者总是鼓足勇气想回避它。因为由于缺少坚实的相关证据，谁想对一个不能解决的问
题，去 取得一个毫无根据的答案，那就会造成谁都能一眼看出的逻辑错误。

New words
household, the home and its affairs
retinue, a body of assistants, followers, or servants attending a person of rank or importance

Underline the keywords
3 The historian Tacitus tells us that Senator Pedanius Secundus possessed four hundred slaves at the time of his
death in A.D. 61. Let us accept this number as exact or approximately so. First, we must ask whether so large a
household was in any way typical of those maintained by the noble and wealthy of the Augustan Age. We know of
senators of relatively modest means. Within the order, how many could have supported so extravagant a retinue,
and among those who could, how many would have cared to do so? We do not know.
译文
３ 历史学家塔西特斯告诉我们，派达密斯•赛肯德斯在公元61年去世时，拥有 400个奴隶。让我们就把
这个数字当做准确的或极其近似的。首先，我们必须问，这么多的财产，是不是奥古斯都时代的富有的贵
族都有的典型数字。我们听说过有不太富庶的议员。就在议员里头，又有多少能够养得起这么多人组成的
随从？在能够养得起的人中，又有多少人实际去养了？我们无从知道。

New words
inconclusive Not conclusive: inconclusive evidence; inconclusive data

Underline the keywords
4 We have scattered notices of more humble men who were masters of from one to twenty slaves. These people
appear accidentally in our sources, and although we sometimes know the different degrees of wealth which they
represent, we do not know what proportions of society as a whole their financial classes constituted. Nor do we
know whether the number of their slaves was large or small in relation to their means and social position. Such
inconclusive data certainly do not permit us to assume that the average number of slaves in the household of an

ordinary citizen was ten.

Analysis of the text
A. Fallacies in reckoning slave population:
1.
2.

译文
４ 我们在多处注意到，地位低微一点的人 ，他们只拥有一个到二十个奴隶。这些人是偶然出现在我们的
资料里来的，尽管我们有时知道他们所代表 的财产程度不同，但是我们还是不知道，他们作为一个整体，
他们的经济团体在社会上究竟构成了多大比 例。我们也还是不知道，他们奴隶数量的多少，是不是和他们
的财富以及社会地位有关。这样的无法得出 结论的数据，当然不允许我们认为一个普通公民家里的奴隶平
均数是十个。

New words
Galen, Claudius Galen (131-201 A.D.) physician and writer of ancient Greece
Pergamum, Galen’s hometown
Asia Minor, A peninsula of western Asia between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; Turkey
relatively, in a relative manner; in comparison with something else
provincial,
metropolis, a city or an urban area regarded as the center of a specific activity
captives,
conquest, something, such as territory, acquired by conquering.
Mediterranean
pour
servile, of or suitable to a slave or servant

Underline the keywords
5 Again, a famous passage in Galen informs us that in Pergamum, in Asia Minor, there was about one slave to
every two free persons in the second century A.D. (He gives the total population of the town, probably excluding
the children, as 120,000.) This is indeed welcome evidence, so far as Pergamum is concerned. But have we any
right to remove it from its relatively small provincial setting in order to apply it to the metropolis of the Empire
into which thousands of captives seized in the course of Rome's conquest in all parts of the Mediterranean world
had been poured?

Underline the keywords
Moreover, what good is Galen's equation to us, since we lack an indispensable part of it -- the number of free men
and women in Rome's population? Yet, on the basis of such scattered notices, reinforced with speculations on the
number of public slaves in industry and elsewhere, we are told that the servile population of Rome numbered
380,500 or 200,000 or 127,000.
译文
５ 另外，盖伦的一段著名文章告诉我 们，在小亚细亚的坡干穆，在公元二世纪，每有两个自由民就有一
个奴隶。（他给定的这城市的人口，大 概不算儿童，是十二万。）这确是一个值得欢迎的证据，至少就坡干
穆来说是如此。但是我们有权把它这 种相对很小的省会城市背景的数字移到帝国的大都市吗？（别忘了）
From a special senator
From ordinary household

在罗马那大都市里，当罗马征服地中海世界时 抓了成千上万的俘虏。他们都涌进了罗马 。况且，由于我们
缺少必要的组成部分—罗马的自由民(男的女的的人数，盖伦方程式对我们又有什么用 处？尽管如此，在这
种广泛收集来的1:2的数据的基础上，再加上推测来的工业和其他领域的官方的奴 隶数字，我们被告知，
罗马的奴隶人口是38.05万人，或20万人，或12万7千人。

New words
approaches, methods
treacherous, not to be relied on; not dependable or trustworthy
annually, yearly
indispensable, obligatory; unavoidable
consumption, Economics The using up of goods and services by consumer purchasing or in the production of other
goods
per capita, per head

Underline the keywords
6 Other approaches have been used which have proved equally treacherous. For example, the size of the
population has been worked out on the basis of the amount of grain imported annually from overseas. Here the
amount is calculated on a combination of figures, one of which belongs to a period some sixty years after the
Augustan Age. The other indispensable factor in this approach is a knowledge of the average consumption per
capita. This we do not have.
译文
６ 其它的方法也被证明是不可靠的。例如，人口的数目是通过海关每年进口的粮食的数量计算出来的。 这
里的数目，是不同时期的数字组合在一起计算的，有一个是奥古斯都时代之后六十年的年代的数字。这 种
方法的另一个必要因素是关于每人的平均粮食消费水平。对此我们一无所有。

New words
archaeological, concerning the systematic recovery and study of material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools,
and pottery, remaining from past human life and culture
the Aurelian walls
temples, buildings dedicated to religious ceremonies or worship.
habitation, a. A natural environment or locality. b. A place of abode; a residence
subtraction, Mathematics The arithmetic operation of finding the difference between two quantities or numbers
insuperable, impossible to overcome; insurmountable:
obstacle, something that obstructs movement: obstruction, bar, barricade, barrier, block
conjecture, (n.) something taken to be true without proof: guess, presupposition, assumption, postulate, postulation,
premise
trace, n. traces, track(s), trail, spoor, footprint(s), print(s), footmark(s): They were following the traces of a buffalo.
fantastic, quaint or strange in form, conception, or appearance
topography 地形学
unmeasurable, unable to measure

Underline the keywords
7 Then, there has been the archaeological approach. It consists in attempting to determine the area within the
Aurelian walls (begun about A.D.. 272) which was occupied by such things as temples, public buildings, squares,

and streets and was thus exempt from human habitation. The inhabited area is then attained by simple subtraction.
But here also there are insuperable obstacles. Most of ancient Rome is still buried under the modern city, and
conjectures about the sizes of buildings, streets, and squares, of which little or not traces remain, vary to a fantastic
degree. In estimating areas which can be partially or totally measured, two experts in that field of Roman
topography differ by more than one million square meters. When their conjectures about the size of the
unmeasurable areas are added, the difference increases to over two million.
译文
７ 接着就是考古学的方法。它包括企图确定奥里利安墙（始建 于公元２７２年）围住的面积。墙里头有
庙、公共建筑、广场和街道。除掉它们后，算出人居住的面积。 居住面积就是这样简单地用减法算出来的。
但这也还有无法超越的障碍。大部分古罗马还埋在现代城市底 下, 对于没有留下痕迹的建筑，街道，广场
的几种估计，大相径庭。在估算能够全部或部分测量的地区 中，在罗马地形学领域的二位专家的估计结果
竞相差一百多万平方米以上。如果再加上他们对没有测量的 地区的估计，那么他们二人的差距就超过了二
百万。
New words
habitable, suitable to live in or on; inhabitable
density, (n.) The quality, condition, or degree of being thick: thickness, compactness, fullness, solidity, viscosity
hazardous, (adj.) Fraught with danger or harm: grave, critical, serious, dangerous, perilous, unsafe
inescapable, (adj.) Impossible to avoid or prevent: inevitable, destined, fated, predestined, preordained
constant ratio, 比率是常数
approximately, (adv.) Close to the same number, amount, or time: about, almost, around, getting on for (British),
more or less
applicable to, that can be applied; appropriate

Underline the keywords
8 To whatever size is obtained for the habitable area, an average density of population is then applied. Since we do
not have the slightest idea of the density of population in Rome at any time during her ancient period, we must
have recourse to the statistics furnished by modern cities. This is a hazardous procedure in itself and becomes even
more so when the next inescapable step is taken, namely, choosing a certain period in the life of a modern city and
applying that population density to ancient Rome.

Underline the keywords
For the population density of a modern city changes from census to census and does not stand in constant ratio to
the city's growth in area. Even if we knew precisely the size of the inhabited area of Augustan Rome, and we do
not, it would be a pure piece of good luck if one of the many population densities, of modern Rome for example,
was chose which was even approximately applicable to the ancient city.
译文
８ 无论居住面积的数量多少，都可以用人口平均密度计算。由于我们对古罗马任何时 期的人口密度都一
点也不知道。我们必须求助于现代城市的数据。这本身是一个冒险程序，而在下一个不 得不用的步骤采用
时，它就更加冒险。这一步就是从现代城市生活选出一个特定的时间，把它的人口密度 用于古罗马。因为
现代城市的一次又一次的人口普查出来的结果都是变化的，而它的发展和城市在面积上 的发展的比率又不
成常数。我们又不知道奥古斯都罗马的居住面积的准确大小，就是我们知道，从许多人 口密度的数字中任
意选一个，比方现代罗马的人口密度，要是它能够大致用于这个古代城市，那真是很运 气了。

New words

private houses (domus), 独家小院
apartment house (insulae), 居民楼
Regionaries, 地方志
an`tiquity, ancient times, especially the times preceding the Middle Ages


Underline the keywords
9 With calculations of this sort there is often combined an estimate of population by private houses (domus) and by
apartment house (insulae). Two documents which we call Regionaries have come down to us from antiquity listing
the buildings, public facilities, and landmarks of each of the fourteen
third and the beginning of the fourth centuries A.D. A summary of each document informs us that there were
46,602 apartment houses and 1790 private houses in Rome at this time. An average number of inhabitants has been
assigned to each unit of both kinds of dwellings. But even if each unit within its kind has been built to the same
specifications, which of course was as impossible then as it is today, and we knew the exact size of each, we could
not tell how densely each was inhabited. Finally, we may ask one more unanswerable question: to what extent is it
permissible to transfer the figures given for these dwellings to a period some three hundred years earlier?
译文
９ 由于要计算奥古斯都罗马的人口，就常常产生 了一种通过把私人住宅[小院]与居民楼[公寓]相结合，来
估计人口的方法。有二个叫地方志的文献给 我们留下三世纪末四世纪初古代建筑、公共设以及罗马市十四
个地区的界标的记录清单。每个文献的总结 都告诉我们，在这一时刻的罗马有46,602栋居民楼[公寓]和1790
栋私人住宅。居民数被平均 分配到两种房子的单元中。即使这种建筑的每一单元都按统一规格建成（这在
当时当然是如同现在一样是 不可能的），我们又知道每个的准确大小，我们还是不能讲每个单元里住了多少
人。最后，我们还要问一 个不可能回答的问题，（不要讲二千前），如果我们单就是把这数字用到三百年前，
它究竟准确到什么程 度？

New words
conjunction, (n.) The state or quality of being associated: connection, affiliation, alliance, association, combination
prosperity, (n.) An abundance of material possessions or resources: wealth, affluence, comfort, ease, luxury
bureaucracy, Roman government
attraction, (n.) Something that compels interest, attention, or admiration: allurement, come-on, draw, drawing card,
lure 吸引力
round, not exact; approximate: a round estimate; a round figure.
outrageous, violent or unrestrained in temperament or behavior.

Underline the keywords
10 The reader must therefore beware of figures reached by any of these methods, used separately or in conjunction
with each other. Rome in the Augustan Age was considered a large city by those who knew it. With prosperity, the
expansion of the imperial bureaucracy, and the attractions of a metropolis, it probably continued to enlarge its
population during the period. But to say that it was inhabited by one million people means no more than that one
million seems a comfortable round figure big enough to be properly imperial and small enough not to be
outrageous. If it is right, it is no more than a lucky guess. Smaller or larger numbers may be nearer the truth.
(From Rome in the Augustan Age)
译文
10 读者必须小心。上述这些数字，不管是用什么方法取得的，也不管是单独使用还是联合使用，都是 不

可靠的。那些了解奥古斯都时代的人都知道，罗马是一个大城市。由于繁荣，帝国的政 府[官僚政治]和大
都市的吸引力，它很可能在那个时候不停地扩充人口。但如果有人说有一百万人口， 这无非是说一百万是
一个近似的数字，它听起来让人舒服，说大，它象帝国都市的标准，说小，它又不至 于惹恼某些期望它更
大一点的人。如果它是对的，它也不过是一个走运的估计。搞不好，可能是多一点或 少一点还更接近实际。

Lesson Ten
General George Armstrong Custer
乔治•阿姆斯壮•卡斯特将军
Palph K. Andrist
拉尔夫•K•安德雷斯特
New words
vehemence, (n.) Exceptionally great concentration, power, or force: intensity, vigor, cuteness, energy, forcefulness,
strength
gallant, unflinching in battle or action; valiant
peerless, (adj.) Being of the best quality: excellent, first-rate, first-class, exceptional, unmatched, matchless
braggart,(n.) One given to loud, empty boasting; a bragger
blunder, (v.) To make a stupid, usually serious error in; botch
prudence, prudence discretion foresight forethought circumspection

Underline the keywords
1 It is difficult to find a starting place for describing Custer. Those who have already formed opinions about the
man have done so with such vehemence that it is hard to believe that the two sides are talking about the same
person. To one group, he remains the brave and gallant soldier and peerless Indian fighter who died heroically and
gloriously battling against hopeless odds; to the other he was a big-mouthed braggart and incompetent who
blundered away the lives of more than two hundred men by rushing joyfully into a deadly situation without taking
the simplest precautions demanded by military prudence. On one point all agree: Custer was a man of supreme
physical courage who apparently did not know what it was to feel fear. Beyond that, there is agreement on very
little.
译文
１ 要形容卡斯特将军，简直无从下手。人们对他的评价, 有天壤之别, 使人难以相信,他们所谈的竟会
是同一个人。一种人认为, 他是一位勇敢英武的斗士, 一个在寡不敌众时, 仍能英勇作战，光荣牺牲的抗击
印地安人的猛士。另一种人认为,他是大言不惭的 牛皮大王、草包司令，连作战所应具备的起码的审慎态度
也没有，以致于莽撞地冲进死地，白白送掉了二 百多条性命。但在一点上所有的人都同意，卡斯特是一个
勇猛过人的人，根本不知道什么是害怕。除此之 外，人们众说纷芸，莫衷一是。

New words
West Point, the United States Military Academy, 西点军校
demerit,n. stigma, brand, (bad) mark, blot, smirch, stain, spot, taint, blemish, blot on the escutcheon, (Br.) blot in
one's copybook; 短处;记过;缺点; merit and demerit 功过; give sb. a demerit 给某人记过处分
prank,n. trick, (practical) joke, frolic, escapade, antic, caper, stunt, lark, jest, jape, monkey tricks or esp. (Am.)
monkeyshines, mischief: Those schoolboy pranks we once thought hilarious now seem quite silly. 开玩笑;戏谑
escapade, 开玩笑;冒险;丑行 n. prank, monkey tricks or esp. (Am.) monkeyshines, mischief; adventure, exploit;
notoriety, notoriousness, disrepute, dishonour, disgrace, infamy, shame, discredit, scandal, stain, blot, obloquy,
ignominy, opprobrium: The notoriety attending his latest escapades displeased the prime minister.

slovenly, 懒散的;马虎的 adj. careless, irresponsible, thoughtless, unconsidered, promiscuous, indiscriminate,
undiscriminating, unselective, non-selective, non-discriminatory, unconscientious, heedless, haphazard, indifferent,
uncaring, uncritical, unfussy, unfastidious, disregardful, neglectful, negligent, slipshod, cursory, perfunctory,
unthinking
snap, v. To cause to move abruptly and smartly
taut, adj. tight, tense, strained, stretched, rigid, stiff: When his jaw goes taut like that I know he's angry.
commission, 任务 n. work, task, function, duty, assignment, charge, responsibility, chore, commission,
undertaking, stint

Underline the keywords
2 Custer graduated at the bottom of his class at West Point, in large part for demerits received for what his
admirers like to describe as
slovenly habits. This last was highly ironic because no officer would demand more later from his men in the way
of snap and polish and taut discipline than he. He received his commission just in time to get into the First Battle
of Bull Run.
1. Early life
译文 ２ 卡斯特从西点军校毕业，成绩在班上最差。他的 崇拜者把他记过的原因说成是“孩子似的淘气
和胡闹（恶作剧）。”尽管实际上他的不良记录主要是拉沓 散漫。最具讽刺意味的是（最叫人啼笑皆非的是），
这个拉沓鬼，在他后来他当军官时，竟然比哪个军官 都严格，要求他的士兵迅速高效，干净利落（雷励风
行，整齐划一）地执行任务。他一毕业接受任务，正 赶上南北战争的第一场战斗 — 牛溪战役。

New words
dash, vigor, zeal
vivaciousness,n. passion, passions, ardour, ardency, eagerness, intensity, fervour, fervency, fervidness, zeal,
zealousness, avidity, avidness, zest, zestfulness, vivacity, gusto, verve, emotion, feeling, animation, spirit,
spiritedness, vigour, enthusiasm, eagerness; zealotry, fanaticism, feverishness
superior, n. leader, chief, head, commander, ruler, director, chairman, chairwoman, chairlady, chairperson, chieftain,
captain, commandant, principal, (colloq.) boss, bossman, kingpin, big cheese, number one, numero uno, (Br.)
gaffer, (Am.) Mr Big, (sl.) (Am.) the man

Underline the keywords
3 He had a dash about him and a vivaciousness, to say nothing of his courage, which could not help but attract the
attention of his superiors, and he received choice assignments for such a very young officer. He had a superb
confidence that fortune was always working for him:
and for a number of years it appeared that he was right and that it actually existed. As it turned out,
was not an inexhaustible commodity.
译文
３ 他热情活泼，更不要说他的勇气了。正是他的勇气引 起了他的上级的注意。作为一个年轻军官，就
被委以重任。他总是为他自己有好运而信心百倍。命运之神 总是倾睐于他。他把神灵总是对他垂青，叫做
“卡斯特运气。”多少年来，他好象是对的。这种好运看来 确实是存在的，而结果却是“卡斯特运气”也并
不是取之不尽，用之不竭的商品。
注意“正是”如果第二句译成“他的勇气除了引起上级注意

New words
没有其它用途”则中文译文语意不连贯。

hazy, 模糊 adj. woolly, fuzzy, unclear, obscure(d), foggy, indistinct, confused, vague, cloudy, clouded, nebulous,
ill-defined
lieutenant,
brigadier general,
brevet, 荣誉晋升; A commission promoting a military officer in rank without an increase in pay.

Underline the keywords
4 Some points in his career remain hazy. He was, for instance, jumped all the way from first lieutenant to brigadier
general after having played only minor parts in engagements where he performed in no manner worthy of such
recognition. Even Custer's luck could not explain such a promotion; it seems possible that political influence was
also involved. In may event, at twenty-three, he was (and still is) the youngest man ever to halve held the rank of
brigadier general in the United States Army; two years later he was breveted major general and so became the
youngest ever in that rank -- with the single exception of the Marquis de Lagayette during the Revolution.
译文
４ 他 的经历中，有一些地方始终是个迷。比如说，他一下子就从中尉升到准将，而他战功并不大，不
佩这种殊 荣。就是卡斯特运气也不能说明他为什么会这样提升。看来政治影响可能参与了。不管怎样，他
２３岁就 当准将，过去是现在仍是，美军中的最年轻的准将。二年后他晋升为少将。提职不提薪，除了法
国大革命 时的拉法叶侯爵( Marquis de Lafayette), 他是担任这一军衔的最年轻的人。

New words
flamboyant, adj. extravagant, gaudy, garish, ostentatious, showy, ornate, flashy, loud, flamboyant; exaggerated,
high-sounding
seam, n. welt, bead, ridge, edge, wale, stripe
cravat, n. A scarf or band of fabric worn around the neck as a tie.
arabesque, A complex, ornate design of intertwined floral, foliate, and geometric figure
interlacing, intermixing; 交织
loops, ring
braid, n. braid, trimming, embroidery, soutache, lace, fillet, band, ribbon: The edges are decorated with narrow
braid containing gold thread; 编；以穗带装饰
ringlet, small ring
overpowering, adj. stiff, strong, potent, powerful
gaudiness, n. gaiety, colourfulness, brightness, garishness, brilliance, brightness, cheeriness
glitter, n. glitter, showiness, gaudiness, garishness, flash, flashiness, ostentation, floridity or floridness, spectacle,
pageantry, splendour, refulgence, brilliance, (colloq.) pizazz or pizzazz, razzle-dazzle, razzmatazz, (sl.) (Am.) glitz:
In those days, Hollywood was all glitter.

Underline the keywords
5 He was a flamboyant leader. He designed his own uniform which consisted a wide- brimmed hat, trousers with a
double stripe running down the seam, a sailor's wide-collared shirt, a red cravat, and on the sleeves of his jacket an
intricate arabesque of interlacing loops of gold braid. Add to this the golden hair grown long and lying in ringlets
on his shoulders and the man becomes rather overpowering in his gaudiness and glitter.
译文

５ 他是一个着装华丽的将领。他给自己设计了一套军服，帽子是宽边的，裤缝上有两条杠，海军的大

领衬衣，三角巾是红色的，外衣袖口上有金色穗带组成的环形花，精细交织，错落有致。加上金色的带卷
的披肩长发，显得威武有力，光彩照人。

New words
disconcerting, adj. awkward, discomfiting, off-putting, upsetting, unnerving, unsettling, disturbing, confusing,
confounding, bewildering, perplexing, baffling, puzzling: I found his persistence quite disconcerting.

Underline the keywords
6 However, these were personal things; the important thing in a soldier is whether he can fight. General Custer
could fight all right, but there was a great deal of question about his competence as a commander. During the war,
he two or three times showed a disconcerting habit of forgetting his main responsibility to go whooping off after
some side issue that was more exciting -- as the time he entered a Virginia town and spied a Confederate
locomotive and cars about to make their escape; he left his command to take care of itself and made a wild dash to
capture the train. Such actions can turn disastrous, and it was perhaps only Custer's luck that saved him each time.
译文
６ 但是这都是他个人的事情。对一个战士，重要的是他是否善战 。卡斯特将军作战英勇，这没问题。
问题是他有没有能力当指挥员。在战斗中，他在三番五次显露出他那 令人侧目的不良习惯，忘记他的主要
指挥责任，大喊大叫去做一些无关紧要的刺激性强的事情。比如他开 进了弗吉尼亚的一个小镇，看到南方
联军正准备逃跑的一个火车头和一些汽车，他就擅离职守，置于他的 指挥位置于不顾，猛冲去阻截这列火
车。这些行动可能引起灾难，可回回都是他的“卡斯特运气”救了他 。

New words
impulsiveness,n. indiscretion, imprudence, tactlessness, improvidence, injudiciousness, rashness, recklessness,
audacity, boldness, temerity, impulsiveness, hastiness, haste, impetuousness, impetuosity, thoughtlessness,
insensitivity, heedlessness, carelessness, foolishness, foolhardiness, folly
cavalry, 骑兵
saber, 军刀
reconnoitering, 勘察，侦察

Underline the keywords
7 Because of his impulsiveness, he was not a good tactician. His joy was leading a cavalry charge, saber swinging,
yellow hair streaming in the wind, the field behind him thundering with hundreds of men and horses answering to
his command. He had not enough patience for the careful reconnoitering, the consideration of alternatives, the
working out of plans that make a good commanding officer.
译文

７ 由于他的冲动，他不能算作一个好战术家。他的乐趣就是率领一队骑 兵，挥舞着军刀，黄头发在风
中飘扬，几百人马，人喊马叫，听从他的命令，跟在他后头冲锋，震得大地 隆隆做响。他没有足够的耐心，
象一个好的指挥员所应做的那样，去认真侦察，考虑不同的预案，制定出 周密的计划。

New words
teetotaler, n. One who abstains completely from alcoholic beverages.
furlough [`fE:lEu],n. A leave of absence or vacation, especially one granted to a member of the armed forces
stagger,v. To move or stand unsteadily, as if under a great weight; totter.

pledge, 保证 n. word, promise, vow, oath, (solemn) word of honour, undertaking, assurance, warrant, guarantee
or guaranty, warranty
weariness,n. exhaustion, tiredness, fatigue, enervation, debilitation, weariness, lassitude
campaign,n. A series of military operations undertaken to achieve a large-scale objective during a war
miscellany,n. variety, diversity, diversification, multifariousness, multiplicity, number, range, assortment, medley,
mixture, mix, choice, selection, heterogeneity, collection

Underline the keywords
8 Custer had been a teetotaler since the day when, a young and arrogant lieutenant home on furlough, he had been
staggering under more than he could carry and had met Elizabeth Bacon. Miss Bacon, the future Mrs. Custer, was
not amused; young Custer took the pledge and never drank again. He appeared not to know the meaning of
weariness; he could spend a day campaigning on the plains that exhausted the men with him, and then come back
to his tent and spend most of the night writing a long letter to Mrs. Custer. On occasion, if no operations were
scheduled for the next day, he would be up early and out on an all-day hunt after getting only one or two hours of
sleep. He seemed completely unable to understand that his men could not do likewise; the result was over-strict
discipline -- and a
sometimes as many as two or three dozen, and let them share his tent and -- within capacity-- his bed.
译文
８ 卡斯特滴酒不沾。这是从他和卡斯特夫人初次见面后开始 的。那一次，这位骄傲的中尉，在喝得酩
酊大醉，东倒西歪的时候，碰上了伊丽莎白•培根小姐。培根小 姐，也就是后来的卡斯特夫人，显得不大高
兴。年轻的卡斯特因此立下誓言，从此不再喝酒。他看来不知 道什么是疲倦，他在平原上打仗操练一整天，
跟随他的人都精疲力竭，而他回到帐蓬，还要花上大半夜， 给他的夫人写长信。要是偶尔第二天没有军事
行动，他就会起得很早，一整天在外打猎，只睡上一、二个 小时的觉。他看起来根本不能理解他的部下不
能做到他所能做的。结果就导致了对纪律要求过于严格，也 导致了后来的全军复没，无一生还。再补充一
点他的琐事。卡斯特带着猎狗，有时多达二、三十条。还让 它们分享他的帐蓬以及他容身以外的床铺。
注意：以及他容身以外的床铺直译是“如果能挤下，还让它们上床（分享床铺）”。
New words
preceding, adj. old, previous, prior, former, quondam, erstwhile, one-time, ex-
retain, keep, accumulate, save (up), amass, hoard (up), husband, preserve, put or stow away

Underline the keywords
9 The preceding, and all other facts about Custer, add up to a man of supreme courage and boundless energy who
had retained the enthusiasm of a youth at the cost of never quite attaining the judgment of a man. His inability to
accept the harsh restrains of discipline had shown itself on occasion during the war; now it came to the surface
once again when he received orders from General Hancock to move farther west and make his base at Fort
Wallace.
(From The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians)
译文
９ 上述的以及其他的事实，说明他是一个有着超人的勇气的人。他有年轻人的无限的精力，但这却是
以从未具有男子汉的判断力为代价的。他还不能接受战斗纪律的严格约束。这在战斗中时有体现。当他从
汉考克将军那里接受向西挺进，在 Fort Wallace 建立基地时, 这一点就又一次体现出来。
（摘自《漫长的死亡：平原印第安人灭亡前的时日》）

Lesson Eleven

Our Unfortunate Convicts
我们不幸的囚徒
George Bernard Shaw
乔治•肖伯那

New words
compel, v. push, urge, encourage, press, induce, ask, persuade, get, egg on, press, prod, spur, goad, rouse, prompt,
incite, move, motivate, stimulate, influence, impel, make, compel, force, dragoon, coerce, constrain; badger, hound,
pester, harass, plague, nag, browbeat; beg, importune, entreat
convict, n. captive, prisoner, hostage, detainee, internee; slave, bondman or bondsman, bondservant
commissioner, n. functionary, official, officer, bureaucrat, office-holder
retributory, 报应的 adj. Of, involving, or characterized by retribution: retributive
vindictive, adj. avenging, vengeful, vindicatory, revengeful, retaliatory, spiteful, unforgiving, splenetic, resentful,
rancorous, implacable, bitter, acrimonious, envious, jealous, begrudging, indignant, displeased, disgruntled,
dissatisfied, unsatisfied, unhappy, peeved, irritated, irked, annoyed, provoked, riled, angry: She later turned
vindictive, attacking everyone for real or imagined slights.
deterrent, n. bar, barrier, obstacle, obstruction, barricade, hindrance, block, impediment; ban, embargo
reformative, adj. serving to induce reform; 改革的;感化的
Underline the keywords
1 ... When people are at last compelled to think about what they are doing to our unfortunate convicts, they think
so unsuccessfully and confusedly that they only make matters worse. Take for example the official list of the
results aimed at by the Prison Commissioners. First, imprisonment must be retributory (the word vindictive is not
in official use). Second, it must be deterrent. Third, it must be reformative.
译文
1 …当人们最后不得不想一想, 他们对我们的不幸的囚徒都做了些什么的时候, 他们想不好,越想越乱,
以致于只会把事情搞得更糟。比方说, 监狱委员会官方列出要达到的目的是: 服刑必须罪有应得(官方不用
“报复”这个词); 第二, 要能够惩前毖后, 惩一儆百; 第三, 要能够将犯人改造成新人。
New words
pneumonia, 肺炎 n. infection of lungs
curative, adj. serving to cure
pulmonary, adj. of or about lungs
deter, v. keep from, prevent, keep or hold back, restrain, (hold in) check, restrict, prohibit, forbid, inhibit, disallow,
block, obstruct, deny, curb; discourage, put off, dissuade, hint against, talk out of, divert from; oppose, disapprove
(of), (colloq.) throw cold water on
discharge, v. discharge, release, let out, dismiss, let go, send away; pardon, exonerate, liberate, (set) free, acquit, let
off, absolve: She was discharged from hospital yesterday. He was discharged from police custody last week.
pamper, v. spoil, baby, cosset, coddle, indulge, mollycoddle, pet: I know you like to be pampered when you're ill.
culprit, n. criminal, felon, convict, lawbreaker, outlaw, offender, miscreant, malefactor, wrongdoer, villain,
scoundrel, knave, blackguard; gangster, Mafioso, desperado, racketeer; hoodlum, thug, hooligan, tough, ruffian,
terrorist, (colloq.) roughneck, bad guy, black hat, bad hat, baddie or baddy, crook; (sl.) hood, (Am.) mobster
imbecile, n. fool, simpleton, ninny, ninny- hammer, nincompoop, ass, jackass, dunce, dolt, halfwit, numskull or
numbskull, blockhead, bonehead, pinhead, silly, feather-brain, loon, goose, booby, jay, goon, mooncalf, idiot,
ignoramus, dim-wit, nitwit, halfwit, imbecile, moron, clod, clodpole, clodpoll, clodpate, oaf, Psychology retardate,
Scots gomerel, (colloq.) birdbrain, dumb-bell, fat-head, chump, twit, knuckle-head, chucklehead, nit, twerp or

twirp, (Br.) pillock, (Am.) (Can.) jerk, retard; (sl.) sap, dope, (Br.) git, Australian boofhead
Underline the keywords
2 Now, if you are to punish a man retributively, you must injure him. If you are to reform him, you must improve
him. And men are not improved by injuries. To propose to punish and reform people by the same operation is
exactly as if you were to take a man suffering from pneumonia, and attempt to combine punitive and curative
treatment. Arguing that a man with pneumonia is a danger to the community, and that he need not catch it if he
takes proper care of his health, you resolve that he shall have a severe lesson, both to punish him for his negligence
and pulmonary weakness and to deter others from following his example. You therefore strip him naked, and in
that condition stand him all night in the snow. But as you admit the duty of restoring him to health if possible, and
discharging him with sound lungs, you engage a doctor to superintend the punishment and administer cough
lozenges, made as unpleasant to the taste as possible so as not to pamper the culprit. A board of Commissioners
ordering such treatment would prove thereby that either they were imbeciles or else they were hotly in earnest
about punishing the patient and not in the least in earnest about curing him.
译文
2 但是，如果你想惩罚一个人，你就得恨（包括恨铁不成钢），就得伤害他的自尊心。而你要改造他 ，
你就得爱他，感化他，使他进步。但是伤害了自尊心就不能使人进步。想用同一个操作又惩罚又改造一 个
人，就完全象你想用惩罚和治疗结合起来处理一个患肺炎的人。你说，患肺炎的人会传染给其他人，对 社
会有害，他如果注意健康就不会得肺炎，所以你就认为他应该受到严惩，惩罚他的疏忽, 惩罚他的肺 脏虚
弱，从而防止别人学他样子。于是，你就扒光了他的衣服，让他在雪地里站上一夜。而你又承认，你 有责
任，尽可能地恢复他的健康，让他带着健康的肺出院（离开），于是你就得请一位医生，同时负责惩 罚他和
给他配咳嗽药。但咳嗽药还得苦得不能再苦，因为你怕惯坏了这个病人。发布这样命令的监狱委员 会，要
么是弱智，要么就是热中于惩罚病人，一点也不想给他治病。
New words
dilemma, n. difficulty, hardship, obstacle, problem, distress, pitfall, predicament, problem, snag, hindrance;
Gordian knot
humiliation, disgrace, shame, mortification, dishonour, ignominy, indignity, discredit, loss of face, obloquy,
abasement, depreciation, detraction, degradation, derogation, belittlement, disparagement, shaming,
embarrassment, humbling 羞辱
chaplain, n. a person ordained in a Christian church: cleric, clergyman, clergywoman, ecclesiastic, minister
tormentor, n. a person who is habitually cruel to weaker people: bully, hector, martinet, Simon Legree, oppressor,
persecutor, sadist, slave driver, tartar, torturer, tyrant
consolation, n. comfort, solace, relief, cheer
hypocrite, n. deceiver, double-dealer, quack, charlatan, impostor or imposter, mountebank, confidence man or
trickster, faker, pretender, liar, Pharisee, whited sepulchre, Tartuffe, flimflammer, (colloq.) phoney or (Am.) also
phony, con man, flimflam man or artist, two-face
at stake, 危险，危如累卵 adv. very dangerously
Underline the keywords
3 When our Prison Commissioners pretend to combine punishment with moral reformation they are in the same
dilemma. We are told that the reformation of the criminal is kept constantly in view: yet the destruction of the
prisoner's self-respect by systematic humiliation is deliberately ordered and practised; we learnt from a chaplain
that he
anotheramong prisoners. The only consolation for such contradictions is their demonstration that, as the
tormentors instinctively feel that they must be liars and hypocrites on the subject, their consciences cannot be very
easy about the torment. But the contradictions are obvious here only because I put them on the same page. The

Prison Commissioners keep them a few pages apart; and the average reader's memory, it seems, is not long enough
to span the gap when his personal interests are not at stake.
(From The Crime of Imprisonment)
译文
3 如果我们的监狱长们想把惩罚和道德上的改造结合在一起，那么他们就会坠入同 样的进退维谷的境
地。人们告诉我们，他们从来就没有忘记要改造人，但是他们却下令并实际上系统地摧 残（羞辱）犯人的
自尊心。我们从一个监狱牧师那里得知，[他并不能改造犯人, 因为] 他“认为让 犯人相互表示基督精神和
表示社会道德是没有用的。”对于[监狱长们的]这个自相矛盾的唯一能使人感 到的安慰就是，他们怎么写报
告说明他们良心上不太好受。因为这些折磨人的人本能地感到他们是在说谎 ，感到他们是伪君子．但是，
这些矛盾只有把他们放在一起才看得出．而监狱委员会把它们隔开好几页来 写，一般读者的记忆力，看起
来，如果不是利害攸关，是不会把这二部分联系起来的．

Lesson Twelve
The Third Knight's Speech
第三个骑士的发言
T. S. Eliot T. S.艾略特

New words
recur to, persist, repeat, return
under dog, one at a disadvantage
fair play, play that follows the rules, fairness, treatment that is fair and just
Archbishop, chief bishop 大主教
hard-headed, realistic
clap-trap, pretentious or empty speech

Analysis of the text
1 I should like first to recur to a point that was very well put by our leader, Reginald [`redVidnEld] Fitz Urse [E:z]:
that you are Englishmen and therefore your sympathies are always with the under dog. It is the English spirit of
fair play. [He flatters] Now the worthy Archbishop, whose good qualities I very much admired, [disarms the reader,
and sets the tone of his argument] has throughout been presented as the under dog. But is this really the case? I am
going to appeal not to your emotions but to your reason. You are hard-headed sensible people [flatters] , as I can
see, and not to be taken in by emotional clap-trap. I therefore ask you to consider soberly: what were the
Archbishop's aims?
[establishes the lines along which he will proceed]

Skills:

When you speak or write, always try to flatter and disarm the audience or reader. These two skills are useless in
argument, but they are very powerful in motivation and persuasion.

译文

1 首先，我想再讲一下我们的领导，吴哲讲的，你们是英国人，所以你们总是同情失败者。这就是英 国
人公平竞争的精神。我非常敬佩我们可敬的大主教。人家一直把他当成彻底的失败者。但这是真的吗？ 我

不打算煽动你们，只和你们讲讲道理。我知道，你们都是务实而精明的人。不会掉进感 情的圈子。所以我
请你们冷静地考虑一下，主教的目的是什么，亨利国王的目的又是什么。全部事件的关 键，就在对这两个
问题的回答之中。

New words
the late, the dead
Queen Matilda, Queen of England (1102-67)
irruption, breaking or bursting in
usurper, one who seizes, especially illegally
curb, check, restrain
Stephen, Matilda's cousin Stephen who seized the throne in 1135 on the death of Henry I. In 1139, Matilda, aided
by her half brother Robert, captured Stephen and recovered the throne.
seditious, causing to rebel
systemise, formulate to system
judiciary, of the administration or justice
baronage, 男爵辈;男爵勋位
substantiate, support with proof or evidence
grudge, to be reluctant to give or admit
concur, have the same idea
temporal, secular, worldly
ostentatiously, pretentious or excessive
ascetic, play restrict self- denial, esp. in religion
incompatible, not in harmony or agreement
Text

2 The King's aim has been perfectly consistent. During the reign of the late Queen Matilda and the irruption of the
unhappy usurper Stephen, the kingdom was very much divided. Our King saw that the one thing needful was to
restore order: to curb the excessive powers of local government, which were usually exercised for selfish and often
for seditious ends, and to systematise the judiciary. There was utter chaos: there were three kinds of justice and
three kinds of court: that of the King, that of the Bishops, and that of the baronage. I must repeat one point that the
last speaker has made. While the late Archbishop was Chancellor, he whole-heartedly supported the King's designs:
this is an important point, which, if necessary, I can substantiate. Now the King intended that Becket, who had
heretofore himself an extremely able administrator -- no one denies that -- should unite the offices of Chancellor
and Archbishop. No one would have grudged him that no one than he was better qualified to fill at once these two
most important posts. Had Becket concurred with the King's wishes, we should have had an almost ideal State: a
union of spiritual and temporal administration, under the central government. I knew Becket well, in various
official relations; and I may say that I have never known a man so well qualified for the highest rank of the Civil
Service. And what happened? The moment that Becket, at the King's instance, had been made Archbishop, he
resigned the office of Chancellor, he became more priestly than the priests, he ostentatiously and offensively
adopted an ascetic manner of life, he openly abandoned every policy that he had heretofore supported; he affirmed
immediately that there was a higher order than that which our King, and he as the King's servant, had for so many
years striven to establish; and that -- God knows why -- the two orders were incompatible.
译文
2 国王的目标一直没有变。在已故的马蒂答女王的统治和愁眉苦脸的斯蒂芬篡夺朝纲 的时候，王国已经四

分五裂。我们国王看出要做的事是恢复秩序，结束地方政府为了自私 的目的和煽动性的结果而造成的权力
过大，把司法关系理顺。那时都乱套了：有三种法制和三个法庭，这 就属于国王的，属于大主教的，和属
于贵族们的。这里，我必须重复一下上一发言人所讲的观点。当已故 的大主教任首相的时候，他全心全意
地支持国王的设计。这是一个非常重要的问题。如果需要，我可以证 明。后来国王打算要白克特把首相和
大主教的办公室合而为一。没人否认，白克特是极其有能力的行政大 臣。没有人嫉妒那一点。没有谁比他
更适合马上兼任这两个职务。要是白克特和国王的意愿一致，我们早 就有一个十全十美的国家，一个中央
政府领导下的政教合一的国家了。 在处理官方各种关系中，我认识了白克特 （我都深知白克特的能力）；
而且可以说我所认识的人中，没 有谁比他更适合文职上的这个最高职务。但后来怎么样？国王一提名他为
大主教，他就辞去了首相。他比 牧师还牧师。他故意显示，带着挑衅味道地接受了苦行僧式的生活方式。 （让
人感到有冒犯的味道）他 公开地放弃了他此前一直支持的政策。他立即宣称说，尽管他是国王的臣仆，他
认为有一个比我们的国王 多年来一直着力创建的秩序还高的秩序。我不知道为什么这两个秩序（统治、领
导、体制）不能相容，不 能合二而一。

New words

interference, n. inhibition, self-consciousness, restraint, constraint, impediment, hindrance, bar, barrier, defence,
defence mechanism, blockage, interference, check, curb, stricture
instinct, inner feeling
take issue, disagree
execute, put to death
traitor, one who betrays his country
pretensions, outward show, immodest claim
instrumental, of service, of tools 注意演讲人的双关：instrumental还有 important, helpful 之义。
Text
3 You will agree with me that such interference by an Archbishop offends the instincts of a people like ours. [Here
he appeals to feelings of the audience which is fallacious in argumentation but effective in persuasion.]So far, I
know that I have your approval: I read it in your faces. It is only with the measures we have had to adopt, in order
to set matters to rights, that you take issue. No one regrets the necessity for violence more than we do. [He sheds
off the blame.] Unhappily, there are times when violence is the only way in which social justice can be secured. At
another time, you should condemn an Archbishop [注意是 an 而不是 the, 意味一旦宗教凌驾国家之上，就谁
也管不了啦] by vote of Parliament and execute him formally as a traitor, and no one would have to bear the
burden of being called murderer. And at a later time still, even such temperate measures as these would become
unnecessary. But, if you have now arrived at a just subordination of the pretensions of the Church to the welfare of
the State, remember that it is we who took the first step.[Fishes honour and awards]We have been instrumental in
bringing about the state of affairs that you approve.[Sheds off responsibility.] We have served your interests; we
merit your applause;[Flatters] and if there is any guilty whatever in the matter, you must share it with us.
[Blackmails.]
(from Murder in the Church)

译文
3你们会同意我的观点。这种由一个主教造成的干扰，触犯了我们英国这样 的民族的本能。到目前为止，
我知道你们是同意的。我可以从你们的脸上看出来。为了把问题处理得正确 一些 为了拨乱反正， 我们不
得不采取你们不喜欢的非常手段。其实，没有谁比我们更不愿意采用暴力 。非常不幸的是，有时要保持社
会的正义，非要用暴力不可。在别的时候，你们可以通过议会投票来指责 白克特，把他当做卖国贼处死。

那时就没有谁要担当杀人犯的罪名了。[现在不采用暴力 ，] 再过一些时候，[错过了这次的机会，]甚至连[议
会投票]这样的温和手段也不必要了。但是如 果你们认为教会的权力应该从属于国家的利益，请注意，是我
们采取了第一步。为了实现你们同意的国事 ，我们成了工具。我们是为你们服务的。我们获得了你们的赞
同。如果我们有什么罪过的话，你们也逃脱 不了责任。
（摘自《大教堂的谋杀》）

Lesson Fourteen
The Delicatessen
熟食店
Thomas Mann 汤姆逊•曼

1... Down in the town on a corner of what was, comparatively speaking, our busiest street, there was a neat and
attractively stocked delicatessen[shop selling freshly prepared food] store, a branch, if I am not mistaken, of a
Wiesbaden firm. It is patronized[visited, supported] by the best society. My way to school led me past this shop
daily and I had stopped in many times, coin in hand, to buy cheap candies, fruit drops or barley sugar.
1 在我们城镇的相对而言是最热闹 ，最繁华的街道的拐角，有一个干净的净是俏货的食杂店。如果我没有
搞错的话，这是一个韦氏巴顿公司 的分店。富裕人家是它的常客。每天上学，我都要从小店门口路过。好
多次，我停在门口，手里攥着硬币 ，打算买点便宜的糖块，水果糖，或麦芽糖。
２ But on going in one day I found it empty not only of customers but of attendants as well. There was a little bell
on a spring over the door, and this had rung as I entered; but either the inner room was empty or it occupants had
not heard the bell-- I was and remained alone. The glass door at the rear was covered by some pleated [arranged in
folds] material. At first the emptiness surprised and startled me, it even gave me an uncanny [peculiarly unsettling,
as if of supernatural origin or nature]feelings; but presently I began to look about me, for never before had I been
able to contemplate [to look at attentively and thoughtfully] undisturbed the delights of such a spot.
2 但有一天，我走进店铺，发现里头空无一人，不但没有顾客，也没有售货员。门 上的弹簧挂着个小铃铛。
我进去的时候，门铃响过来着，但是要么是里屋没有人，要么是房子里头的人没 有听见，反正里头只有我
一个人。玻璃制的后门挂着打褶的帘子。一开始，这空空荡荡让我惊奇，吓了我 一跳。甚至给我一种不可
思议的神密感觉。所以我开始审视四周。以前我从来没有机会，在不受干扰的情 况下，好好看一看这令人
愉悦的地方。
３ It was a narrow room, with a rather high ceiling, and crowded from floor to ceiling with goodies. [good things]
[Actual description& color imagery]There were rows and rows of hams and sausages of all shapes and colours--
white, yellow, red, and black; [general, then expanding] fat and lean and round and long-- rows of canned
preserves, cocoa and tea, bright translucent [transparent] glass bottles of honey,[coarse] marmalade, and[fine] jam;
round bottles and slender bottles, filled with liqueurs [alcohol] and punch-- all these things crowded every inch of
the shelves from top to bottom. Then there were glass showcases where smoked mackerel[青鱼], lampreys[八目
鳗], flounders[川鲽], and eels [鳝鱼] were displayed on platters to tempt the appetite.
3 这是一间窄条房子，天花 板挺高，从地面到房顶，满堆着好东西。一排排的，一层层的，各种各样，各
种颜色的火腿和香肠——白 的，黄的，红的和黑的，肥的，瘦的，圆的，长的 ——一行行的罐装食品，可
可粉和茶。明亮的半透明 的瓶子装着蜂蜜，粗果酱和细果酱。圆瓶子，长瓶子装着酒和宾治—— 所有这些
东西，把货架从底到顶 塞得满满的。还有玻璃柜，里头摆着盘装的熏鲭鱼，八目鳗，川鲽，和鳝鱼，钓人
的胃口。
４ There were dishes of Italian salad, crayfish [小龙蝦] spreading their claws on blocks of ice, sprats[西鲱]
pressed flat and gleaming goldenly [crystallizing detail]from open boxes; choice[classified] fruits[crystallizing
detail]-- garden[opposite of wild] strawberries and grapes as beautiful as though they had come from the Promised

Land; rows of sardine tins and those fascinating little white earthenware jars of caviar [鱼子酱] of foie
gras[fwB:grB: 鹅肝].Plump chickens [crystallizing detail] dangled their necks from the top shelf, and there were
trays of cooked meats, [general, then expanding] ham, tongue, beef, and veal, smoked salmon [大马哈鱼] and
breast of goose, with theslender slicing knife [crystallizing detail] lying ready at hand. There were all sorts of
cheese under glass bells, brick-red, milk-white, and marbled, [general, then expanding] also the creamy ones that
overflow their silver foil [箔] in golden waves. Artichokes[洋薊], bundles of asparagus[芦芛], truffles[蕈], little
liver sausages in silver paper-- all these things lay heaped in rich profusion[abundance, great amount]; while on
other tables stood open tin boxes full of fine biscuits, spice cakes [crystallizing detail]piled in criss-cross layers,
and glass urns full of dessert candies and candied fruits. [crystallizing detail]
(From Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man)
4 还有一碟碟的意大利色拉，小龙虾在一块块的冰块上伸展着它 们的脚。压偏的西鲱鱼在敞开的箱子里闪
着金光。还有分了大小的水果 —— 家种草莓果和葡萄，美得 就象是从天堂里来的。一排排的沙丁鱼罐头，
以及土罐装的鱼子酱和鹅肝。在最高一层架子上，胖乎乎的 小鸡把脖子耷拉下来。还有一托盘一托盘的熟
肉，火腿，口条（舌头），牛肉和小牛肉，熏大马哈鱼和鹅 胸脯，边上放着锋利的切肉刀，垂手可得。在钟
形的玻璃罩子下，罩着各种各样的乳酪，土红的，奶白的 ，白大理石色的，还有一些是奶油状的，溢出盛
它们的金属箔，留下一道道的金黄色的波汶。洋蓟，一捆 捆的芦荀，块菌，银纸包的小小的肝肠 — 所有
的这些东西都满满地堆放在那里。而在其他的桌面上， 摆着打开盖子的箱子，里头满是优质的饼干，加了
香料的饼，十字交叉地一层层堆放着，玻璃缸里满满地 装着吃甜食用的糖果和果脯。
（摘自《费累克斯•库入尔的自白，充满信心的人》）

Lesson Fifteen
Chestnut Street
栗 树 街
Christopher Moraley
克利斯托夫•莫利

1 Just outside our office window is a fire-escape with a little iron balcony. On warm days, when the tall windows
are wide open, that rather splendid platform is our favorite vantage ground for watching Chestnut street. We have
often thought how pleasant it would be to have a pallet spread out there, so that we could do our work in that
reclining posture that is so inspiring.
1 我们的办公室窗外是一个带有铁阳台的消防梯。当天气暖和、高窗大开时，那相当壮观的绝妙阳台， 就
成了我们观察栗树街的最佳视点。我们常常想，要是有一张床放在那里，就太惬意了。那样，我们就能 以
一种斜躺着的姿势，在那儿工作。那多么令人神旷心怡。
2 But we can tell a good deal of what is going on along Chestnut street without leaving our desk. Chestnut street
sings a music of its own. Its genial human sympathy could never be mistaken for that of any other highway. The
various strands of sound that compose its harmony gradually sink into our mind without our paying conscious
heed to them. For instance, there is the light sliding swish of the trolley poles along the wire, accompanied by
the deep rocking rumble of the car, and the crash as it pounds over the cross- tracks at Sixth street. There is the
clear mellow clang of the trolley gongs, the musical trill of fast wagon wheels running along the trolley rails,
and the rattle of hoofs on the cobbled strip between the metals. Particularly easy to identify is the sound every
citizen knows, the rasping, sliding to clatter of a wagon turning off the car track so that a trolley can pass it. The
wheels have left the track, but the back pair are scraping along against the setts before mounting over the rim.
Syntactic analysis
The various strands of sound that compose its harmony gradually sink into our mind without our paying conscious

heed to them. [Similar structure] For instance, there is the light sliding swish of the trolley poles along the wire,
accompanied by the deep rocking rumble of the car, and the crash as it pounds over the cross-tracks at Sixth street.
There is the clear mellow [Parallel elements] clang of the trolley gongs, the musical trill of fast wagon wheels
running along the trolley rails, and the rattle of hoofs on the cobbled strip between the metals. Particularly easy to
identify is the sound every citizen knows, the rasping, sliding to clatter of a wagon turning off the car track so that
a trolley can pass it. The wheels [Balanced elements] have left the track, but the back pair are scraping along
against the sets before mounting over the rim.
2 但是我们不 离开我们的办公桌，我们也能讲讲栗树街上的情况。栗树街吟唱着它自己的歌。它那与人友
好的和谐，绝 不会和别的街道的情况相混而搞错。各种各样的声音，组成一首和谐的乐曲，用不着用心去
听，就会徐徐 传入我们的头脑。比如，那有轨电车集电弓在电线上轻轻滑动的瑟瑟声，伴随着它的车箱晃
动的隆隆声， 还有它通过第六街的横过铁轨时的撞击声。那儿还有电车鸣锣的当当声。飞速行驶的马车轮
沿着电车铁轨 前进的吱吱乐章。以及马蹄有铁轨间夹道的卵石上的咯咯声。特别容易辩认的是每个市民都
知道的声音， 那就是马车轮子为了给电车让道而从铁轨滑开的粗厉的剌耳声。前轮已经离开了铁轨，而一
对后轮还吱吱 地刮擦着铁轨下的石条，直到它们翻过铁轨。
3 Every street has its own distinctive noises and the attentive ear accustoms itself to them until they become almost
a part of the day's enjoyment. The deep-toned bell of Independence Hall bronzing the hours is part of our
harmony here, and no less familiar is the vigorous tap-tap of Blind Al's stick. Al is the well-known newsdealer at
the Corner of Chestnut and Fifth. Several times a day he passes along under our windows, and the tinkle of his
staff is a well-known and pleasant note in our ears. We like to imagine, too, that we can recognize the peculiarly
soft and easy-going rumble of a wagon of watermelons.
(From Travels in Philadelphia)
3 每条街都有它自己的独特的嘈杂声。用心 去听的人，会习惯这种情况，以至这声音几乎成为一天的乐趣
的一部分。独立大厅的深沉的铜钟敲的是我 们和谐的乐章的一部分。还有同样熟悉的是盲人阿里的手杖碰
击地面的哒哒声。瞎子阿里是栗树街和第五 大道拐角的报刊商。每天他都要好几次从我们的窗下经过。他
的拐杖声，我们早就熟悉了，而且觉得很中 听。我们喜欢想象，我们能够辩认出西瓜车的特别柔和和悠闲
的辘辘声。
（摘自《在费城旅行》）
New words
balcony, A platform that projects from the wall of a building and is surrounded by a railing, balustrade, or parapet
vantage, A position that affords a broad overall view or perspective
reclining, a leaning or prone position.
posture, A position of the body or of body parts
inspiring, adj. Tending to arouse or exalt
strand, One of the elements woven together to make an intricate whole, such as the plot of a novel
heed, Close attention; notice
swish, A sharp whistling or rustling sound
hoof, The foot of a horse
rumble, A deep, long, rolling sound
clang, A loud, resonant, metallic sound
gong, A rimmed metal disk that produces a loud, sonorous tone when struck with a padded mallet 锣
rim, The border, edge, or margin of an object.
newsdealer, One who sells newspapers
tinkle, A light, clear metallic sound or a sound suggestive of it.
staff, Walking stick.

Lesson Sixteen
Tourists
旅游者观光客游客
Nancy Mitford 南西•密特福德
New words

minute, small
Venetian, 威尼斯的`
lagoon, A shallow body of water, especially one separated from a sea by sandbars or coral reefs.
vineyard, Ground planted with cultivated grapevines.
William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, who set up a claim to the throne of England and launched an attack
against the island in 1066.
intersected, criss-crossed
campanile, A bell tower, especially one near but not attached to a church or other public building.
reproach, To express disapproval of, criticism of, or disappointment in (someone).
cloches, cloches, divines reproaches, [French] Bells, bells, divine reproaches
chorus, A simultaneous utterance by a number of people; The sounds so made
chartered motor-boats, motor- boats hired for an exclusive use
yachts, small sailing or motor-driven vessels, generally with smart, graceful lines, used for pleasure cruises or
racing.
amblev, To walk slowly or leisurely; stroll.
tow-path, a path along which people draw a boat against the current
mosaics, a form of surface decoration made by inlaying small pieces of colored glass or stone; a picture or design
so made.
austere, Severe or stern in disposition or appearance; somber and grave
Madonna, a statue or picture of the Virgin Mary.
Byzantine, an artistic style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire (The East Roman Empire) during the
4th century, characterized by the round arch springing from the columns or piers, and the dome resting on
pendentives.
the throne of Attila, Attila (406-453), king of the Huns, who overran much of the Byzantine and Western Roman
Empires. In 451 he advanced as far as Orlean in Gaul and in 452 to the river Mincio in Italy. he later came to be
called
scent, To fill with a pleasant odor;
standing, Permanent and unchanging; fixed
megaphone, A funnel-shaped device used to direct and amplify the voice.
luncheon, A lunch, especially a formal one.
undergo, To pass through; experience
litter, Carelessly discarded refuse, such as wastepaper
Text
1 The most intensive study I ever made of tourists as at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them. Torcello is a
minute island in the Venetian lagoon: here, among vineyards and wild flowers, some thirty cottages surround a
great cathedral which was being built when William the Conqueror came to England. A canal and a path lead from
the lagoon to the village, the vineyards are intersected by canals; red and yellow sails glide slowly through the

vines. Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day (cloches, divines reproaches
joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. There is an inn where I lived one summer, writing my book and
observing the tourist. Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.
Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats,
and off yachts; all day they ambled up the tow-path, looking for what? The cathedral is decorated with early
mosaics -- scenes from hell, much restored, and a great sad, austere Madonna; Byzantine art is an acquired taste
and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it. They wander into the church and look round aimlessly.
They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair, said to be the throne of Attila.
They relentlessly tear at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day
have scented the whole island. As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown into the canal. The
Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something. The English declare that they can't afford to do this. They take
food which they have brought with them into the vineyard and I am sorry to say leave the devil of a mess behind
them. Every Thursday Germans come up the tow-path, marching as to war, with a Leader. There is a standing
order to fifty luncheons at the inn; while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone. After luncheon
they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture. They, at least, know what they are seeing. Then they
march back to their boat. They are tidy; they leave no litter.
译文
1 我曾对游客最深入细致的研究，是在托塞罗 做的。在这里，你想要躲开游客是不可能的。托塞罗是威尼
斯环礁湖中的一个小岛：在这里，三十多所农 舍，环绕着一个威廉王（诺曼帝国）征服英国（1066年）时
建的大教堂，隐现在葡萄架和野花丛中， 一条运河和一条小路从环礁通向小村。葡萄园被一条条运河切割
成豆腐块。红的黄的船帆在葡萄架间缓缓 行驶。钟楼的钟每天要响三次（钟呀，钟呀，神明的谴责），与周
围小岛的钟声大合唱交织在一起。那儿 有个客栈。有一年夏天我在那住过。在那写书，观察游客。在过去，
托塞罗象一朵天空的孤云。现在却成 了威尼斯的一个出游胜地。游客多得很。他们从班船，从租的机动船，
从豪华的游艇，一下子涌进小岛。 小岛都要容纳不了了。一天到晚，都有游客在纤路上漫步。他们在找什
么？哥特式教堂贴着古老的马赛克 ，装饰成一幅地狱的景色。大部分已经重修了。还有一幅表情忧伤而庄
重的圣母玛利亚象。拜占庭艺术是 高品位的，要有专门知识的人才能欣赏的。游客中大概十有八九没有这
个欣赏能力。他们信步走进教堂， 随便看看。他们走出教堂，到村子的绿茵上。在石椅上互相照相。这石
椅据说是阿提拉的宝座。游客们无 情地撕扯着野玫瑰。人们看着带花古朵的野玖瑰，盼着看它开放。这玫
瑰花使小岛一天到晚沉浸在芳香中 。可是它们一被摘取下来，这花就蔫了，所以就被扔进了运河。美国游
客到饭店去吃喝。英国人说他们付 不起账。所以他们自带食物，钻进葡萄园去吃。实在遗憾，等他们走时，
就留下一片狼藉。每个星期四， 德国人在一个领导的率领下，排队走在纤路上，好象是上战场的部队。在
饭店，他们订下五十人的中餐， 边吃边听领导用手提喇叭给他们上课。吃完饭，他们排队进教堂，在那儿
又听一番讲解。至少，他们知道 他们看了点什么。他们排队回去上船。他们利利落落，不随地丢果皮杂物。
New words
gondolier, a man who propels a long, narrow canal boat with a cabin in the middle called gondola.
ferry, To transport (people, vehicles, or goods) by boat across a body of water
sandolos, (Ital.) flat-bottomed boats
pester, To harass with petty annoyances; bother.
Buona fortuna, (Ital.) Good fortune
chant, To speak monotonously
flapping, waving or fluttering:
Daily Mails, 每日邮报
Text
2 More interesting, however, than the behavior of the tourists is that of the islanders. As they are obliged, whether

they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial
benefit from this state of affairs. The Italian is a bon actor; between the first boat from Venice, at 11 a.m. and the
last on which the ordinary tourist leaves at 6 p.m., the island is turned into a stage with all the natives playing a
part. Young men from Burano, the next island, dress up as gondoliers and ferry tourists from the steamer to the
village in sandolos. One of them brings a dreadful little brother called Eric who pesters everybody to buy the dead
bodies of sea- horses, painted gold.
at the cottage doors selling postcards and trinkets and apparently making point de Venise lace. They have really got
it, on sale or return, from relations in Burano, where it is made by young girls. Old women, with toil-worn hands,
cannot do such fine work. It is supposed that the tourists are more likely to buy if they think they see the lace being
made, but hardly any of them seem to appreciate its marvelous quality. Babies toddle about offering four-leafed
clovers and hoping for a tip. More cries of
the arrival of the steamer. And so the play goes on. .The tourists are almost incredibly mean, they hardly leave
anything on the island except empty cigarette boxes and flapping Daily Mails. The lace is expansive, but they
might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies; they seem to have hearts of stone.

译文
2 然而，和游客比起来，岛民的行为更有意思。不管他们意识到没有，他们被迫整个 夏天要生活在游客的
眼皮底下。他们自然就要从这情形中得到一点经济利益。意大利人是天生的演员。在 11点的头班威尼斯客
轮开来到下午6点的末班船离开之间，全岛变成一个舞台。岛民都是演员，扮演一 个角色色。隔壁布拉诺
岛上的年轻人，穿上船夫装，摇起平底船，把从汽艇上下来的游客摆度到村子里。 有一个还带了一个顽皮
地令人生畏的小弟弟。他叫埃里克，总是死缠着每一个人，要他们买他的染成金色 的死海马。“祝你好运!”
他唱道。我特别喜欢他。满脸堆笑、笑容可掬的老太太们，坐在家门旁，卖明 信片和小饰物，还当众做着
威尼斯式样的枕套花边。实际上，花边是她们从布拉诺拿的货，是那里的姑娘 们做的。老妇人卖不出去，
还可以退货。老太太的一双手，饱经风霜，净是老茧，是做不了这种细活的。 她们之所以这样做，据说是
因为要是游客看见它们是怎么织出来的，他们就更愿意买。但可惜没有几个人 光顾，欣赏那做工。小小孩
蹒跚地递上四叶苜蓿，想讨地点小费。又是一片“祝你好运!”的叫声。教士 们也按轮船的班点，安排他们
的宗教活动。戏就是这样上演着。游客们是不可想象地小气。除了空烟盒和 飞舞的每日邮报，他们不留任
何东西。花边太贵了。他们不买情有可原。但他们本可以买几张明信片，买 几根贝壳项链，给上小孩几个
便士。但他们看起来都是铁公鸡，一毛不拨。
New words
pillow, A decorative cushion
kitTen, A young cat
Text
3 As soon as the last boat has gone, down comes the curtain. The
silly straw hats and go back to Burano, taking Eric, highly dissatisfied with his earning and saying if this goes on
he will die of hunger. The sweet old women let the smiles fade from their faces, put away their lace-making
pillows, and turn to ordinary activities of village life such as drowning kittens. The father of the clover babies
creeps about on his knees finding four-leafed clover for the next day. The evening reproaches ring out, the moon
comes up, the flapping Daily Mails blow into the lagoon. Torcello is itself again.
译文

3 等到最后 一班船一走，大舞台的帷幕就落下了。平底船夫脱掉亚麻夹克，摘下笨重的草帽，带上埃里克，
回布拉诺 。小埃里诺非常不满意他所挣到的钱。他说要是这样下去，他就要饿死了。慈祥的老太太也收起
了她们的 笑脸，把花边枕头放在一边，开始干起每天要干的溺死小猫之类的工作。卖苜蓿小孩的父亲，趴

在地上，去找第二天要卖的四叶苜蓿。最后一次教堂钟声响过，月亮也出来了。飞舞的每日邮报 刮进了湖
中，托塞罗又恢复了原样。
（摘自《水龟虫》）

Lesson Seventeen

Golden Goa
金色的果阿

Normal Lewis
诺玛尔•路易斯
New words

sabre, to saber, to wave, hit, injure, or kill with a saber
dhows, Arab lateen-rigged vessel or single-masted ship with a lateen sail, used along the Indian Ocean coast.
tripper, tourist, one who is taking a short pleasure trip.
Bombay, 孟买
tweed, 粗呢 A coarse, rugged, often nubby woolen fabric made in any of various twill weaves and used chiefly
for casual suits and coats.
tweeds, 粗呢制品
corduroy, [`kC:dE`rCi] 灯心绒 A durable cut-pile fabric, usually made of cotton, with vertical ribs.
pyjama, Loose-fitting trousers worn in the Far East by men and women. Often used in the plural.
clad, To cover with a protective or insulating layer of other material.
baroque, Of, relating to, or characteristic of a style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to
1700, emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation,
and overall balance of disparate parts.
greenery, A place where plants are grown.
starboard, On the right-hand side as one faces forward.
bow, [bEu] The front section of a ship or boat
Nova, 新
hubbub, Loud noise
chime, To make a musical sound by striking a bell or set of bells
gang-plank, A board or ramp used as a removable footway between a ship and a pier. Also Called gangway
apathy, Lack of emotion or feeling; impassiveness
flock, A group of animals that live, travel, or feed together
mynah, [`mainE]八哥 A tropic bird of the southern Asia that can mimic speech
rigging, Nautical The system of ropes, chains, and tackle used to support and control the masts, sails, and yards of
a sailing vessel
omnibus, bus
calash, [kE`lAF] A light carriage with two or four low wheels and a collapsible top
skeletal, Of, relating to, forming, or of the nature of a skeleton
dozing, sleeping lightly and intermittently.
strain, To exert or tax to the utmost
posture, A position of the body or of body parts

reputable, Having a good reputation; honorable
De Dion Bouton, A vintage car at that time
St. Christopher, The patron saint of travelers.
squat, To crouch down, as an animal does
dashboard, A panel under the windshield of a vehicle, containing indicator dials, compartments, and sometimes
control instruments.

1 Soon after dawn the Goa shore lifts itself out of the sea, a horizon of purplish rocks and palms, sabred by the
dark sails of dhows. The Indian trippers who came aboard at Bombay, fashionably scarfed, in tweeds and
corduroys, have accepted a mood of southern lassitude, and now gather in pyjama-clad groups to gaze respectfully
shore wards. As the ship swings into a river-mouth the shores close in, a red watchtower on every headland and
baroque chapels gleaming through the greenery. Over the starboard-bow Nova Goa is painted brilliantly on the sky,
a hubbub of colour with bells chiming in the churches built on its high places. A few minutes later the gang-plank
goes down, and as the passengers are released into the smiling apathy of the water-front, a flock of mynahs settle
on the ship's rigging. A line of golden omnibuses wait to bear the voyagers away to distant parts of the territory.
The town itself is served by calashes of skeletal elegance, drawn by ponies who, even while dozing in the shafts,
are unable to relax their straining posture. For foreigners there are taxis of reputable old Continental make, such as
De Dion Bouton. They are decorated with brasswork and advertisements for German Beer. Although their owners
are usually Christians, Hindu-gods, considered as more effective in purely routine matters of protection than, say,
St Christopher, squat amongst the artificial flowers over the dashboards.
1 刚刚破晓，果阿海岸，地平线上的紫色石和棕榈 ，在游戈的小船的黑帆的映衬下，从海中冒出。从孟
买上船的印度游客，当时围着时髦的围巾，穿着花呢 或灯心绒衣服，饱受南方的无精打采的气氛熏陶，现
在身披睡衣，聚集成群，虔敬地望着海岸。船摇摇摆 摆，驶进河口。 河道越来越窄，每个小山岬都有一个
了望塔，巴洛克式的教堂，在晨曦中闪亮。从船头 右舷望去，新果阿宛然是画在天空的一幅画。一幅喧闹
的景色，与教堂的钟声混合在一起。不久，跳板放 了下来，当旅客怀着微笑投入到这冷清的码头时，一群
八哥落到轮船的索具上。一排金色的公共汽车正等 着把旅客拖到这个国家的腹地。这个小镇自己却是用有
折叠式车篷的马车。拉车的小马，虽然在车辕上打 瞌睡，但是拉车的绑套却还是扯得紧紧的。对外国人来
说，还有得丁包顿之类的老式欧洲名牌出租汽车可 用。车上用铜工艺品和德国啤酒的广告装饰着。虽然车
主大多是基督教徒，但印度的神像却蹲伏在挡泥板 上方的人造花从中。因为据说这些神比基督教的旅行保
护神圣克利斯多福就保护的意义上讲，更有效。
New words

quayside, The area adjacent to a quay or wharf or a system of quays, especially in a port city
Albuquerque, (1453-1515) Portuguese navigator.
hypnotic, Inducing or tending to induce sleep; soporific
Jose Custodio Faria, small
suggestion, 暗示
2 The quayside, which is really the heart of the town, is presided over by a statue, not -- as one would have
expected -- of the great Albuquerque, founder of the colony, but of one Jose Custodio Faria, who, the inscription
relates, discovered the doctrine of hypnotic suggestion.
2 码头是真正的市中心，那里有座雕像，但不是人们期待的这个殖民地 的创建者，伟大(大名鼎鼎)的阿
尔巴科克的，而是法里拉的。在它的像座上刻着，“发现催眠暗示理论 。”
New words

whisk, To move or cause to move with quick light sweeping motions
ardent, Glowing; shining: ardent eyes
relics, An object of religious veneration, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of a saint.
attendance, The act of attending all
entitle, To furnish with a right or claim to something
anna, A copper coin formerly used in India and Pakistan
repository, A place where things may be put for safekeeping
dungeon, A dark, often underground chamber or cell used to confine prisoners
facade, [fE`seid] The face of a building, especially the principal face
make-belief, false, sham, not true
frangipani, 鸡蛋花
float, To be suspended in or move through space as if supported by a liquid.
burnish, To make smooth or glossy by or as if by rubbing; polish
hop, To move with light bounding skips or leaps
prowl, To roam through stealthily, as in search of prey or plunder
nacreous, mother- of-pearl
banyan, 榕树
3 A stranger, newly landed, is whisked quickly beyond the range of Faria's ardent gaze. Ahead of him strides the
porter, carrying on his shoulder the luggage which several small boys, running on either side, reach up to touch
with their finger-tips, as if it contained relics of extraordinary curative virtue. This attendance entitles them to
claim a reward of one anna apiece. The baggage is then placed in the taxi, and the newcomer is driven to the Hotel
Central, because it is a long way from the centre of the town, and therefore a worth-while taxi-fare. All this
happens to be to the good.. The Central is a precious repository of the atmosphere of Goa, and worthy of mention
not on account of it advertised attraction -- the small tiled dungeon, called a bathroom, available with every room
-- but of many less tangible charms unappreciated by the management. The fine old Portuguese colonial building
growing naturally from the red earth of Goa is the colour of Spanish oxide, with its main facade covered in green
tiles and a white make-belief balcony moulded on one wall. Coconuts and frangipani blossoms float down a
jade-green stream at the back of the house, and burnished, bright-eyed crows come hopping into he front rooms
and try to fly away with the guests' sun- glasses. The beach is just across the road, and you can sit and watch Goans
prowling about it in search of the nacreous discs with which they repair their old-fashioned mother-of-pearl
windows. A cab driver sleeps on his seat under a banyan-tree just outside the dining-room, and when any guest
wants to go, the waiter leans out and wakes him up by pulling the end of his whip.
(From New Statesman, 21 June 1956)

3 一个刚上岸的陌生人，被飞快带出法里拉那炙人的眼光所及之处。在他的前头，脚夫大步流星，肩 扛
着行李，两旁跟着一帮小孩。他们挤上去，尽力想帮一把，伸长手，却又只能够着个指头尖，好象行李 里
头装着包治百病的遗骨。这一帮小孩因此可以得到一安娜小费。后来行李放上了出租车，这样就把这新 来
的拉到了中央旅馆。车费挺高，因为路途太远，所以也值得。所有这些，都是为赚钱。中央旅馆可以说 是
果阿风韵十足的价值连城的博物馆，值得一提的不是象广告上讲的，每个房间，都有一个铺了瓷砖的地 下
浴室，而是那些经营者并没注意到的不太容易体验到的一种魅力。这栋精巧的老式葡萄牙殖民地式的建 筑，
置于果阿的土地上，带有西班牙氧化物（铁）的红色。正面装有绿色的琉璃瓦，墙上镶有作装饰用的 白色
假凉台。可可树和鸡蛋花花瓣漂淌在房后翠绿的小河上。一身油光锃亮，眼睛闪闪发光的乌鸦在前庭 雀跃，
企图带走客人们的太阳镜。海滩就在马路对过。你可以看到果阿人徘徊于海边，寻找珍珠贝壳，去 修理他
们那老式的珍珠母窗户。一位车夫，在餐厅窗外榕树下的车座上打瞌睡。一但有客人要走，餐厅服 务员就

从窗口伸出手，扯他的鞭子梢，把他叫醒。
（摘自《新政治家》）

Lesson 18
The Boston Merchant
Samuel Eliot Morison

1 The merchant princes clung to the ways and fashions of colonial days, or of 1790 at the latest, unwilling to
admit even by the cut of waistcoat that Robespierre could change their world. At eight or eight-thirty the
well-to-do Boston merchant appeared among his family in China silk dressing- gown and cap, as Copley had
painted his father. Short family prayers, and a hearty breakfast by the blazing hickory fire. Then the mysteries of
the toilet, performed by body servant or, preferably, by a neighborhood Figaro, a San Domingo refugee who
discreetly gossips while he performs the rite of shaving. Hair is dressed, tied in a queue, and powdered; unless
there is a white wig to be nicely adjusted. A fresh white cravat with long lapels, is folded and skillfully tied. Then
for the nether limbs. Linen drawers are tied down, silk stockings pulled up smooth, and gartered against all chance
of ungentlemanly wrinkling; buff nankeen breeches arranged neatly over them and silver buckle drawn tight.
Low-hung waistcoat and broad-skirted coat of light-colored broadcloth come next. After a few parting suggestions
to his lady, Master takes a stout gold-headed Malacca-joint cane, three-cornered hat, scarlet cloak if chilly, and
sallies forth on foot, followed by Cicero, the colored butler, with huge market-basket. For it is the simple custom
of the day, on one's way to business, to choose the materials for one's dinner, in the neighborhood of Faneuil Hall.
2 Suppose one of those sharp, bright winter days, following a fresh snowfall that has etched the outlines of new
brick shops and black old gabled houses with highlights. Huge 'pungs' (or-or horse-drawn sledges), the connecting
links between ocean commerce and New England farms, are drawn up in Dock Square three deep and piled high
with butter, cheese, fresh and salt meat, game, winter vegetables, wooden ware, and barrels of cider and perry,
from some of which small boys are sucking through a straw until the owner shout -- 'Hey, you've had your
penny-worth!' Through this cheerful activity strolls our merchant, and having chosen his joint and poultry and
game and fixings, sends his servant home, and continues to his counting-room on India Wharf, or nearby.
3 If it is winter, there is not much to do; for the larger vessels are away; but there are always accounts to be
made up, tea and silks to be withdrawn from bond, and plans for next season discussed with master builders. At
eleven, Henry the chief clerk mixed a stiff jorum of Jamaica rum, to get himself and master through the morning.
At half-after twelve or one, the business day ends, save for the genial institution of 'Change. This is a meeting of
all the merchants, n the sidewalk of State Street if weather permits, otherwise in tavern or insurance office, to talk
shop, ships, and politics for a half-hour or so.
4 By two o'clock the merchant is at home again, and at two- thirty comes dinner. Perhaps it is a formal feast, in
the oval dining-room, with some fellow- merchants, a state senator or two, a judge, and their respective ladies;
begun by a hot punch handed to the gentlemen in a China loving-cup; continued through several substantial
courses, washed down with sherry, madeira, and (rarely) champagne; prolonged into candlelight after the ladies
retire and the cloth is removed, by port, brandy, political gossip, and damning the Jacobins. If an ordinary family
dinner, it is followed by sleigh-ride, or, in long summer days, a family drive in coach on high English phaeton,
behind fat bays, to take tea and fruit at some country seat -- with Harry Otis at Oakley, or Kitty Gore at Waltham,
or John Lowell at Roxbury, or Ben Bussey at Jamaica Plain. A ball or evening supper party, perhaps; otherwise a
cold supper and glass of madeira at home, 'and so to bed.'
(From The Maritime History of Massachusetts: 1783-1860)

第一课 波士顿商人
塞廖尔•爱略特•莫里森
1 商业巨头们保持着殖民地时代，最晚也是1 790年以前的生活方式和服装样式，不肯接受罗伯斯庇尔能
够改变的式样，那怕就是马甲的裁剪方式。 8:00或8:30，富有的波士顿商人，在家里露面。他穿着中国丝
制的袍子和帽子，就象考波雷画的 他父亲的装束。全家做完简短的祷告，就在熊熊的核桃木火堆前，吃一
顿丰盛的早餐。然后就是不为人所 知的梳妆打扮，通常是由贴身奴仆，或由邻近的一个叫费加罗的圣多明
哥的嘴严难民侍侯的。他俩一边刮 着胡子，一边闲谈。头发梳好了，扎成了瓣子，打上了头粉，要不他就
得把白色的假发不露痕迹地戴上， 把新洗的带大翻领的领结打好，系在脖子上。然后就是腿脚，亚麻裤穿
好了，丝长袜拉了上来，平平整整 的。再用吊袜带吊上，不使它因起褶子，而丢了绅士风度。暗黄色的齐
膝短裤罩在上面，扣上银扣子，再 就是低垂的背心，和浅色绒面呢宽下摆衣服。跟夫人道过别，先生拿上
镶金大头马六甲手杖，戴上三角帽 ，要是天凉，就再披上猩红丝斗蓬，徒步走出去，后头跟着黑人大管家
西赛罗。管家手里拎着个大购物篮 。因为当时的习惯，在上班的路上，要到附近的Faneuil Hall采购一点正
餐请客的材料。
2 假定是某个朔冬的朗丽之日，刚下过雪，白雪把砖瓦新盖的商店和带山墙的老房子的轮廓都镂刻了 出来。
在连接海运商和新英格兰农场的Dock Square市场，牛拉的和马拉的大爬犁，排成三排 ，上边装满了黄油
奶酪，鲜肉咸肉，野物，冬天的蔬菜，木器，一桶桶的苹果酒和梨酒。一个小孩正在用 麦管吸其中一桶的
酒，一直喝到老板喊：“你已经喝够一便士了。”在这，我们的商人选好了做烧烤的带 骨大块肉、禽肉、野
味和佐料，把管家打发回家，他就去他在India Wharf或附近的会计室去上班。
3 如果是冬天，大船都在海上，没有更多的事情可做，但也 总有账要算，总要从仓库中取出茶叶和丝绸，
要同建造商讨论下一季度的计划。11点，领班店员亨利调 好了一大碗牙买加烈性酒，使他和他的头头能有
精神完成上午的工作。12点半或1 点，一天的工作就 结束了，就去那令人高兴的股票交易点。这是所有的
商人聚会的地方。如果天好，就在斯台特大街的人行 道上。否则就在酒店或者是保险公司，讨论上半个小
时的商店、船只、政治。
4 两点 钟，这位商人就要回家了。2:30开饭，大概是一个正式宴会。宴会摆在椭圆形餐厅。同桌的有同
行、 一两个州议员、一个法官、他们尊敬的夫人。宴席通常始于递给每人一大瓷杯开胃酒。然后就是几道
名菜 ，就着雪利、马德拉葡萄酒、有时是香槟。饭一直要吃到掌灯。女士们退了席，桌布也撤掉了，他们
一边 品尝葡萄酒、白兰地，一边聊政治，谩骂雅格宾派。如果是自家人吃饭，饭后就坐雪橇出去玩一玩。
在白 天漫长的夏天，一家人乘上四轮马车，赶着那棕红色的肥膘马。同Oakley的Harry Otis，同Waltham
的Kitty Gore ， 同Roxbury的John Lowell，或者同Jamaica Plain的Ben Bussey在某个乡村喝茶、吃水果，
还有舞会和晚宴。否则就是自己家人冷清地吃上一餐晚饭、喝杯马达拉葡萄酒，接着就去睡觉。
New Words
Robespierre: 罗伯斯庇尔 (1758-94)
dressing-gown: A robe worn for lounging or before dressing.
Copley: 1738-1815
a hearty breakfast: 丰盛的早餐
blazing: burning, flaming, fiery 熊熊的
hickory: 核桃木
toilet: 1. The act or process of dressing or grooming oneself. 2. Dress; attire; costume.
Figaro: see Note 9
San Domingo: see Note 10
refugee: fugitive, runaway, escapee, deserter
discreetly: in a manner of showing prudence and wise self-restraint in speech and behavior; circumspect 谨慎地;
贤明
gossips: 1. Trivial, chatty talk or writing or talk of a personal, sensational, or intimate nature. 3. A person

who habitually spreads intimate or private rumors or facts.
rite: 1. The prescribed or customary form for conducting a religious or other solemn ceremony: the rite of baptism.
2. A ceremonial act or series of acts: fertility rites.
queue: A long braid of hair worn hanging down the back of the neck; a pigtail
powder: cover with or as if with powder
a white wig: 白色的假发
cravat: 领结
lapels: 大翻领
the nether limbs: 下肢
linen drawers: 亚麻内裤
garter: n. 吊袜带;v. 吊袜带吊住
wrinkling: fold, crinkle, crinkling
buff: n. 浅黄色, 软皮
nankeen: n. 本色棉布(原产于南京), 淡黄色
breeches: n. 马裤, <口>裤子
buckle: buckle : n. 带扣;v. 扣住, 变弯曲
broad-skirted: 宽下摆
broadcloth: n. 一种宽幅的细毛织品, 一种精细棉布或人造丝织物
Malacca-joint:
sally: set out
Cicero: n. 西塞罗
butler: n. 仆役长, 男管家
Faneuil Hall:
etch: v. 蚀刻
gabled: adj. 有山形墙的, 有人形墙的
highlights: n. 加亮区, 精彩场面, 最显著(重要)部分;vt. 加亮, 使显著, 以强光照射, 突出
pungs: n. 箱型雪撬
sledges: n. 雪橇;v. 乘雪橇, 用雪橇运送
game: a. Wild animals, birds, or fish hunted for food or sport. b. The flesh of these animals, eaten as food.
cider: n. 苹果酒
perry: n. 梨子酒, 梨酒
suck: raw (liquid) into the mouth by movements of the tongue and lips that create suction.
straw: n. 稻草, 麦杆
stroll: 1. To go for a leisurely walk: stroll in the park. 2. To travel from place to place seeking work or gain
joint: A large cut of meat for roasting.
poultry: Domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, raised for meat or eggs.
fixings: Accessories; trimmings: a Mexican dinner with all the fixings.
counting-room: 会计室
wharf: n. 码头;vt. 卸上码头, 靠在码头;vi. 靠码头
vessel: ship
bond: 仓库，栈，保留，存入仓库
stiff jorum: 大碗型酒杯，一大酒杯
Jamaica rum: 牙买加牙买加甜酒
save for: 除了

genial: 1. Having a pleasant or friendly disposition or manner; cordial and kindly. 2. Conducive to life, growth, or
comfort; mild
'Change: exchange
tavern: 酒馆客栈
feast: 1. A large, elaborately prepared meal, usually for many persons and often accompanied by entertainment; a
banquet. 2. A meal that is well prepared and abundantly enjoyed.
oval: egg-shaped 椭圆形，卵形的，椭圆形的
fellow-merchants: 商界朋友
a state senator: 洲参议员
punch: 混合甜饮料
loving- cup: 1. A large ornamental wine vessel, usually made of silver and having two or more handles. 2. A large
ornamental vessel given as an award in modern sporting contests and similar events.
substantial courses: 几道菜
wash down with sherry: 下酒
madeira: 大西洋的一群岛产的白葡萄酒
retire: 1. To withdraw, as for rest or seclusion. 2. To go to bed.
the cloth: the table-cloth
port: wine, 色酒
brandy: 白兰地酒
damning the Jacobins:
sleigh-ride: 乘雪撬
coach: 车厢
phaeton: A light, four-wheeled open carriage, usually drawn by a pair of horses.
bays: A reddish-brown animal, especially a horse having a black mane and tail
seat: 1. The place where something is located or based: The heart is the seat of the emotions. 2. A center of
authority; a capital: the county seat. 所在地
ball: dancing party
cold supper: 冷清的晚饭

Lesson19
Mr. and Mrs. X
Edmund Wilson
Ｘ 先生和 Ｘ 太太
艾德曼•威尔逊

1 It is not hard to imagine Mr. Southworth -- let us call him Mr. X, since the following picture is purely imaginary:
I want merely to describe a type. You can see him as one of those decent, pleasant, well-pressed and well-barbered
people who may be seen around country clubs. He represents better his satisfactions are
more bound up than he realizes with things that money can buy him, he never spends money ostentatiously; and he
has a conscience about civic affairs, giving to charitable causes and being opposed to political corruption,
especially as practiced by low politicians who have never been to Amherst. His wife feels this even more strongly;
she was opposed to Al Smith in the White House on the ground of his dreadful commonness. She dresses
extremely well, and she usually notices in a Pullman that she is the only really smart woman there. Mr. X plays a
pretty good game of something -- probably tennis or golf. He may collect first editions or etchings. He gets his

liquor from the same high-class bootlegger who serves the very rich, but he never drinks to excess.
2 Yet Mr. X's conviction of his intrinsic importance has very little basis in fact. He is as helpless, he occupies just
as cramped a position between the upper and the nether millstones of society, as the old West Virginia detective
who, as superintendent at Ward, has to shortweight the miners at the tipple, or as at Boulder
Dam. Mr. X had to explain to the shop committee when they came to protest the wage-cut that he could make
promises or recommendations. And because he has no real authority, the culture and the distinction of Mr. and Mrs.
X, all that Mr. and Mrs. X regard as the foundation of their social position, have no solid or durable value. Such
pretensions can only be valid in the case of a real governing class. And Mr. X does not govern. He gets his orders
from officials high up, and these may very well get their orders from the bankers from whom they borrow. Yet
neither bankers nor higher officials constitute a governing class: they are all merely people of various origins,
various ideals and capacities, who come and go in lucrative positions. The system they belong to governs, but they
are only individuals on the make. They take no collective responsibility, and their power is not hereditary; they
have none of the special training which permanent position requires and which may dignify a well-established
owning class.
3 Yet Mr. and Mrs. X are firmly convinced of their superiority. Let us see what this superiority consist of. If Mr.
X is decedent from some family who have already been property-holders for a generation or two during the
simpler days of the Republic, he will attach himself to the memory of family habits as if they were in fact the
characteristics of such an established class -- a higher civilization from whose standards the present is a lamentable
lapse. If, say, Mr. X is a Southerner, he will like to talk about the Civil War, will cherish family photographs of the
Civil War generation, will dream of retiring from industry and going to live in the country, where he will be able to
keep hunting dogs and perhaps a stable. If a Bostonian, he may still live in a family house, square and solid but
rather bleak and Spartan, in the taste of his fathers who built it, and decorated with copies of painting and old
brown photographs of Italy brought back from abroad by his mother. If a New Yorker or a Philadelphia, the
glamour of his ancestral memories will gleam from an expensive social life, polo and yachting, champagne and
brandy, and historical research or civic reform. If Mr. X, on the other hand, is a Middle Westerner, he will have the
pride of affluence hard-won, of virtue and distinction maintained amidst the deprivations of the wilderness. If Mr.
X is a Californian, he will look back to the days when food and drink were so plentiful and cheap out there, when
people were so hearty and gay, when life was so easy, so free. In any case, he will respect his college as the
stronghold of good-fellowship and learning, guard his club as the temple of manners and honor, and in his business
and domestic relations he will scrupulously observe the old-fashioned rules of integrity among equals.

译文 1 想象 Mr. Southworth 并不难。由于下述情况是纯属虚构，我只想写一下这一类型人，就让我们叫
他Ｘ 先生好了。你可以把他当做经常出入乡村俱乐部的那种人。他们衣冠楚楚，满面春风，衣服熨得笔挺，
头 发剪得溜齐。他代表上层人士的优秀分子。尽管他们所追求的、感到满意的东西，都是和钱，和比他们
所 期望的还要多的钱相联系的，他们从不敢大手大脚花钱。他们关注老百姓的事，为慈善事业做奉献，反
对 政治腐败，特别反对那没有进过麻省 Amherst 城的两所大学的下等政客。他的夫人对这一点感觉更为强
烈。她认为 Al Smith 粗俗，没有受 过教育，而极力反对他入主白宫。她讲究穿着，她总是自认为她是软席
卧铺中最漂亮潇洒的。X先生常常 参加运动，象高尔夫和网球。他还收集第一版的书籍和蚀版画。他喝酒
总到专门为大款服务的不法酒商那 去，但从来不尽饮。
2 然而，X 先生的自视重要，事实上并无根基。他孤立无助，他处于社会大 磨的上下两个磨盘中间，受
到上下夹击，活动余地很小。就象那个西弗吉尼亚的老侦探，作为一个地区的 管理人员，不得不在煤矿装
卸处，给矿工们称煤明缺斤少两。就象 Colorado 河上的 Boulder 水坝的那个管奴隶的“催命”监工 Crowe，
不停地叫“快点！快点！”当工人作 委员会来抗议缩减工资时，Ｘ先生就不得不去向他们做解释，说他“即
不能许诺，也不能答应什么。”而 正因为他没有权威，所以所有他讲的Ｘ先生和 Ｘ太太的文化和出众之类

的东西，就都没 有坚实的和持久的价值。这种自命的伟大，只有在真正管事的阶级中才有效。但Ｘ先生管
不了事。他从上 头得到命令，而他们的命令又是从他们所贷款的银行家那里来的。然而，无论银行家还是
高一级的领导， 都不是管事的阶级。他们出生不同，理想和能力各异，在有利可得的位置上来来往往。管
事的是他们所从 属的体制，而他们自己只不过是赚钱的人。他们没有集体责任，他们的权利也不是世袭的，
他们也没有受 过长期担作这一职务的训练，也没有受过能给现存的有产阶级增光的训练。
3 然而，X 先生和Ｘ 太太却坚信他们高人一等。让我们来看看他们的优势包括什么。如果X先生的先辈
有那么一代在共和国早 期是富有的，那么他就会有回忆那家庭的习惯。这习惯在当时事实上是一个确立了
地位的阶级的特点，一 种高级的文明，而他现在按这种文明来衡量，是一个不幸的缺如。如果说X先生是
一个南部人，那他就会 对南北战争津津乐道，就会乐于保留南北战争时期的家庭照片，乐于梦想从工业上
退休下来，生活在农村 ，在那里他可以养猎狗，或者兴许还有马。如果他是波士顿人，他可能住在一个宽
敞、结实，但却阴暗、 简朴的小房子里。小房子是他的爸爸的口味建造的，上头还装饰着旧画，还有他妈
妈从国外带回的旧得发 黄的意大利的照片。如果X先生是纽约人或费省人，他的祖宗的光彩就要表现在高
消费的社会生活：打马 球，坐游艇，喝香槟，品白兰地，搞历史研究，或进行城市改革。如果X先生是中
西部人，他就会为有以 努力奋斗而挣来的巨大财富的骄傲，以及为有开拓荒地的美德和卓越而自豪。如果
X先生是一个加州人， 他就会记住吃喝是那样充足和便宜的日子，记住人们是那样热情和快活的岁月，记
住生活是那样轻松和自 由的年代。无论如何，他会敬重他的大学，把它当做友谊和知识的大本营，保卫他
的俱乐部，就象保持举 止风度的神圣殿堂，而在他的生易和家庭关系中，他将严格遵守保持同等人中的完
整的老牌的清规戒律。

Lesson20
John Masefield
Beverley Nichols

约翰•梅斯菲尔德
贝弗利•尼科尔斯

1 A few weeks later I met Masefield himself. He had promised to read some of his poetry to a little literary
society which we had gathered together, and we all assembled in my rooms to await his arrival. It was a bitterly
cold night, with driving snow, land he lived some eight miles out of Oxford, in a region where there were neither
taxis nor buses, so that he would have been perfectly justified in phoning us to say that he could not come.
However, he turned up only a few minutes late, having bicycled all the way, in order not to disappoint us.
2 One never forgets Masefield's face. It is not the face of a young man, for it is lined and grave. And yet it is
not the face of an old man, for youth is still in the bright eyes. Its dominant quality is humility. There were
moments when he seemed almost to abase himself before his fellow- creatures. And this humility was echoed in
everything he did or said, in the quiet, timid tone of his voice, in the way in which he always shrank from asserting
himself.
3 This quality of his can best he illustrated by his behaviour that night. When the time came for him to read
his poems, he would not stand up in any position of pre-eminence but sheltered himself behind the sofa, in the
shade of an old lamp, and from there he delivered passages from The Everlasting Mercy, Dauber, The Tragedy of
Nan, and Pompey the Great. He talked, too, melodiously, and with the ghost of a question mark after each of his
sentences and though he were saying 'Is this right? Who am I to lay down the law?' And when it was all over, and
we began to discuss what he had said, all talking at the top of our voices, very superficially, not doubt, but
certainly with a great deal of enthusiasm, it was with a sudden shock that I realized that Masefield had retired into
his shell, and was sitting on the floor, almost in the dark, reading a volume of poems by a young and quite

unknown writer.
4 I saw a good deal of him after that. He lived in a little red house looking over the hills and valleys about
eight miles out, and on fine days one could see from his window the grey spires and panes of Oxford glittering in
the distance.
5 'Oxford is always different,' he said to me once. 'always I see her in a new mood of beauty from these hills.'
We were looking down on the city from the distance and I too knew how he felt. Oxford from the hills is a dream
eternally renewed. Under the rain, when only a few spires and towers rise above the driving sheets of grey, on an
April morning, when the whole city is sparkling and dappled with yellow shadows, by moonlight when it is a
fantastic vision of the Arabian Nights.
6 Like many other literary geniuses, Masefield is clever with his hands. He will, with equal complacency,
make a model of a ship or mend a garden gate. But since he was himself a sailor -- since he has himself known the
sea in every mood of loveliness or of terror, it is only natural that, when he does model, he should turn, by instinct,
to ships. He showed me, at his house, a most exquisite model in wood of an old sailing vessel of the eighteenth
century. There was nothing of the dilettante about that work. Every spar, every rope, every mast, every tiny detail
was there, modeled to scale. It would have satisfied the most ardent technician, and yet it had a grace and a poetry
that only Masefield could have given it.
7 'You must keep this in a glass case,' I said to him. 'It's far to precious, too dainty, to knock about like the
other things.'
8 He shook his head.
to me.'
9 That was like Masefield, I thought, to spend weeks and weeks of labour to please 'a friend who had been
kind to him.'
(From Twenty-Five)

1 几周后，我见到了梅斯菲尔德本人。他答应给我们几个人组成的文艺小团体（文学社）读他的几首
诗。我们聚集在我的寒舍等待他的到来。那天寒冷剌骨，大雪纷飞。他又住在离牛津八英里之遥的地方。
他那个地区没有公共汽车，也没有出租车。他完全可以打个电话，告诉我们他来不了。可是为了不让我们
失望，他一路蹬着自行车来了，比预定的时间只晚了几分钟。
2 见过他的人，都不会忘记他的面 庞。不是年轻人的脸，因为满是皱纹；但也不是一个老人的脸，因
为他的眼睛中闪烁着青春的活力。他的 主要品格是谦恭。有时他在别人面前简直有点卑谦。他的谦恭体现
在他的一言一行，表现在他的平静、羞 怯语调中，表现在他力图避免表现自己的方式中。
3 他的这种品质，在那天晚上表现得最为充分 。轮到他读诗的时候，他不愿站在突出显眼的地方，而
是站在沙发背后，躲在一盏旧电灯的的灯罩影子中 。就在那儿，他读了他的诗作：《不朽的恩惠》、《涂鸦者》、
《南的悲剧》以及《伟大的庞贝》中的一 些段落。他还讲了话，语调很甜。每句话都带着商量的口吻。好
象是在说，“对吗？我算什么，干么要制 定这些规则？”等他都讲完了，我们个个都扯着高嗓门，开始讨论
他刚刚讲的一切。尽管我们的见解都很 肤浅，但却饱含热情。这时，我吓了一跳，因为我发现他在黑古隆
咚的地方，坐在地板上，读一个几乎不 知名的年轻人的诗作，完全缩回到了他自己的小天地[shell 不要直
译为躯壳]。
4 以后我常常看到他。他住在八英里外的一座小红房子里，俯视群山和山谷。在天气好的时候，从他
的窗户 ，可以看到八英里外的牛津市的灰色高楼和闪亮的玻璃窗。
5 “牛津一时一个样，”他曾对我说 过。“从我这里的群山来看，它总是带着一种美的新气氛。”我们当
时正俯视牛津。我知道他有什么感受 。从山上看，牛津是一个不断变幻的梦境。在下大雨时，只有星星点
点的尖顶房和塔尖冒出灰蒙蒙的雨海 。在四月的清晨，整个城市带着斑驳的黄色影子，闪闪发光。在月夜，
它又呈现出天方夜谈的神异景象。

6 象许多其他文艺天才一样，梅斯菲尔德的手也很巧。他能洋洋得意地做一条帆船 模型或修理一个园
子门。但由于他当过水手，他知道海的可爱和可怕的种种情况，所以他做模型的时候， 他就本能地去做航
模。在他的家，他曾让我看过一条木头做的十八世纪的旧式帆船船模。他完全是个行家 ，并非只是业余爱
好。每根帆桁，每条绳索，每根桅杆，每个细节，都按实际比例做了出来。它能使最挑 剔的专家满意。它
身上带着只有梅斯菲尔德才能赋予它的美和诗。
7 “你应该弄个玻璃罩罩起来，”我说。“它太珍贵，太精致。不能象别的东西那样随便乱放。”
8 他摇摇头。“她不能装进罩子，”他说，“我是为一个对我有恩的人做的。”
9 我想，这就是梅斯菲尔德。花上几个星期的时间的劳动，去使“一个有恩于他”的朋友高兴。
Vocabulary
await — collocation: await somebody; await one's arrival; sth awaits sb.(=something will happen to him in the
future); wait for someone
turn up — appear
bicycle — to ride or travel on a bicycle.
disappoint — v. tr. 1. To fail to satisfy the hope, desire, or expectation of. 2. To frustrate or thwart
humility — The quality or condition of being humble: modesty, humbleness, propriety, respectability,
decorousness, diffidence, shyness, coyness, prudishness, timidity, shamefacedness
abase — To lower in rank, prestige, or esteem.
shrink — v.i shrank, shrunk 1. To draw back instinctively, as from something alarming; recoil. 2. To show
reluctance; hesitate: shrink from making such a sacrifice.
assert — 1. To put (oneself) forward boldly or forcefully in an effort to make an opinion known, for example: I had
to assert myself in the meeting in order to ensure acquisition of the new book. 2. To defend or maintain (one's
rights, for example). 3. To state or express positively; affirm: asserted his innocence.
dauber — one who applies paint to with hasty or crude strokes.
melodiously — agreeable to hear; tuneful
superficially — adv. apparently, seemingly, ostensibly, outwardly, incompletely, patchily, roughly, perfunctorily,
skimpily, vaguely, imperfectly, crudely, hastily, hurriedly
spire — n. 1. A top part or point that tapers upward; a pinnacle. 2. A structure or formation, such as a steeple, that
tapers to a point at the top. 3. A slender, tapering part, such as a newly sprouting blade of grass.
pane — n. 1. a. One of the glass- filled divisions of a window or door. b. The glass used in such a division. 2. A
panel, as of a door or wall. 3. One of the flat surfaces or facets of an object, such as a bolt, having many sides.
glitter — flash
eternally — adv. always, forever, continually, ever, perpetually; unceasingly, unendingly, eternally, evermore,
ever after, everlastingly, till the end of time, in perpetuity
sparkle — To give off or reflect flashes of light; glitter.
dapple — To mark or mottle with spots.
genius — 1. A person of extraordinary intellect and talent 2. A person who has an exceptionally high intelligence
quotient, typically above 140.
complacency — n. 1. A feeling of contentment or self-satisfaction, especially when coupled with an unawareness
of danger or trouble. 2. An instance of contented self-satisfaction.
exquisite — adj. Characterized by intricate and beautiful design or execution
dilettante — amateur, a lover of the fine arts; a connoisseur.
ardent — full of ardour (warm emotion, enthusiasm)
precious — valuable; dear; beloved.
dainty — 1. Delicately beautiful or charming; exquisite 2. Delicious or choice.

labour — hard work

lesson 21
My Average Uncle

Robert P. Tristram Coffin
1 He stood out splendidly above all my uncles because he did not stand out at all. That was his distinction. He
was the average man I ever knew.
2 You would never pick him out in a crowd. He became just another man the minute he was in one. So many
more pounds of man. Good solid pounds. You would never remember his hair or his chin, or the shape of his ears.
If he said something, you would agree with it, and, an hour later, you would be sure you had said it yourself.
3 Sometimes I think men like that get along about the best. They are the easiest on their houses, their wives, and
their children. They are easiest on the world. They slide along without having to do anything about it as small boys
do on their breaches after they have slid on them enough to wear them down smooth. The world is all so much
pine needles under them.
4 Uncle Amos was easy on his wives and children. He had three of them, in all. Wives, I mean. I never did get the
count of his children straight, there were too many assortments of them. Three wives. It seemed surprising to me at
the time. With all the trouble I had, myself, having to stand on my head and work my legs, or bung stones at
cherrybirds, to keep the attention of just one girl for a month. I often wondered how Uncle Amos, who never stood
on his head or whittled out even a butterpat, could attract so many women as he did. With hair a little thin on his
head, and legs that could not possibly do more than three and a half miles an hour on the road, there he was, with
three families behind him. Of course, he had the families spaced. The wives of Uncle Amos did not come all at
once. They were drawn out. One batch of children grew pretty well up by the time the next batch hove in sight,
waddling and falling on their faces ─ to save their hands ─ as waddling children do.
5 I knew my Bible, especially the marital parts, in which I took deep interest. I had read the Bible through many
times under the eye of one particular aunt. I knew a lot about matrimony from that. But uncle Amos had me
puzzled. He had broken no commandments. All his marriages were open and above-board. He wasn't like the
patriarchs who didn't always wait for one wife to go before another came. Yet Uncle Amos's status and his children
status were rather complicated.
6 The women must have been drawn to him because how so much like what an average fair husband would seem
to a woman to be.
7 This man made no flourishes to attract anybody. He never drove a fast horse. He never wore trousers with
checks any larger than an inch square ─ which, for the time, was conservative. His house never got afire and
burned down just after the fire insurance had run out. Not one of his boys and girls ever got drowned or run over
by steam-cars. The few that died growing up died of diphtheria or scarlet fever, which were what children died of
then, the usual ways.
8 Uncle Amos never had a fight.
9 Uncle Amos never lost a pocket-book. At least not one with much money in it.
10 Uncle Amos never went even as far as Boston.
11 But there he was, never making much money, but with all the comforts of home around him, eating his stewed
eels, sitting in his galluses out in the orchard in the cool of the evening, with a plump baby to climb up in his lap,
whenever he felt like having a baby on his lap and had his old trousers on and didn't care much what happened to
him. There he was, shingling his house only when it got to leaking so it put the kitchen fire out. Drinking a little
ale now and then, when he came by it easy. No big hayfields to worry about. No wife that craved more than one

new dress a year, and that one she generally ran up herself on her sewing machine. One best pair of trousers to his
name, which the moths got into, but not so deep but what they could be healed up with a needle. Not many books
to excite him and keep him awake nights, or put ideas into his head and make him uneasy. No itch ever spreading
out upon him to go out and take the world by its horns. There he was, in clover.
12 Amos was a Republican. But then, most everybody around was. It was an average condition. Uncle Amos
didn't have much to do except carry a torchlight when the Republican Presidents got elected, as they did regularly.
And if Uncle Amos got grease on him, it never was very much grease, and his current wife took it out of him with
her hot iron. Politics passed him by. Great events passed him by. And bit taxes.
13 But we nephews did not pass him by. We were strangely drawn to him. Especially when some of our specialist
uncles wore us down with their crankiness and difference. I spent some of the quietest Sundays of my life in Uncle
Amos's yard, lying under apple trees and listening to bees and not listening to Uncle Amos who was bumbling
away at something he did not expect me to listen to at all. And caterpillars came suddenly down on fine wires
shining like gold, and hit Uncle Amos on his bald spot, and he brushed them off and went on bumbling. The heat
was a burden, and the apple blossoms fell to pieces and drifted down on me, and I could see the roof of the world
over the black twigs they came from. These were my solidest hours of pure being. I did not have to do anything to
live up to this quiet, friendly man. He did not expect me to stand on my head and show off, or go after his pipe, or
keep the flies from lighting on his bald spot. And he always had lemon droops somewhere deep in his roomy
pockets, fore or aft, and he liked to give them to me.
14 The only trouble Uncle Amos had in his life was after he had got through with it. When they came to bury him,
they could not fix it so he could lie next to all his three women. He had liked them all equally well. But there was
not enough of Uncle Amos to go round. So they put him on the end of the row.
15 Uncle Amos did not mind, I am sure. I am sure he sleeps average well.
(From Book of Uncles)
译文
第四课 我的不起眼的叔叔
罗伯特•P•崔斯川•考芬
1 他在我叔叔中是最出类拔萃的。原因就是他最不起眼。这就是 他的与众不同之处。他是我所知道的最不
起眼的人。
2 在人群中你不会注意他。他一进入 人群中，你就认不出他来了。他有好多好多斤。就是重。扎扎实实的
大块头。你想不起来他的头发、他的 下巴、或他的耳朵是什么样的。要是他说点什么，你就会同意他的这
个意见。过了一个小时，你保准会说 ，这是你说的。
3 有时我认为，和他这样的人最好相处。他们和自己的家，自己的老婆，自己的孩 子都能处得很好，和整
个世界都能处得很好。他们世界上的事，并不在意，就像小孩子穿着新马裤，到处 去蹭，一点也不在乎一
样。这个世界中，在他们的屁股下头，有太多的松毛。他们对生活中的烦恼，毫不 在意，就像小孩子用新
裤子在松毛上滑一样，漫不经心。
4 艾摩斯叔叔对老婆和孩子都很 随和。他总共有三个。我是说他有三个老婆。我从来没有数清过，他有多
少孩子。他们的种类太多了。对 我来说，这太使我吃惊了。我费了九牛二虎之力拿大鼎，脚还在上头乱蹬，
作各种动作，丢石头去打鸟， 一个月也只能讨一个小女孩的注意。我常想知道，为什么艾摩斯叔叔从来不
倒立，也不用切上一片黄油送 人，就像我做的那样，但他却能吸引那么多的女人。他头有点秃了，一双脚
一个小时也只不过走三英里半 ，他的三个老婆带着子女跟在后头。当然三个老婆的子女之间，拉开了一定
的距离。三个老婆不是一起来 的。他们是分批来的。一批孩子已经长得很大了，另一窝孩子还刚刚来，他
们跌来撞去，摔下去的时候， 让脸着地，不让手着地。像所有的孩子那样。
5 我学过《圣经》，特别是婚姻那部分，我深感兴趣 。有一个特别的婶婶的监督下，我读过好多遍《圣经》。
我从中知道很多关于婚姻的事。但是艾摩斯叔叔 的情况却使我迷惑不解。他没有违背摩西十戒。他的三次

婚姻都是公开的，光明正大的。 他不像有些家长，一个老婆还没有过世，就急着娶二房。艾摩斯叔叔的情
况和他孩子的情况相当复杂。
6 那些女人都是不由自主地被吸引到他那儿的，像一切不起眼的丈夫能够有魅力吸引一个女人那样。
7 他并没有矫柔造作地去吸引人。他从来不赶快车，他从来不大格子的裤子，他的房子从来没有过火 ，没
有在他的火灾保险过期后起过火。他的孩子没有一个淹死，也没有一个被车压死。那几个死的，都死 于白
喉和猩红热。那时一般孩子都死于这两种病。
8 艾摩斯叔叔从来不打架。
9 艾摩斯叔叔从来没有丢过钱包，至少没有丢过多少钱。
10 艾摩斯叔叔从来没有去过波士顿以远。
11 但这就是他。从来没有挣多少钱，但是整个家却很舒适 。吃顿鳗鱼。穿着背带裤，坐在果园乘凉，一
个胖乎乎的儿子爬上他的大腿。只要他穿着旧裤子，他就不 在乎小家伙做什么。要是房子漏了，浇灭了厨
灶的火，他就去盖瓦。他不时地喝一点淡啤酒。如果日子还 宽裕的话，他用不着担心去打草。老婆都是一
年有一件新衣裳就够了。没有那个老婆要两件。就是这一件 ，还是她自己用缝纫机做的。他只有一条好裤
子。蛾子咬了洞，但还不够深，还可以用针缝起来。没有多 少书能使他感兴趣，让他熬夜。把一些观点塞
进他的脑子，使他不安，心里痒痒的，走出村子去征服世界 。这就是他。这就是他的养尊处优。
12 艾摩斯叔叔是个共和党。那时，他周围的人也都是共和党 人。那是一个普遍的情况。艾摩斯叔叔能够
做的，也不过是在共和党当选之后，他和大家一样，举着火把 ，到街上去游行。他身上要是沾了火把油，
也不过是一点点。他老婆会拿熨斗把它吸掉。政治和他无关， 大事件和他无关。重税和他也无关。
13 但是我们这些侄子可不放过他。我们都奇怪地被他吸引住 了。特别是我的其他叔叔的坏脾气和他们的
与众不同惹恼了我们的时候。我的一些安静的星期天都是在艾 摩斯叔叔家里渡过的。躺在苹果树下，听着
蜂叫，不听艾摩斯叔叔不想让我们听的东西。毛毛虫拖着金色 的细丝，掉在艾摩斯叔叔的秃头上，他一把
擦掉，嘴里念念有词。热得叫人受不了。苹果花落了，掉在我 身上。我可以透过黑压压的树枝，看到天穹。
这是我最惬意的时光。我用不着做什么事去满足这个安静而 友好的人。他不要我拿大鼎、做表演，不让我
去取他的烟袋，不要我去赶他头上的蝇子。而他的大口袋中 ，总是有柠檬水果糖，而他又喜欢给我们吃。
14 艾摩斯叔叔一生中唯一头痛的事是他死后的事。 当人们埋他的时候，没法决定怎样才能让他同时躺在
三个夫人的身边，对谁也不能多一点。可惜没有三个 艾摩斯叔叔，所以最后只好让他打横。
15 我肯定艾摩斯叔叔不会在意。我想他睡得会跟大家一样好。
distinction: n. contrast, comparison; difference, disparity, dissimilarity
many more pounds of man: heavy weight
breaches: 马裤
assortment: n. variety, diversity, diversification, multifariousness, multiplicity, number, range, assortment, medley,
mixture, mix, miscellany, heterogeneity, choice, selection, collection
cherrybird:
whittle cut thin slices or strips off
butterpat small pieces of butter
waddle walk with slow steps and a sideways roll, as a duck does
marital of marriage
matrimony: marriage, wedlock
commandments: ten commandments 十诫; Mosaic commandments 摩西十诫
patriarch: n. orinator, architect, author, creator, father, founder, inventor, maker, patriarch创办人;家长;元老
checks: a. A pattern of small squares, as on a chessboard. b. One of the squares of such a pattern. c. A fabric
patterned with squares: a dress of pale green check.
diphtheria:白喉
scarlet fever: 猩红热

galluses: 吊带裤
orchard： 果园;果树
plump: fat
shingle: 木瓦;带状泡疹: asbestos shingle 石棉瓦; galvanizediron shingle 锌铁瓦
in clover: in great confort and lusury
torchlight
grease
crankiness: crankiness 狂妄;偏执;古怪
bumble: v. shuffle, equivocate, hem and haw, bumble, shift, cavil, fence, be evasive or shifty, dodge, niggle, split
hairs, quibble, prevaricate, (Br.) hum and haw, (colloq.) waffle
caterpillars: caterpillar 毛虫;履带车
lemon droops
roomy: adj. roomy, spacious, capacious, commodious, large, sizeable, big, ample

Lesson22
The Unicorn in the Garden
园子里的独角兽
James Thurber
1 Once upon a sunny morning a man who sat in a breakfast nook looked up from his scrambled eggs to see a
white unicorn with a gold horn quietly cropping the roses in the garden. The man went up to the bedroom where
his wife was still asleep and woke her. 'There's a unicorn in the garden.' he said. 'Eating roses.' She opened one
unfriendly eye and looked at him. 'The unicorn is a mythical beast,' she said, and turned her back on him. The man
walked slowly down stairs and out into the garden. The unicorn was still there: he was now browsing among the
tulips. 'Here, unicorn,' said the man, and he pulled up a lily and gave it to him. The unicorn ate it gravely. With a
high heart, because there was a unicorn in his garden, the man went upstairs and roused his wife again. 'The
unicorn,' he said, 'ate a lily.' His wife sat up in bed and looked at him, coldly. 'You are a booby,' she said, 'and I am
going to have you put in the booby-hatch.' The man, who had never liked the words 'booby' and 'booby- hatch,' and
who liked them even less on a shining morning when there was a unicorn in the garden, thought for a moment.
'We'll see about that,' he said. He walked over to the door. 'He has a golden horn in the middle of his forehead,' he
told her. Then he went back to the garden to watch the unicorn; but the unicorn had gone away. The man sat down
among the roses and went to sleep.
2 As soon as the husband had gone out of the house, the wife got up and dressed as fast as she could. She was
very excited and there was a gloat in her eye. She telephoned the police and she telephoned a psychiatrist; she told
them to hurry to her house and bring a strait- jacket. When the police and the psychiatrist arrived they sat down in
chairs and looked at her, with great interest. 'My husband,' she said, 'saw a unicorn this morning.' The police
looked at the psychiatrist and the psychiatrist looked at the police. 'He told me it ate a lily,' she said. The
psychiatrist looked at the police and the police looked at the psychiatrist. 'He told me it had a golden horn in the
middle of its forehead,' she said. At a solemn signal from the psychiatrist, the police leaped from their chairs and
seized the wife. They had a hard time subduing her, for she put up a terrific struggle, but they finally subdued her.
Just as they got her into the strait-jacket, the husband came back into the house.
3 'Did you tell your wife you saw a unicorn?' asked the police. 'Of course not,' said the husband. 'The unicorn is a
mythical beast.' 'That's all I wanted to know,' said the psychiatrist. 'Take her away. I'm sorry, sir, but your wife is as
crazy as a jay bird.' So they took her away, cursing and screaming, and shut her up in an institution. The husband
lived happily ever after.

4 Moral: Don't county your boobies until they are hatched.
译文
1 很久 很久以前，一个阳光明媚的早晨，某甲正在餐室吃早饭，猛一抬头，眼睛刚离开他的煎鸡蛋，就看
见外头 有一头金角白色独角兽，正在不声不响地啃花园里的玫瑰花。他立即起身上楼，叫醒他在房里睡觉
的老婆 ，告诉花园里有一头独角兽，正在啃玫瑰花。她睁开一只眼睛，态度很不友好，看着他。“世上哪有
独角 兽？独角兽不过是寓言传闻而已。”她说罢就转过身去，背对着他。他受了蹶，只好慢腾腾下楼，走进
花 园。独角兽还在那里，这次是吃的是郁金香。“来，独角兽。”他边说边拔一棵百合花喂它。它郑重其事
地吃了下去。因为他的花园有只独角兽，他觉得好酷，又一次上楼，叫醒他的老婆。他说，“那独角兽吃了
棵百合花。”她坐了起来，冷冷地看着他，说道，“笨蛋，看来我得送你上精神病医院。”他从不喜欢听“笨< br>蛋”和“精神病院”，特别是在一个明媚的早晨，而且是一个花园里还有独角兽的明媚的早晨。他想了一会 ，
道：“咱们走着瞧吧。”走到门口，他又回过头来说道，“在它的脑门中间儿，还有一只金黄色的角哩 。”他
回到花园，想再看看独角兽。不过这时独角兽已经不在了。于是，他就坐在玫瑰花中间，呼呼地睡 着了。
2 某甲一出门，他老婆便匆匆穿衣，起床下地。她十分兴奋，眼睛里透着得意的神色。她 给警察打了电
话，又给心理学家打了电话。她请他们带一件捆精神病人的紧身衣，到她家来。警察和心理 学家来了，坐
在椅子里。他们带着极大的兴趣，打量着她。她说：“我老公今早说他见过独角兽。”警察 看了心理学家一
眼。心理学家也看了警察一眼。她又说：“他还跟我说它吃了棵百合花。”心理学家又看 了警察一眼。警察
也又看了心理学家一眼。她进一步说：“他还说在它的脑门中间儿，还有一只金黄色的 角哩。”精神心理学
家郑重给警察发了个信号。警察腾地一下从椅子上跳起来，一把抓住她。她拼命挣扎 。他俩费了半天劲，
才最终把她制服。刚给她穿上紧身衣，某甲就进了门。
3 警察问道 ：“你告诉你老婆，说你见过独角兽吗？”某甲道：“当然没有。独角兽是寓言传闻嘛！”心理
学家道： “这就是我们要知道的。[对警察说]把她带走！[对某甲说]先生，真不好意思，你老婆疯了，我们
不 得不抓她，上精神病院。”说完就带起她出去，她破口大骂，大声尖叫，他们把她关进了疯人院。某甲从
此过得十分幸福。
4 寓意：鸡还未从蛋里孵出来就数数儿，为时过早。
Vocabular
nook: n. 1 a corner, esp. of a room 2 a small recess or secluded spot; retreat
scramble: To cook (beaten eggs) until firm but with a soft consistency 煎蛋
crop v. tr. 1. a. To cut or bite off the tops or ends of: crop a hedge; sheep cropping grass. b. To cut (hair, for
example) very short. c. To clip (an animal's ears, for example). d. To trim (a photograph or picture, for example). 2.
a. To harvest: crop salmon. b. To cause to grow or yield a crop.
tulip n. [植]郁金香, 郁金香花, 郁金香球茎，郁金额香属植物，山慈姑
browse: v. a. To nibble; crop. b. To graze on
mythical - existing only in myth, imaginary, fiction
booby A person regarded as stupid
strait-jacket n. 1. A long-sleeved jacketlike garment used to bind the arms tightly against the body as a means of
restraining a violent patient or prisoner. 2. Something that restricts, hinders, or confines: the straitjacket of
bureaucratic paperwork. v. tr. 1. To restrain, restrict, or hinder by or as if by confining in a straitjacket.
subdue To quiet or bring under control by physical force or persuasion; make tractable.
jay bird Any of various often crested birds of the genera Garrulus, Cyanocitta, Aphelocoma, and related genera
within the family Corvidae, often having a loud, harsh call. Also Called jaybird.
hatch v. intr. 1. To emerge from or break out of an egg. v. tr. 1. To produce (young) from an egg. 2. To cause (an
egg or eggs) to produce young. 3. To devise or originate, especially in secret: hatch an assassination plot.

Lesson23

The Last Fiesta
by Laurie Lee
1 Zero hour drew near, and I was escorted to the ringside. There was no turning back now. But I bid myself take
courage. Had I not been told that every man in the village would be there? If anything went wrong I would have
plenty of support. So I took off my jacket, made a few preliminary passes, ducked into the ring, and waited. Then
the church clock struck twelve, and a great cry went up. At the far end of the ring, where the bull-pens were, I saw
a couple of men fumble with a padlock, then skip for shelter. The next moment, a young bull came rocketing forth,
small and black as a meteor, his sharp heels kicking up high in the air, his stiff gold tail like sparks behind him.
2 Slowly, holding my jacket like a shield, I stepped forward to meet him. I was warm with cognac and felt no fear.
Then the bull turned in a flurry of sand, pulled up, and looked at me. It was only then that I realised that I was
alone in the ring. The boys of the village, on whom I had built my pride, not one was there, all were behind the
rails, waiting and watching, and here I was, alone. The watching bull had lowered his head right down. His two red
eyes smoked with moving fires, his tail switched slowly, his black horns stroked the air. Keep still, I said, and
move your jacket thus; for bulls are simpletons, they never charge the man, only the moving cape.
3 Suddenly I felt the glamour of being there, with the encircling crowd, electric and still, and we drawing their
eyes like two poles in a magnetic field. So I stood my ground and moved the jacket slowly, inviting the bull to
charge. He watched me slyly, lowered his head still further, blew with his rosy nostrils in the sand and pawed the
ground delicately with his hoof. Then , in a rush, he made up his mind. With a snort of pleasurable anger he
charged me across the ring, jaunty as a tug in bucking water. Nearer and nearer he came, kicking up the sand like
spray. I kept my feet together and moved the jacket slowly to the right. Then something terrible went wrong. For at
the last moment, instead of following the cape, he turned sharply, rolling his eyes, and caught me head-on with his
hard, black skull.
4 I remember being conscious of no pain at all, only of the high, excited screams of the women and of a sense of
utter surprise and let-down. This was not at all what was supposed to have happened. Somebody wasn't playing the
game. Instinctively I grasped his horns, like the handlebars of a bicycle, and hung there grimly, while he carried
me across the ring, bounced me a couple of times on his cranium, and then dropped me in a heap on the sand.
5 He left me where I fell and trotted arrogantly away. So I picked myself up, retrieved my tattered jacket, and
turned to face him again. The sun shone blue on his steaming flanks. I heard the dry, excited chatter of the crowd. I
heard the cries of my two companions urging me to get out of it quick. But I could not, there were faces to be
saved. Besides I was feeling cross; that first toss had been a mistake, a miscalculation, but it would not happen
again.
6 So I stamped my foot and shouted (though not very loud) and the bull turned and looked at me again, rather
disdainfully, and flicked his tail, and did nothing. This was even more embarrassing. So, croaking, I raised my
voice, and began to jump up and down; and at last the beast obliged. It was all over very quickly. He came at me
head down, very fast; I made great play with my cape; but this time, with impudent humour, he ignored it
altogether, caught me fair and square between the horns and tossed me right across the ring. Fortunately he was a
pacific bull, content to teach his own wry in his own way, so again he turned aside and let me lie.
7 By that time there was nothing I wanted to do so much as crawl away and hid. But having picked myself up, and
regained my breath and examined my battered bones, I saw that the bull was now busy entertaining the crowd by
chasing two men who had at last come to my aid. So I allowed myself one final gesture. Sidling up behind him,
while he was friskily engaged with the other two, I tried to slap him on the rump. But he saw me coming and
turned on me with a roar. I had had enough, I turned and fled. I felt his hot breath on my heels, I readied myself for
his tearing horns. I ran without once looking back, and dived over the barrier at last -- to find a small boy, chewing
nuts, who remarked:

1 离斗牛开始的时间越来越近。他们陪着我，来到 赛场边上。现在已经没有退路了。我告诉自己别害怕。
他们不是说了吗，全村的人都来了。要是有什么不 对劲的地方，帮忙的人有的是。想着我就脱掉外套，做
了几个准备动作，鱼跃进场，等在那里。这时，教 堂的钟打了十二下。场上一阵欢呼。牛棚在斗牛场的另
一头。我看见两个人，哆哆嗦嗦地开了锁，完了就 赶紧逃到一边去藏身。紧接着，一头小斗牛火箭般地飞
奔出来，又小又黑，象一颗陨星划过。锋利的后蹄 ，高高地踢向空中，直挺挺的尾巴，金黄黄的，象是喷
出的一串火星。
2 我抓着我的外套 ，象拿着一块盾牌，缓缓地，我走上前去迎它。刚喝了两口小酒，身上还暖烘烘的，心
里也自然没有畏惧 。突然这牛转身飞奔过来，带着一溜沙烟。然后它停下来，瞅着我。这时，也仅仅是这
时，我才恍然大悟 ，场里只剩我一个人了。村里的小伙子，我还原以为可以靠他们一把呢，现在却连一个
影儿也没有了，都 跑到栏杆后头去了，在那儿等着看着。那头盯着我的小牛已经低下了它的头。两只红眼
睛，喷射着拼杀的 怒火，尾巴梢慢悠悠地打着圈，两只黑色的牛角向天空挑刺。稳住，我自言自语道，朝
边上摆你的外套； 牛都是笨牛，他们从来不攻击人，只攻击运动中的斗篷。
3 刹时，我感到呆在那真是光荣。周围都 是观众，他们极度兴奋，（屏住呼吸）一动不动。我和小牛吸引他
们的眼睛，就象磁铁的南极吸引北极。 我立定了脚根，慢慢地摆动我的斗蓬，引诱斗牛向它冲锋。牛狡诘
地望望我，把头低得更低。朝地上打了 个响鼻，冲起一股沙子，牛蹄子慢条斯理地抓着地。然后，它突然
拿定主意。轻蔑地打着令观众高兴的愤 怒的鼻息，从场子那头，就朝我冲来，轻巧得就象湍流中的小舟。
他越来越近，扬起的沙子就象喷出的雾 水。我并上双脚，把斗蓬慢慢挪向右边。就在这当口，事情一下子
就糟了。在这最后的一刹那，他不朝斗 蓬，却来了个急转变，滴溜溜地把眼睛一转，一下就把我撞在他那
硬梆梆的黑脑袋上头。
4 我能记住的是，我自己一点也不痛，只听见女人们的尖叫，只听见人们完全出乎意料和彻底失望的叫声。
我根本没有想到是这个结果。有人没有照规则玩。我本能地抓住他的两个角，就象抓着自行车车把，心惊
胆战地吊在半空中。他顶着我，穿过赛场。甩了好几下头，直到把我摔在地上。我象一堆肉，瘫在沙子上。
5 他把我一个人丢在我摔下的地方，趾高气扬地一溜小跑，走了。我自己爬起来，捡起破烂的斗蓬，转 身
去面对他。阳光灿烂，照在他的背上，他的身子冒起了蓝色的蒸气。观众兴奋地谈论着，我却觉得一点 味
道也没有。我听见我的两个伙伴要我赶紧离开斗牛场。但我不能离开。我得挽回我的面子。更何况我还 一
肚子气。这头一遭不过是一个小小的错误，是计算失误，它不会再发生了。
6 所以我就 跺脚，朝着他叫唤（但是声音不大）。那牛扭过头，看我一眼，十分轻蔑，摇摇他的尾巴，就没
了下文。 这叫我更尴尬。嘟囔两句之后，我提高了嗓门，开始使劲蹦上蹦下。最后那家伙好歹有了反应。
这一回更 是快得出奇。他低着头冲过来，非常快。我使劲地一晃斗蓬。但这次真叫人哭笑不得。他根本不
理睬斗蓬 。一下就把我夹在他的两个犄角之间，一甩就把我甩过了斗牛场。万幸的是，他倒还平和，只用
他自己方 式，教训他顽瞑不化（的对手）。他再一次转身离去，留我一人躺在那里。
7 这次除了想爬出去藏 起来，再也不想干别的了。但是等我自己站起来，定了定呼吸，看看胳膊腿是不是
伤了之后，却发现他正 在兴高采烈地追逐两个进场来帮我忙的老伙计，在逗观众玩。我想再试最后一把。
侧起身来跟定了他。当 他全神贯注地跟那两人戏闹，我就瞅愣子拍他一下牛屁。不想他看见了我，呼啸着
朝我跑来。我受够了。 我转身就逃。我感到他喘的热气就在我脚后。我就等着他的角来把我撕碎了。我死
劲地跑，头都不敢回一 下。最后到底跳过了栏杆。一眼看到一个小孩，嘴里嚼着花生，说道，“你知道吗，
你根本不用跑那么快 。他根本就没追你。他早回家了。”

词汇解释
zero hour, The scheduled time for the start of an operation or action, especially a combat operation of great size.
escort, v. see, accompany, show, lead, conduct, usher, take, convoy, bring, walk, drive
ringside, n. 1. Sports The area or seats immediately outside an arena or a ring, as at a prizefight. 2. A place
providing a close view of a spectacle. n. attributive. 1. Often used as an attributive: ringside tickets; a ringside seat.

bid, v. order, direct, command, instruct, charge, tell, bid, require, enjoin; demand, ordain; force, make, call,
summon, invite, assemble, convoke, convene, gather, collect, muster, rally
preliminary, adj. advance, prior, introductory, beginning, initial, opening, preparatory, prefatory, preceding,
antecedent, forerunning; premonitory; (formal) or technical prodromal or prodromic: The preliminary design for
the swimming-pool is ready. After some preliminary remarks, the ceremonies got under way.
duck, v. tr. 1. To lower quickly, especially so as to avoid something. 2. To evade; dodge: duck responsibility;
ducked the reporter's question. 3. To push suddenly under water. See note at dip . 4. Games To deliberately play a
card that is lower than (an opponent's card). v. intr. 1. To lower the head or body. 2. To move swiftly, especially so
as to escape being seen: ducked behind a bush. 3. To submerge the head or body briefly in water. 4. To evade a
responsibility or obligation. Often used with out : duck out on one's family. 5. Games To lose a trick by
deliberately playing lower than one's opponent.
ring, n. An enclosed, usually circular area in which exhibitions, sports, or contests take place: a circus ring.
bull-pen, enclosures for bulls
fumble, v. intr. 1. To touch or handle nervously or idly: fumble with a necktie. 2. To grope awkwardly to find or to
accomplish something: fumble for a key. 3. To proceed awkwardly and uncertainly; blunder: fumble through a
speech. 4. a. Football To drop a ball that is in play. b. Baseball To mishandle a ground ball. v. tr. 1. To touch or
handle clumsily or idly: fumbled the receiver into its cradle (Howard Kaplan) 2. To make a mess of; bungle. See
note at botch . 3. To feel or make (one's way) awkwardly. 4. a. Football To drop (a ball) while in play. b. Baseball
To mishandle (a ground ball). n. 1. The act or an instance of fumbling. 2. Sports A ball that has been fumbled.
padlock, A detachable lock with a U-shaped bar hinged at one end, designed to be passed through the staple of a
hasp or a link in a chain and then snapped shut.
skip, v. 1. leap, cavort, caper, gambol, frisk, prance, jump, hop, romp, bound, dance: Eleanor came skipping down
the walk to the house. 2. omit, leave out, pass by, overlook, pass over, avoid, ignore, disregard, steer clear of, cut:
In my haste, I skipped over your name. Please skip the reading of the roll today.
shelter, n. protection, cover, refuge, asylum, sanctuary, haven, safety, security: During the hailstorm, we sought
shelter in a cave.
rocket, v. To move swiftly and powerfully, as a rocket.
meteor, 流星;陨石 a solid body from outer space, which glows with heat generated by friction as it enters the
earth's atmosphere
heel, n. a. The rounded posterior portion of the human foot under and behind the ankle. b. The corresponding part
of the hind foot of other vertebrates. c. A similar anatomical part, such as the fleshy rounded base of the human
palm or the hind toe of a bird.
spark, An incandescent particle, especially: a. One thrown off from a burning substance. b. One resulting from
friction. c. One remaining in an otherwise extinguished fire; an ember.

shield, A broad piece of armor made of rigid material and strapped to the arm or carried in the hand for protection
against hurled or thrusted weapons.
cognac, a French brandy distilled from the wine produced near Cognac, France
flurry, n. daze, confusion, spin, whirl
rail, a. A bar extending horizontally between supports, as in a fence. b. A structure made of such bars and supports
and forming a barrier or guard; a railing.
switch, turn
horns, the hard, usually permanent structures projecting from the head of certain mammals, such as cattle, sheep,
goats, or antelopes, consisting of a bony core covered with a sheath of keratinous material

simpletons, persons who are stupid and easily deceived
charge, v. To attack violently: The troops charged the enemy line.
cape, A sleeveless outer garment fastened at the throat and worn hanging over the shoulders.

glamour, n. 1. An air of compelling charm, romance, and excitement, especially when delusively alluring. 2.
Archaic A magic spell; enchantment.
encircling, moving or going around completely; making a circuit of.
electric, 1. Emotionally exciting; thrilling: gave an electric reading of the play. 2. Exceptionally tense; highly
charged with emotion: an atmosphere electric with suspicion.
magnetic field, 磁场
invite, v. 1. To tend to bring on; provoke: Divisions at home would invite dangers from abroad (John Jay) 2. To
entice; tempt.
slyly, adv. secretly, surreptitiously, quietly, privately, covertly, on the q.t. or Q.T., furtively, stealthily, mysteriously,
clandestinely, in secret, confidentially, on the sly, sub rosa, sub sigillo
rosy, pink
nostril, Either of the external openings of the nose; a naris.
paw (the ground), kick with paw
delicately, adv. 1. (of a person) in a manner avoiding the immodest or offensive. 2. (esp. of actions) considerately.
3. (of a movement) gracefully
hoof, 1. The horny sheath covering the toes or lower part of the foot of a mammal of the orders Perissodactyla and
Artiodactyla, such as a horse, an ox, or a deer. 2. The foot of such an animal, especially a horse.
rush, n. 1. A sudden forward motion. 2. a. Surging emotion: a rush of shame. b. An anxious and eager movement to
get to or from a place: a rush to the goldfields. c. A sudden, very insistent, generalized demand: a rush for gold
coins. 3. General haste or busyness: The office always operates in a rush. 4. A sudden attack; an onslaught. 5. A
rapid, often noisy flow or passage.
snort, n. an explosive sound made by the sudden forcing of breath through the nose, esp. expressing indignation or
incredulity.
jaunty, adj. 1 spirited, lively, high- spirited, buoyant, brisk, frisky, sprightly, free (and easy), blithe, jovial, happy,
jubilant, jolly, merry, cheerful, gay: It is heartening to see those pensioners in such a jaunty mood. 2 chic, smart,
stylish, dashing, debonair, elegant, colourful, spruce, flashy, flash, showy, flamboyant, (Col.) sporty, natty: Tipping
his hat at a jaunty angle, the old boulevardier strolled off, twirling his walking-stick.
tug, 1. a small powerful boat for towing larger boats and ships. 2. an aircraft towing a glider. 3. a violent pull; jerk.
bucking water, swift, violent current
Oxford Dictionary: buck (1) n. & v. -- n. 1 the male of various animals, esp. the deer, hare, or rabbit. 2 archaic a
fashionable young man. 3 (attrib.) a sl. male (buck antelope). b US Mil. of the lowest rank (buck private). -- v. 1
intr. (of a horse) jump upwards with back arched and feet drawn together. 2 tr. a (usu. foll. by off) throw (a rider or
burden) in this way. b US oppose, resist. 3 tr. & intr. (usu. foll. by up) colloq. a make or become more cheerful. b
hurry. 4 tr. (as bucked adj.) colloq. encouraged, elated. ★ buck fever US nervousness when called on to act.
buck-horn horn of buck as a material for knife-handles etc. buck-hound a small kind of staghound. buck rarebit
Welsh rarebit with a poached egg on top. buck-tooth an upper tooth that projects. ☆ bucker n. [OE buc male deer,
bucca male goat, f. ON]
American Heritage Dictionary: n. 1. a. The adult male of some animals, such as the deer, antelope, or rabbit. b.
Antelope considered as a group: a herd of buck. 2. a. A robust or high-spirited young man. b. A fop. 3. Offensive
Used as a disparaging term for a Native American or Black man. 4. An act or instance of bucking: a horse that

unseated its rider on the first buck. 5. a. Buckskin. b. bucks Buckskin breeches or shoes. v. bucked bucking bucks v.
intr. 1. To leap upward arching the back: The horse bucked in fright. 2. To charge with the head lowered; butt. 3. To
make sudden jerky movements; jolt: The motor bucked and lurched before it finally ran smoothly. 4. To resist
stubbornly and obstinately; balk. 5. Informal To strive with determination: bucking for a promotion. v. tr. 1. To
throw or toss by bucking: buck off a rider; bucked the packsaddle off its back. 2. To oppose directly and stubbornly;
go against: ?Los Angeles County, the most populous county in the country, is bucking the trend ? American
Demographics 3. Football To charge into (an opponent's line) carrying the ball. 4. Archaic To butt against with the
head. adj. 1. Of the lowest rank in a specified military category: a buck private; a buck sergeant.
spray, n. 1. A fine jet of liquid discharged from a pressurized container. 2. A pressurized container; an atomizer. 3.
Any of numerous commercial products, including paints, cosmetics, and insecticides, that are dispensed from
containers in this manner.
turn sharply, turn suddenly. sharp: abrupt, steep, angular (a sharp fall; a sharp turn)
head-on
skull, n. 1. The bony or cartilaginous framework of the head of vertebrates, made up of the bones of the braincase
and face; cranium. 2. Informal The head, regarded as the seat of thought or intelligence.

let-down, disappointment
instinctively, unconsciously or automaticly
grasp, clutch at; seize greedily. b hold firmly; grip.
handlebars, the steering bars of a bicycle etc., with a handgrip at each end.
grimly, firmly stern, without cercy
bounce, move up and down violently
cranium, the skull of any vertebrate, esp. that part enclosing the brain
in a heap, jumbled together

trot, (horse) move fairly fast
arrogantly, in a proud, superior manner
pick oneself up, stand up
retrieve, (trained dog) find and bring in (killed animal)
tattered, broken
flanks, n. 1. side, quarter; loin, haunch: The enemy was about to attack our flank. The pony drew back with
trembling flanks. 2. a. the side of the body between the ribs and the hip. b. the side of an animal carved as meat
(flank of beef). 3. the side of a mountain, building, etc. 4. the right or left side of an army or other body of persons.
feel cross, be angry
toss, throw, cast, lob, pitch, fling, hurl, heave, shy, launch, send, let fly, propel, catapult, sling, bowl, (Col.) chuck:
The goalkeeper tossed the ball into the middle of the field.
miscalculation, wrong calculation

stamp, trample, bring down one's foot; tread, step, tramp; (Col.) stomp (on): He flew into a rage and stamped on
the floor, like a petulant child.
disdainfully, scornfully of contemptuously
flick, v. toss, snap, flop, turn, twist, spin; move, go, fly, flee, dart, skip, skim, hop, whisk, flutter, flash
embarrass, v. disconcert, discomfit, chagrin, abash, shame, mortify, humble, humiliate, discountenance,
discompose, fluster, upset, distress, disgrace, (Col.) show up: He embarrassed his colleagues by his bad manners.

croak, make a deep hoarse sound
oblige, v. 1 perform a service for (often absol.: will you oblige?) 2 accommodate, indulge, favour, serve, please,
cater to, gratify: The hotelier obliged us with every luxury he had to offer. Please oblige us by keeping your dog on
a lead. 3 make, require, demand, force, compel, coerce, bind, obligate: What hold has she over you that obliges
you to do her housework?
impudent, rude
ignore, v. 1 refuse to take notice of or accept. 2 intentionally disregard.
fair and square, just and correct
pacific, characterized by or tending to peace; tranquil.
wry, bitter or ironical

crawl, v. 1 move slowly, esp. on hands and knees. 2 (of an insect, snake, etc.) move slowly with the body close to
the ground etc. 3 walk or move slowly (the train crawled into the station). 4 (often foll. by to) colloq. behave
obsequiously or ingratiatingly in the hope of advantage. 5 (often foll. by with) be covered or filled with crawling or
moving things, or with people etc. compared to this. 6 (esp. of the skin) feel a creepy sensation. 7 swim with a
crawl stroke.
regain one's breath
battered, adj. ruined, broken-down, in ruins, gone to rack and ruin, wrecked, destroyed, falling apart, decrepit,
derelict, tumbledown, run-down, ramshackle, crumbling, decayed, decaying, rickety, shaky, shabby, (Br.) raddled,
散了架子的
chase， run after
come to one's aid, help
one final gesture
sidling, making a rather furtive approach or moving sideways in a stealthy manner
friskily, playfully
slap, hit
rump, n. the hind part of a mammal, esp. the buttocks. 臀部;(牛的)臀肉
roar，n. 1 a loud deep hoarse sound, as made by a lion, a person in pain or rage or excitement, thunder, a loud
engine, etc. 2 a loud laugh.
ready oneself for, get oneself ready for
tearing, violently making a hole
barrier, rails
chew, work (food etc.) between the teeth; crush or indent with the teeth.
nuts, 坚果，a fruit consisting of a hard or tough shell around an edible kernel

Lesson26
education as philosophy
Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our
colleges and universities have done. At the same time, however, there is a
growing uneasiness about their products. These young men and women who carry
away our degrees are attractive, energetic and eloquent. But what about
their intellectual equipment?
译文
现在人们对我们大学所做的一切非常自豪，这不是没有道理的。但是同时对它们的

产品——大学毕业生又愈来愈感到不安。那些得到学位的青年人个个神气十足，精神饱
满，能说会道。然而他们是否有真才实学呢？