参考 11级专业英语考试资料
施祖男-各国仪仗队
1 水泥砼 Cement Concrete
2 沥青砼 asphalt concrete
3 钢筋砼 reinforced
concrete
4 新拌砼 green concrete
5 加气砼 air-
entrained concrete
6 蒸养砼 steam curing concrete
7 大体积砼massive concrete
8 预拌砼 Ready-mixed
concrete
9 预应力砼prestressed concrete
10波特兰水泥砼Portland cement concrete
11
预制砼Precast concrete
12 多孔砼Porous concrete
13 现浇砼Cast-in-situ concrete
14
轻质砼Lightweight concrete
15 硬化砼Hardened
concrete
16 水力学 hydraulics
17土力学 Soil
mechanics
18施工阶段construction phase
19水资源
water resources
20城市规划urban planning
21钢结构steel structure
22结构钢Structural steel
23全天（年）候道路All -weather road
24运载能力load-
carrying ability
25公共交通mass transportation
26行车道driving lane
27含水量
water
content
28施工现场construction site
29填料filling materials
30国道state highway
31地方道路local highway
32环路,环线belt highway
33塌落度实验Slump test
34填方filling
35视线sight lines
36视距sight distances
37土方沉降Earth settlement
38稳定土soil
stabilization
39竖曲线Vertical curve
40平曲线Plane curve
41圆曲线Circular curve
42缓和曲线Easement curve
43定线,定位location
44超高superelevation
45中间的middle
46路肩shoulder
47素混凝土Plain concrete
48细度fineness
49细集料Fine aggregate
50粗集料Coarse aggregate
51和易性workability
52抗压强度compressive strength
53抗拉强度Tensile
strength
54水灰比Water-cement ratio 水泥浆
cement paste
55水泥砂浆Cement mortar
56耐久性durability 耐久的durable
57碱集料反应Alkali-
aggregate reaction
58碳化作用Carbonation
59离析Segregation
60不锈钢Stainless steel
61压实，夯实Compact
62水化Hydration
63水化热
hydration heat
64刚性路面Rigid pavement
65柔性路面Flexible pavement
66弹性模量Modulus of
elasticity
67刚度stiffness
68开级配的Open-graded
69针入度penetration
70乳化沥青emulsified asphalt
71透层prime coat
72粘层tack coat
73封层seal
coat
74砌块masonry units
75碳素钢carbon
steel
76非承重梁Non load-bearing beam 非承重Non
load-bearing
77应力-应变曲线
stress-strain
curve
78比例极限proportional limit
79塑性变形plastic deformation
80静荷载static
load
81动荷载dynamic load
82集中荷载concentrated
load
83分布荷载distributed load
84桥墩pier
85弯矩bending moment 力矩 moment
86桥台，拱座abutment
87吊桥，悬索桥Suspension bridge
88工科毕业生Engineering graduate
考连，介词
（1）In the university, mathematics, physics,
and chemistry are heavily
emphasized
throughout the engineering curriculum, but
particularly in the
first two or three years.
Mathematics is very important in all branches of
engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today,
mathematics includes courses
in statistics,
which deals with gathering, classifying, and using
numerical
data, or pieces of information. An
important aspect of statistical
mathematics is
probability, which deals with what may happen when
there
are different factors, or variables,
that can change the results of a problem.
Before the construction of a bridge is
undertaken, for example, a statistical
study
is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will
be expected to handle.
In the design of the
bridge, variable such as water pressure on the
foundation, impact, the effects of different
wind forces, and many other
factors must be
considered.
（2）Passing sight distance is
the minimum sight distance that must be
available to enable the driver of one vehicle
to pass another vehicle, safely
and
comfortably, without interfering with the speed of
an oncoming
vehicle traveling at the design
speed, should it come into view after the
overtaking maneuver is started. The sight
distance available for passing at
any place is
the longest distance at which a driver whose eyes
are 3. 5 feet
above the pavement surface can
see the top of an object 3. 5
feet high
on the road.
Passing sight distance is
considered only on two-lane roads. At critical
locations, a stretch of four -lane
construction with stopping sight distance
is
sometimes more economical than two lanes with
passing sight distance.
（3）Placing is the
process of transferring the fresh concrete from
the
conveying device to its final place in the
forms. Prior to placing, loose rust
must be
removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned,
and
hardened surfaces of previous concrete
lifts must be cleaned and treated
appropriately. Placing and compacting are
critical in their effect on the
final quality
of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid
segregation,
displacement of forms or of
reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond
between successive layers of concrete.
Immediately upon placing, the
concrete should
be compacted by means of hand tools or vibrators.
Such
compacting prevents honeycombing, assures
close contact with forms and
reinforcement,
and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior
segregation.
Compacting is achieved by hand
tamping with a variety of special tools,
but
now more commonly and successfully with high
frequency,
power-driven vibrators. These are
of the internal type, immersed in the
concrete, or of the external type, attached to
the forms. The former are
preferable but must
be supplemented by the latter where narrow forms
or
other obstacles makes immersion impossible.
（4）That works must be completed to the
satisfaction of the employer ,
or his
representative
②
, does not give the
employer the right to demand an
unusually high
standard of quality throughout the works, in the
absence of
a prior express agreement.
Otherwise the employer might be able to
postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for
the works. The employer is
normally only
entitled to expect a standard of work that would
be regarded
as reasonable by competent persons
with considerable experience in the
class of
work covered by the particular contract. The
detailed requirements
of the specification
will have a considerable bearing on these matters.
（5）In an arch bridge the arch is the main
structural member and transmits
the loads
imposed on it to the abutments at the springing
points. The part of
the construction above the
arch ring when the roadway or railway is at a
higher level than the crown of the arch is
called the spandrel
③
.
Since steel
and reinforced concrete are capable of taking
tension, the
arch rings can be very much
thinner than in masonry construction. The
braced spandrel bridge is usually constructed
in steel, as is also the bridge
where the
roadway is supported by hangers from the
structural arch.
Another type of arched
bridge is the stiffened tied-arch, which is often
called a bow-string girder. In an archery bow
the string prevents the bow
from flattening
out. In a similar manner, the road-supporting
horizontal
girders are made strong enough to
absorb the arch thrusts, and therefore
the
reactions on the piers and abutments are vertical
。
句子翻译
1、The relationship between
engineering and society is getting closer; it is
sufficient, therefore, to say again that the
work performed by an engineer
affects society
in many different and important ways that he or
she should
be aware of.
工程与社会之间的关系越来越密切；它是
足够的，因此，可以说由工程师的工作会影响到许
多不同的和重要的方式，他或她应该知道的社会
2、The great civilization
throughout history were also the great road
builders
②
.
伟大的文明在历史上就是道路建设
3、 With powerful modern machinery, whole
mountains can be moved
and valleys filled in
to make the route as direct as possible.
Then the details are planned: the width of the
highway, the number of
driving lanes, the
number and location of entrances and exits, and
the
essential strength of the load.
强大的现代机械，整座山可以移动和填充使路线尽可能直接的山谷。
然后详细计划：公路的宽度，行车车道数，入口和出口的数目、位置，以及负载的本质力量。
4、Once the road authority has
decided to construct a new major road, then
it
will employ either its own engineers or a
consulting engineer to survey
the
alternative routes and carry out the road design.
一旦公路管理局已决定建立一个新的主要道路，那么它将用自己的工程师或咨询工程师调查
的替
代路线和进行道路设计。
5、The bottom layer
is 10 to 20 centimeters thick and usually made up
of
larger stones. The upper course has smaller
stones and is about 8
centimeters thick.
底层是10至20厘米厚，通常由大的石头。上游具有较小的结石，约8厘米厚的。
5、Detailed drawings, specifications and bills
of quantities are prepared so
that
constructors can tender, normally in competition
with each other, for
the construction of the
work.
6、On completion of the
earthworks, further shallow drain trenches, about
4 ft ( 1 . 2 m) deep, areconstructed to keep
the top layer of cutting or
embankment free
from water, which would weaken it
.
对土
方工程完成后，进一步浅排水沟，约4英尺（1。2米）深，并保持切削或路堤无水层，
它会削弱它的<
br>
7、
e highway classification
process is required by federal law. Each state
must assign roadways into different classes in
accordance with standards
and procedures
established by the Federal Highway Administration.
E公路分类过程是由联邦法律规定。每个国家都必须指定道路分为不同的类别，按照标准和
程序，由美国联邦公路管理局的建立。
8、The
location and the geometric features of a highway
are influenced to
a large degree by the
topography, physical features, and land use of the
area traversed
的位置和公路几何特性的影响在很大程度上受地形，物理特征，和该地区土地利用遍历
.
9、The term“ capacity ” is used to
express the maximum number of
vehicles which
have a reasonable expectation of passing over a
section of a
lane or a roadway during a given
time period under prevailing roadway
and
traffic conditions.
术语“能力”是用来表达最多的车辆有一个合理的期望过一
段巷巷道中或某一特定时期的主
要道路和交通条件下
10、Concrete is a stone-like material obtained
by permitting a carefully
proportioned mixture
of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and
water to harden in forms of the shape and
dimensions of the desired
structure.
混凝土是一种石头像允许仔细的比例混合得到的材料的水泥，沙子和砾石或其它集料，
和水的所需的结
构的形状和尺寸的形式变硬。
11、The facility with
which, while plastic, it can be deposited and made
to
fill forms or molds of almost any practical
shape is one of these factors 。
该设施与，而塑料，它可以沉积，填补几乎任何实际形状的形式或模具是其中的一个因素。
12、The durability of concrete can be
defined as its resistance to
deterioration
resulting from external and internal causes.
混凝土的耐久性被定义为外部和内部原因导致的耐磨性。
13、Deterioration of concrete by weathering is
usually brought about by
the disruptive action
of alternate freezing of free water within the
concrete
and expansion and contraction of the
concrete, under restraint, resulting
from
variations in temperature and alternate wetting
and drying.
由风化的混凝土13、恶化通常是所带来的自由水冻破坏行动在约束混凝土和
混凝土的膨胀
和收缩，，从温度和干湿交替变化造成的。
14、Certain natural aggregates react chemically
with the alkalis present in
Portland cement.
Then this happens these aggregates expand or swell
resulting in cracking and disintegration of
concrete.
某些天然集料的化学反应在波特兰水泥的碱。然后这一切发生的时候，这些聚集体
扩大或膨
胀导致混凝土开裂和解体。
15、Low
permeability is an important requirement for
hydraulic
structures and in some cases water-
tightness of concrete may be
considered to be
more significant than strength although, other
conditions
being equal, concrete of low
permeability will also be strong and durable.
低渗透性是一个重要的要求，液压结构，并在某些情况下，混凝土的水密性可以被认为是比
强度虽然更显
著，在其他条件相同的情况下，低渗透性的混凝土也将有力和持久。
16、When properly designed and constructed,
concrete roads and streets
are capable of
carrying almost unlimited amounts of any type of
traffic
with ease, comfort, and safety.
在适当的设计和建造，混凝土公路和街道都能携带几乎无限的任何类型的交通方便，舒适的
量，
和安全性。
17、A wearing surface of
Portland cement concrete usually consists of a
single layer of uniform cross section that has
a thickness of 6 to 11 in. and
that may not
require a separate base course, often being
constructed
directly on a prepared subgrade or
subbase.
磨损表面的波特兰水泥混凝土通常由一层均匀的横截面的厚度为6～11。那可不需
要一个单
独的基础课程，通常是直接建立在制备路基或基层
18、A
plant mix of closely graded mineral aggregate and
asphalt, designed
and controlled to produce a
mixture of high quality from the standpoint of
both stability and durability.
一紧密级配骨料和沥青厂拌，设计和控制生产的稳定性和耐久性的角度对高质量混合。
19、If a material were not elastic and a
deformation were present in the
structure
after removal of the load, repeated loading and
unloading
eventually would increase the
deformation to the point where the structure
would become useless.
如果一种材料的弹性和不变形的搬迁后的负荷
的结构目前在重复加载和卸载，最终将增加变
形的地步结构将变得毫无用处
20、Timber is one of the earliest construction
materials and one of the few
natural materials
with good tensile properties.
木材是最古老的建筑材料和一个天然的材料具有良好的抗拉性能。
21、The strength of concrete increases in time
because the hydration
process continues for
years;
在时间的混凝土强度增加，由于水化过程持续多年；
22、Plastics are rapidly becoming important
construction materials
because of the great
variety, strength, durability, and lightness.
、塑料迅速因其品种，强度，耐久性成为重要的建筑材料，和亮度。
23、If
this increased volume of traffic were to be
accommodated at the
same standard as today,
the road might need to be widened by a similar
forty to fifty percent
②
—perhaps an
extra lane of traffic for the pedestrian
to
cross.
如果这增加的交通量被容纳在标准和今天一样，道路可能需要由一个类似的四十扩大到百
分
之五十②-或许是一个额外的车道向行人。
24、When
designing and constructing a long-span bridge the
great weight
of the structure, the dynamic
effects of moving loads such as locomotives
or
motor vehicles, and the aerodynamic effects of
wind pressure give rise
to problems which call
for the greatest knowledge and ingenuity in
theirsolution
.
当设计和修建大跨度桥梁结构的重量大
，移动荷载如机车或车辆的动态效果，和风压力空气
动力学效应引起的问题，呼吁解决最大的知识和智慧
。
25、Once the road authority has
decided to construct a new major road,
then it will employ either its own
engineers or a consulting engineer to
survey
the alternative routes and carry out the road
design.
一旦公路管理局已决定建立一个新的主要道路，那么它将用自己的工程师或咨询工程师
调查
的替代路线和进行道路设计。
短文翻译
1、The
next step is the testing of the earth foundation
on which the road is
to rest. Engineers
carefully study the soil to learn how solid it is,
how much
moisture it contains, and how well it
drains. Then they decide how the soil
should
be prepared and packed to provide a good, sturdy
foundation, or
roadbed. They prescribe the
thickness of the road layers, the size of the
rocks in them, and the other materials that
should be used.
While the testing is under
way, a group of surveyors begin to measure
the
land to find out exactly how much work needs to be
done and how
much it will cost. Then the
construction crew can finally move in.
下一步是测试的
基础上，对地球的道路是休息。工程师仔细研究土壤来了解它是多么的固体，
它含有多少水分，以及它如
何排水。然后他们决定如何应备土和包装提供了一个良好的，坚
实的基础，或路基。他们开的路层的厚度
，在岩石的尺寸，并应使用的其他材料。
虽然测试正在进行，一组测量员开始丈量土地找出需要做更多
的工作，它要花多少钱。然后，
施工人员终于可以移动。
2、Besides
its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also
required to be durable.
The durability of
concrete can be defined as its resistance to
deterioration
resulting from external and
internal causes. The external causes include the
effects of environmental and service
conditions to which concrete is
subjected, such as weathering, chemical
actions and wear. The internal
causes are the
effects of salts, particularly chlorides and
sulphates, in the
constituent materials,
interaction between the constituent materials,
such
as alkali-aggregate reaction, volume
changes, absorption and permeability.
In
order to produce a durable concrete care should be
taken to select
suitable constituent
materials. It is also important that the mix
contains
adequate quantities of materials in
proportions suitable for producing a
homogeneous and fully compacted concrete mass.
除了承受荷载的能力，混凝土的要求也将经久耐用。混凝土的耐久性被定义为外部和内部原
因导
致的耐磨性。外部原因包括环境和服务条件的混凝土遭受影响，如风化，化学作用和磨
损。内部原因是盐
的影响，特别是氯化物和硫酸盐，在构成材料，组成材料之间的相互作用，
如碱骨料反应，体积变化，吸
收和渗透。
为了生产高耐久性的混凝土，应注意选择合适的材料组分。同样重要的是，混合包含足够数
量的材料配比适合生产均匀致密的混凝土。
3、Fresh concrete
gains strength most rapidly during the first few
days and
weeks. Structural design is generally
based on the 28 day strength, about
70 percent
of which is reached at the end of the first week
after placing.
The final concrete strength
depends greatly on the conditions of moisture
and temperature during this initial period.
The maintenance of proper
conditions during
this time is known as curing. Thirty percent of
the
strength or more can be lost by premature
drying out of the concrete;
similar amounts
may be lost by permitting the concrete temperature
to drop
to 40 ℉ or lower during the first few
days unless the concrete is
maintained
continuously moist for a long time thereafter.
Freezing of fresh
concrete may reduce
its strength by as much as 50 percent.
新鲜混凝土获得
大部分强度在最初的几天和几周。结构设计是以28天强度，其中约百分之
70是达到在第一周结束后放
置。最后混凝土的强度在很大程度上取决于在这个初始阶段的
水分和温度条件。在这段时间的条件称为养
护。百分之三十或更多的强度可以通过过早的失
去了混凝土干燥；类似的量可以通过使混凝土温度降到4
0℉或在最初几天下除非混凝土连
续保持潮湿，此后很长一段时间了。新拌混凝土的冻可以减少多达百分
之50的强度
4、The essential difference between
the rigid pavement and flexible
pavement is
the manner in which they distribute the load over
the subgrade.
The rigid pavement, because of
its rigidity and high modulus of elasticity,
tends to distribute the load over a relatively
wide area of soil; thus, a major
portion of
the structural capacity is supplied by the slab
itself. The major
factor considered in the
design of rigid pavements is the structural
strength
of the concrete. For this reason,
minor variations in subgrade strength have
little influence upon the structural capacity
of the pavement.
刚性路面和柔性路面的本质区别是它们将荷载对路基的方式。刚性
路面，由于其刚度和弹性
模量高，往往会把荷载分布在相对宽的区域的土壤；因此，结构承载力的主要部
分是由板本
身。主要因素在刚性路面的设计被认为是混凝土结构强度。为此，在路基强度的微小变化对<
br>路面的结构能力影响不大。