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本科生毕业设计 (论文)

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Management of parking lot

停车场的管理

机电工程学院
车辆工程
B13141
邸宝龙
201322244
孟立新
副教授
2017 年 3 月
北华航天工业学院教务处制

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原文标题
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译文：

停车场的管理
Management of parking lot
译 名

国 籍
停车场的管理
摘要：停车场设计用于以无组织的方式停放机动车辆。 用于管理停车场的方法包
括以下步骤： 确定停车场能够被停放的机动车占据的区域P，确定停放的机动车当
前占用的停车场的面积K，以及确定 基于关系Z =（1-K P）* M，可以在停车场
中额外停放的机动车辆的数量Z，其中M包括可 以停放在停车场中的机动车辆的
最大数量 很多。
关键词：停车场；管理；机动车
背景信息
停车场设计成容纳可停放在其中的多个机动车辆。在这种情况下，没有关于机动车辆停放在停车场中的方式或顺序的具体规定。因此，机动车辆在停车场中的布
置可以改变。
与有组织的停车场相反，在有组织的停车场中识别可能分别由机动车占据的停
车位，难以 管理无组织的停车场。特别地，可能难以确定在给定时间可能另外停
放在停车场中的机动车辆的数量。
发明内容本发明的目的是提供一种用于管理停车场的技术，该技术被设计用于停
放机动车辆。
概要
停车场设计用于停放机动车辆。用于管理停车场的方法包括以下步骤：确定停车场能够被停放的机动车占据的区域P，确定停放的机动车当前占用的停车场的面
积K，以及确定基 于关系Z =（1-K P）* M，可以在停车场中额外停放的机动车
辆的数量Z，其中M包括可以 停放在停车场中的机动车辆的最大数量很多。
因此，可以以简单且鲁棒的方式确定停车场的剩余容纳空 间有多大。该特定值可
以例如在停车场外的显示板上指示。
特别优选的是，停车场被 设计用于以非组织的方式停放机动车辆。在这种情
况下，通常不为单个机动车辆提供停车位的划分。驾驶 员可以以实际上任何方式
将其机动车辆停放在停车场中，优选地假设他们自己将注意不会妨碍其他机动车
辆。
优选地，基于停泊在完全占用的停车场中的机动车辆的计数，以规则的间隔验证M。

计数可以特别手动地进行。为了这个目的，没有必要一个人通过停车场来计算 机
动车辆;而是可以基于图像形式的扫描结果来执行计数。因此可以以简单和成本有
效的方式验 证或校准该方法。
M可以基于以间隔执行的多个计数的平均值来确定。因此可以提高该方法的鲁
棒性或精度。
在一个具体实施例中，以规则的间隔重新确定P.这使得可以考虑使得停车场的
一部分不可用的影响，例 如由于天气原因而被阻挡的建筑工地或区段。
当确定P时，可以排除通过停车场的不可用于停放机动车 辆的交通路径的面积。
为此目的，可以基于可用作图像的扫描结果来自动检测或假设交通路径。因此，< br>可以考虑否则难以预测的停车场中的机动车辆的组织结构。
可以额外地停放的机动车辆的具体数 量Z可以实时公布。具体地，可以使得数字Z
在云或web服务中可访问。在一个具体实施例中，还可以 公布停车场的占用图。
占用图可以基于扫描结果确定或者可以对应于扫描结果。
此外，可以确 定可以另外停放的机动车辆的数量的确定的可靠性。所确定的可靠
性可以与所确定的数Z一起公布，以便 为正在为他的机动车辆寻找免费停车位的
驾驶员提供改进的决定基础。
一种计算机程 序产品包括用于当计算机程序产品在处理设备上运行或存储在
计算机可读数据载体上时执行上述方法的程 序代码装置。
用于管理上述停车场的装置包括用于确定停泊的机动车辆当前占用的停车场的面
积K的扫描装置以及被设计为确定机动车辆的额外数量Z的处理装置，基于关系Z
=（1-K P）* M。在这种情况下，P包括可被停放的机动车辆占据的停车场的区
域P，M包括可停放在停车场 中的机动车辆的最大数量。扫描装置优选地包括成像
传感器。使得可以容易地由机器以及人来检测或评估 扫描结果。对于机器处理，
已知用于图像检测的算法。在另一个具体实施例中，也可以使用其他传感器， 例
如雷达或激光雷达，其可以是成像或非成像。还可以使用一个或多个成像传感器
和一个或多个 非成像传感器的组合。附图说明参考附图更详细地描述本发明。具
体实施方式图示出了具有管理装置的停 车场。具体实施方式图示出了具有管理装
置的停车场.停车场设计用于无组织的停车场，也就是说，没有 或者没有精确地规
定可以停放在停车场中的单个机动车辆，将布置机动车辆。特别地，机动车辆可
以占据的停车位的宽度或长度可能是未定义的。此外，还可以自由地选择在停车
场中形成机动车辆的行 或其它布置的模式。在这种情况下，机动车辆的每个驾驶
员可以有助于形成组织结构。停车场可以包括入 口和出口.在本表示中，两者在物
理上一致;但是它们也可以彼此分离地设置。此外，可以提供多个入口 或多个出口.

管理装置被设计为确定在给定时间点可以在停车场中 额外停放的机动车辆的数
量。为此，管理装置包括处理设备，其连接到扫描设备.扫描设备可以例如使用 雷
达，激光雷达，超声波，可见光或不可见光来操作。扫描设备优选地是成像，即，
或三维表示 。该表示包括多个图像元素，其值表示停车场或机动车辆的部分。优
选地，扫描装置安装在停车场上方的 高度以便从鸟瞰图执行扫描。例如，扫描装
置可以安装在建筑物的高架部分，柱子或柱子上。这是一个很 好的选择，特别是
在停车场处于开启状态的情况下，但是所描述的技术原则上也可以在被覆盖的停
车场的情况下使用，并且是停车场或地下停车设施。在一个具体实施例中，可以
提供多个扫描装置，其 数据可以由处理装置组合以便提供停放在其中的机动车辆
的停车场的完整图片。在图像的基础上或由处理 装置提供的具有停泊的机动车辆
的停车场的表示，可以确定当前由机动车辆占据的停车场的面积K.通过 知道停车
场的总面积P ，可以确定停车场被填充的程度为Q = K P。如果这个商Q乘以
可以停放在停车场中的机动车辆的最大数量M，则这产生当前仍然可以停放的机动
车辆的数量Z.作为 公式，这可以表示如下：Z =（1-Q）* M =（1-K P）* M。能
够被停放的机动车辆 占用的停车场的区域P优选地不包括不可用于停放机动车辆
的交通路径.通常需要交通路径，以便允许每 个停放的电动机优选地，还提供了足
够的交通路径，以便机动车辆从入口开始到达可用作机动车辆的停车 位的停车场
的空闲区域。停车场中的交通路径的位置可以随着时间改变，例如当机动车辆的
组织 原理改变时。如图所示，机动车辆通过示例的方式布置成列;尽管在另一个时
间点上例如也可以出现排列 。然后，交通路径必须与表示中不同，即水平而不是
垂直地定向。可用于停放机动车辆的停车场的区域P 可以改变。例如如果停车场
的一部分不能由机动车辆从入口到达，例如如果在冬天停车场的一段被一堆雪 占
据或者如果停车场的一段不能用于在强降雨中由于水的积累。优选地，区域P由
处理装置基于 由扫描装置提供的表示来确定。确定的频率可以等于或低于Z的确
定频率，即机动车辆的频率其可以在停 车场中额外停放。优选地，对于Z的每次
确定，由扫描装置执行至少一次扫描。可以周期性地确定Z，例 如每月或每四分之
一小时。该确定还可以是事件驱动的，例如如果从正在为他的机动车辆寻找停车
位的驾驶员接收到请求。该请求可以从智能电话或从安装在机动车辆中的计算机
发送，例如，为此目的 优选无线数据传输。可以在停车场中额外停放的机动车辆
的具体数量Z可以通过显示板以图形或数字方式 表示。替代地或附加地， Z还可
以数字地公开，例如作为web服务或在云中。可以在停车场中额外停 放的机动车
辆的确定数量与仍然可以停放在停车场中的实际机动车辆配通常取决于停车场被
填充 的程度。该使用度对应于上述商Q。在图的示例性表示中，在图中，确定两个

额外的机动车辆其能够在停车场中找到房间。在图1的停车场的左侧区域中的停
放的机动车辆行 中，在图1中，存在可由另一机动车辆110占据的相应空间。相
反，在右侧，没有形成空间，因为该排 的相邻机动车辆彼此间隔得太远。因此，
确定的数量Z从仍然可以容纳在停车场中的机动车辆的实际数量 偏离1。这对应于
绝对误差仅为1，但对应于50％的相对误差。停车场被填充的程度Q越低，就越可能仍然找到足够小的机动车辆，能够利用小于机动车辆所需的平均面积的剩余
面积。然而，如果停 车场被填充的程度接近100％，则紧急停车的可能性几乎被耗
尽。可能的是，确定可能仍然停放在停车 场中的所确定数量的机动车辆是正确的
可靠性或置信度。在另一个具体实施例中，还可以确定所确定的数 字的适用性的
概率。该值可以与可以附加地停放的机动车辆的确定数量一起提供。图1的表示。
图1在右侧的显示板上示出了示例性交通灯状结构，其指示所确定的显示值的可
靠性程度。作为符号表示 的替代，也可以使用图形表示。

原文：
Management of parking lot

Abstract: A parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles in a non-organized
manner. A method for managing the parking lot includes steps of determining an area P of
the parking lot that is able to be occupied by parked motor vehicles, of determining an
area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by parked motor vehicles, and of
determining a number Z of motor vehicles that may be parked additionally in the parking
lot, on the basis of the relationship Z=(1−KP)*M, where M comprises a maximum
number of motor vehicles that may be parked in the parking lot.
Keywords: parking lot, management, motor vehicle
backgroung information
A parking lot is designed to accommodate a number of motor vehicles that may be parked
within it. In this instance, there is no concrete prescription as to the manner or the order in
which the motor vehicles are to be parked in the parking lot. An arrangement of motor
vehicles in the parking lot may therefore change.
In contrast to an organized parking lot, in which parking spaces are identified that may be
respectively occupied by a motor vehicle, it is difficult to manage a non-organized parking
lot. In particular, it may be difficult to determine a number of the motor vehicles that at a
given time may be additionally parked in the parking lot.
The present invention is based on the objective of providing a technology for managing a
parking lot that is designed for parking motor vehicles.
SUMMARY
A parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles. A method for managing the parking
lot includes steps of determining an area P of the parking lot that is able to be occupied by
parked motor vehicles, of determining an area K of the parking lot that is currently
occupied by parked motor vehicles, and of determining a number Z of motor vehicles that
may be parked additionally in the parking lot, on the basis of the relationship
Z=(1−KP)*M, where M comprises a maximum number of motor vehicles that may be
parked in the parking lot.
Thus it is possible to determine in a simple and robust manner how large the remaining
accommodation capacity of the parking lot is. The specific value may be indicated for
example on a display board outside of the parking lot.
It is in particular preferred that the parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles in a
non- organized manner. In this context, usually no demarcations of parking spaces are
provided for individual motor vehicles. Drivers may park their motor vehicles in
practically any manner in the parking lot, it being preferably assumed that they themselves

will take care that no other motor vehicle is thereby impeded.
M is preferably verified at regular intervals on the basis of a count of the motor vehicles
parked in the fully occupied parking lot. The count may be carried out in particular
manually. For this purpose, it is not necessary that a person walk through the parking lot
in order to count the motor vehicles; rather, the count may be performed on the basis of a
scanning result in the form of an image. It is thus possible to verify or calibrate the
method in a simple and cost-effective manner.
M may be determined on the basis of an average value of multiple counts performed at
intervals. The robustness or precision of the method may thus be increased.
In one specific embodiment, P is determined anew at regular intervals. This makes it
possible to take influences into account that make a part of the parking lot unusable such
as for example a construction site or a section that is blocked off for weather-related
reasons.
When determining P, the area of traffic paths through the parking lot, which are not
available for parking motor vehicles, may be excluded. For this purpose, the traffic paths
may be detected or assumed automatically on the basis of a scanning result that is
available as an image. It is thus possible nevertheless to take into account the
organizational structure of motor vehicles in the parking lot that is otherwise difficult to
predict.
The specific number Z of motor vehicle that may be parked additionally may be published
in real time. In particular, the number Z may be made accessible in a cloud or a web
service. In one specific embodiment, it is also possible to publish an occupancy map of
the parking lot. The occupancy map may be determined on the basis of the scanning result
or may correspond to it.
Moreover, it is possible to determine a reliability of the determination of the number of
motor vehicles that may be parked additionally. The determined reliability may be
published together with the determined number Z in order to offer a driver, who is looking
for a free parking space for his motor vehicle, an improved basis for a decision.
A computer program product includes program code means for carrying out the method
described above when the computer program product is run on a processing device or is
stored on a computer-readable data carrier.
A device for managing the above-described parking lot includes a scanning device for
determining an area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by parked motor
vehicles and a processing device that is designed to determine a number Z of motor
vehicles that may be additionally parke in the parking lot, on the basis of the relationship
Z=(1−KP)*M. In this instance, P comprises the area P of the parking lot that may be

occupied by parked motor vehicles, and M comprises a maximum number of motor
vehicles that may be parked in the parking scanning device preferably includes an
imaging makes it possible to detect or evaluate the scanning result easily both
by a machine as well as by a person. For machine-processing, algorithms for image
detection are known. In another specific embodiment, other sensors may be used as well,
for example radar or lidar, which alternatively may be imaging or non-imaging. It is also
possible to use a combination of one or multiple imaging sensors and one or multiple
non-imaging DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe present invention
is described in more detail with reference to the . 1 shows a parking lot
having a management ED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE
EMBODIMENTSFIG. 1 shows a parking lot 100 having a management device 105.
Parking lot 100 is designed for non-organized parking, that is, it is not or is not precisely
prescribed for individual motor vehicles 110, which may be parked in parking lot 100,
how the motor vehicles 110 are to be arranged. In particular, the width or length of a
parking space that a motor vehicle 110 may occupy may be undefined. Also a pattern,
according to which rows or other arrangements of motor vehicles 110 are formed in the
parking lot 100, may be freely selectable as well. In this context, each driver of a motor
vehicle 110 may contribute toward forming an organizational g lot 100
may include an entrance 115 and an exit 120. In the present representation, both coincide
physically; but they may also be provided as separate of each other. Furthermore, multiple
entrances 115 or multiple exits 120 may be ment device 105 is designed
to determine a number of motor vehicles that at a given point in time may be parked
additionally in parking lot 100. For this purpose, management device 105 includes a
processing device 125, which is connected to a scanning device 130. Scanning device 130
may operate for example using radar, lidar, ultrasound, visible or invisible ng
device 130 is preferably imaging, that is, it is designed to provide a two- or
three- dimensional representation of parking lot 100. The representation comprises a
plurality of image elements, whose values represent portions of parking lot 100 or of a
motor vehicle 110. It is preferred that scanning device 130 is mounted at an elevation
above parking lot 100 in order to perform the scan from the bird's eye view. Scanning
device 130 may be mounted on an elevated part of a building, a post or a pillar, for
example. This is a good option particularly in the case a parking lot 100 that is in the
open, but the technology described may in principle also be used in the case of a parking
lot that is covered and that is part of a parking garage or an underground parking facility,
for example. In one specific embodiment, multiple scanning devices 130 may be
provided, the data of which may be combined by processing device 125 in order to

provide a complete picture of parking lot 100 with the motor vehicles 110 parked in
the basis of the image or the representation of parking lot 100 with parked motor vehicles
110 provided by processing device 125, it is possible to determine an area K of the
parking lot that is currently occupied by motor vehicles 110. With the knowledge of the
total area P of parking lot 100, it is possible to determine the degree to which parking lot
100 is filled as Q=KP. If this quotient Q is multiplied by the maximum number M of
motor vehicles 110 that may be parked in parking lot 100, then this yields the number Z of
motor vehicles 110 that may currently still be parked. As a formula, this may be
represented as follows:Z=(1−Q)*M=(1−KP)*M. The area P of parking lot 100, which is
able to be occupied by parked motor vehicles 110, preferably does not include traffic
paths 135 that are not available for parking motor vehicles 110. Traffic paths 135 are
generally required in order to allow every parked motor vehicle to reach exit 120.
Preferably, sufficient traffic paths 135 are also provided in order for a motor vehicle 110,
starting from the entrance, to reach a free area of parking lot 100 that is usable as a
parking space for a motor vehicle location of a traffic path 135 in parking lot 100
may change over time, for example when the organizational principle of motor vehicles
110 changes. In FIG. 1, motor vehicles 110 are arranged in columns by way of example;
although at another point in time an arrangement in rows may come about as well for
example. Traffic paths 135 would then have to be oriented differently than in the
representation, namely, horizontally instead of area P of the parking lot
usable for parking motor vehicles 110 may change over time, for example if a section of
parking lot 100 cannot be reached by a motor vehicle 110 from entrance 115, for example
if in winter a section of parking lot 100 is occupied by a pile of snow or if a section of
parking lot 100 cannot be used in a strong rain fall due to water accumulation. It is
preferred that the area P is determined by processing device 125 on the basis of the
representation provided by scanning device 130. The frequency of the determination may
be equal to or lower than the frequency of determination of Z, i.e., of motor vehicles 110
that may be parked additionally in parking lot 100. Preferably, for each determination of
Z, at least one scan is performed by scanning device 130. Z may be determined
periodically, for example monthly or every quarter of an hour. The determination may also
be event-driven, for example if a request is received from a driver who is looking for a
parking space for his motor vehicle 110. The request may be sent from a smart phone or
from a computer installed in motor vehicle 110, for example, a wireless data transmission
being preferred for this specific number Z of motor vehicles 110 that may be
parked additionally in parking lot 110 may be represented graphically or numerically via a
display board 140. Alternatively or additionally, the specific number Z may also be

published digitally, for example as a web service or in a well the determined
number of motor vehicles 110 that may be parked additionally in parking lot 100 matches
the actual motor vehicles 110 that may still be parked in parking lot 100 usually depends
on a degree to which parking lot 100 is filled. This degree of usage corresponds to the
quotient Q mentioned above. In the exemplary representation of FIG. 1, two additional
motor vehicles 110 were determined that are able to find room in parking lot 100. In the
row of parked motor vehicles 110 in the left area of parking lot 100 of FIG. 1, there is a
corresponding space that could be occupied by another motor vehicle 110. On the right
side, by contrast, no space is formed since adjacent motor vehicles 110 of this row are
spaced too far apart from one another. The determined number Z therefore deviates by 1
from the actual number of motor vehicles 110 that may still be accommodated in the
parking lot. This corresponds to an absolute error of only 1, but to a relative error of
50%.The lower the degree Q to which parking lot 100 is filled, the more probable it is that
a sufficiently small motor vehicle 110 may still be found that is able to utilize a remaining
area that is smaller than the average area required by a motor vehicle 110. If the degree to
which parking lot 100 is filled approaches 100%, however, then the possibilities of tight
parking are nearly is possible to determine a reliability or confidence with
which the determined number of motor vehicles 110 that may still be parked in parking lot
100 is correct. In another specific embodiment, it is also possible to determine a
probability of the applicability of the determined number. This value may be provided
together with the determined number of motor vehicles 110 that may be additionally
parked. The representation of FIG. 1 shows on display board 140 on the right side an
exemplary traffic light-like structure that indicates degree of reliability of the determined
displayed value. As an alternative to the symbolic representation, a graphic representation
may also be used.

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年 月 日
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外 文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是
否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献 ；②翻译的外文文献字数是否
达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。