关于元旦的图片-英国建筑学排名

洗洁精的成分分析

洗洁精的成分分析
洗洁精的主要成分是烷基磺酸钠、脂肪醇醚硫酸钠、泡沫剂、增溶剂、香精、
水、色素等。烷基磺酸钠和 脂肪醇醚硫酸钠都是阴离子表面活性剂，是石化产品，用
以去污。洗洁精是日常生活中不可缺的清洁用品 ，洁净温和，泡沫柔细，迅速分解油
腻，快速去污、除菌，有效彻底清洁油污，不残留。
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一 洗洁精甲醛含量的测定(分光光度计法)
1 实验原理
样品中的甲醛在pH为5.5-7.0条件下，与乙酰丙酮及铵离子作用，生成 黄色的
3、5-乙酰基-1、4二氢吡啶二碳酸，在412nm波长下有最大吸收，用标准曲线法定量。
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2 仪器与试剂
1 紫外可见分光光度计
2 乙酰丙酮溶液:吸取3.0ml乙酰丙酮用水稀释至200ml;
3 乙酰-乙酸铵缓冲溶液:称取15.42g乙酰胺溶于300ml水中，加入2.3ml冰 醋
酸，调PH值近5.75，用水稀释至400ml;
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4 甲醛标准储备液:吸取5.0ml36%-38%甲醛溶液，置于500ml容量瓶中，加水稀
释至刻度，用碘量法标定。然后用水稀释至每毫升相当于100ug甲醛，置于冰箱中保
存;
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5 甲醛标准使用液:吸取10.00ml甲醛标准溶液，置 于100ml容量瓶中，加水姿
势至刻度。此标准溶液密度为10ugmL;
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1 21

3 试验步骤
3.1 甲醛标准溶液的配制和标定
吸取5.0ml甲醛标准溶液于250ml碘量瓶，加入40ml c(12I)=0.1molL2碘标准溶液，15mlc(NaOH)=1molL氢氧化钠溶液摇匀，放置10min,加入planning, and
government financing, and whole village relocation, and first built Hou split
of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district
transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries, optimization town
spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community
live building, and intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance
running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed
changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in
this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are
already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard,
three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017,
the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all
and ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve

poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right
breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify
objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary noted that the critical
time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do
2 21

basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County,
town, and village books, card
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5mlc(HCL)=2molL盐酸溶液酸化，加入1 00ml水，用浓度c(NaSO)=0.1molL223
硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定至草黄色，加入1 ml淀粉指示剂，继续滴定至蓝色消失为终
点，同时做空白试验。
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3.2 甲醛标准溶液的计算
X=[(V-V)*C(NaSO)5.0]*15 01223
式中X为甲醛标准溶液的浓度(mgml),V为试剂空白所消耗硫代硫酸钠的体积，0
V为样品溶液消耗硫代硫酸钠标准溶液的体积，15为与1.00ml碘标准滴定溶液1
相当的以毫克表示的甲醛质量。
3.3 操作步骤
3.3.1 标准曲线的制作
分别吸取0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8ml的甲醛标准使用液( 相当于0,2,4,6,8ug的甲醛)
置于10ml的比色管中，加入2ml乙酸- 乙酸铵缓冲溶液和1ml乙酰丙酮
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0溶液，加水至刻度，混匀，置 70C水浴中放置30min，取出冷却至室温后，用
1cm比色杯，于412nm处以零号管调节零点 ，测定吸光度。以吸光度及甲醛的含量为坐
标，绘制标准曲线。
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3.3.2 甲醛含量的计算
称取1.0g洗洁精样品于50ml容量瓶中， 用水稀释至刻度，摇匀，吸取1.0ml混合
液于10ml比色管中，依据3.3.2项下自“加入2m l乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲液”起同法操作，
同时做空白为参比液，根据测定的吸光度，从标准曲线上查出被测 液中甲醛的含量，
从而计算出样品中的甲醛的含量
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3 21

公式为X=(A*50)1.0
式中X为样品中甲醛的含量(ugg),A为从标准曲线上查出的被测液中的甲醛的含
量(ug).
二 洗洁精中总活性物含量的测定
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
4 21

' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
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1 原理
用乙醇萃取试 样，过滤分离后，定量乙醇溶解物及乙醇溶解物中的氯化钠，产品
中总活性物含量用乙醇溶解物量减去乙 醇溶解物中的氯化钠量算得。 2 仪器设备
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(1)吸滤瓶:500ml或1000ml
(2)古氏坩埚:(25-30)ml,铺滤纸圆片 。铺滤纸圆片时，先在坩埚底与多孔瓷板之
间铺双层慢速定性滤纸圆片，然后再在多孔瓷板上面铺单层快 速定性滤纸圆片，注意
滤纸圆片的直径要尽量与坩埚底部直径吻合。
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0(3)沸水浴:控制温度50C和沸腾两种
00(4)烘箱:能控制温度于(150C左右2C)
(5)干燥器:内盛变色硅胶或其他干燥剂
(6)量筒:25ml、100ml
(7)烧杯:150ml、300ml
(8)三脚瓶:100ml、250ml
3 试剂
(1)乙醇:体积分数为95%。新煮沸后冷却，用碱中和至对酚酞呈中性。 (2)无水
乙醇:水浴上新煮沸后冷却。
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(3)硝酸银标准溶液:0.1molL
(4)铬酸钾溶液:密度为50gl
(5)酚酞乙醇溶液:密度为10gl
(6)硝酸溶液:0.5moll
5 21

planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
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(7)氢氧化钠溶液:0.5moll
4 检验步骤
4.1 乙醇溶解物含量的测定
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精确称取适量试样约5g，置于150ml烧杯中，加入5ml蒸馏水，用玻璃棒不 断搅
拌，以分散固体颗粒和破碎团块，直到没有明显的颗粒状物。加入5ml无水乙醇，继
续用 玻璃棒搅拌，是样品溶解呈糊状，然后便搅拌边缓慢加入90ml无水乙醇，继续搅
拌一会儿以促进溶解 。静置片刻至溶液澄清，用倾泻法通过古氏坩埚进行过滤。将清
液尽量排干，不溶物尽可能留在烧杯中， 再以同样方法，每次用25ml质量分数为95%
的热乙醇重复萃取，过滤，操作4次。
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将吸滤瓶中的乙醇萃取液小心地转移至已称量的300ml烧杯中 ，用体积分数为95%
的热乙醇冲洗吸滤瓶3次，滤液和洗涤液合并于300ml烧杯中(此为乙醇萃取 液)
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4.2 乙醇溶解物中氯化钠含量的测定
将已称量的烧杯中的乙醇萃取物分别用蒸馏水、20ml体积分数为95%的乙醇溶
液、洗涤至250m l三角烧杯中，加入酚酞指示剂3d，如呈红色，则以硝酸溶液中和至
红色刚好退去，如不呈红色，则以 氢氧化钠溶液中和至微红色，再以硝酸溶液回滴至
微红色刚好退去。然后加入1ml铬酸钾指示液，用0 .1moll硝酸银标准溶液滴定至溶
液由黄色变成橙色为止。
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5 检验结果
(1)乙醇溶解物中氯化钠的质量m2按下式计算
m=C*V*58.51000 2
式中:m2--试样乙醇溶解物中氯化钠的质量，g;
C--硝酸银标准滴定液的实际浓度，moll;
V-- 硝酸银标砖滴定溶液的体积，ml;
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
7 21

district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
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(2) 样品中活性物含量的质量分数W按下式计算
W=(m-m)m 12
式中:W--样品中活性物含量的质量分数，%;
m--乙醇溶解物的质量，g; 1
m--乙醇溶解物中氯化钠的质量，g; 2
8 21

m--样品的质量，g.
两次平行测定的算术平均总活性物的两次平行测定结果之差应不超过0.3%，以
值作为结果。
三 分光光度法测定洗涤剂中磷含量
1 实验原理
用孔雀绿- 钼酸铵做显色反应，在最大吸收波长645nm处，测得的表现摩尔
4-1-1吸光系数7.99 *,磷含量在0-9ug25ml范围内符合比尔定律，用
于洗涤剂中磷含量的测定
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2 仪器与试剂
1 分光光度计
02 磷标准储备液1gL,称取经105-110C干燥2h的磷酸二氢钾2.197g,用水溶解
后加入5ml硫酸(1+1)，用去离子水定容至500ml,摇匀，使用时稀释成1ugml磷的标
准 工作液;
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3 孔雀绿溶液:1gL;
4 钼酸铵溶液:120gL;
5 孔雀绿-钼酸铵混合液:取配好的孔雀绿溶液125ml，钼 酸铵溶液150ml,混合，
防置1h,用漏斗过滤备用;
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planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
9 21

enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
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6 聚乙烯醇溶液:1gl;
7 硫酸溶液:5moll。
3 实验方法
取一定量磷标准溶液放入25ml容量瓶中，加入5ml硫酸溶液，5ml孔雀绿-钼酸铵
混合液，1m l聚乙烯醇溶液，混合后定容，放入沸水中加热5min,取出用流水冷却至室
温，以试剂空白为参比， 用1cm比色皿于645nm 处测定吸光度。 4 标准曲线的绘制
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从1ugml磷标准溶液中移取0,1,2,3...,12ml于25ml容量瓶中，按试验方法 操
作，绘制工作曲线。
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10 21

称取洗涤剂样品2g于烧杯中，加入5.0ml硝酸，加热，当溶解液体积减至2-3ml，冷却，加2ml高氯酸，继续加热，知道完全溶解，冷却后，洗涤剂样品转入
50ml 容量瓶中，加水稀释至刻度，按实验方法显色。
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三 洗洁精中烷基磺酸钠的测定(亚甲蓝分光光度法) 1 实验原理
阴离子表面活性剂是普通合成 洗涤剂的主要活性成分，使用最广泛的阴离子表面
活性剂是直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)。本方法采用L AS作为标准物，其烷基碳链在
C10,C13之间，平均碳数为12，平均分子量为344.4。
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阴离子染料亚甲蓝与阴离子表面活性剂作用，生成蓝色的盐类，统 称亚甲蓝活性
物质(MBAS)。该生成物可被氯仿萃取，其色度与浓度成正比，用分光光度计在波长< br>652nm处测量氯仿层的吸光度。
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2 试剂
1 氢氧化钠(NaOH):1molL
2 硫酸(H2SO4):0.5molL
3 氯仿(CHCl3)
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
11 21

alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
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4 直链烷基苯磺酸钠贮备溶液
秤取 0.100g标准物质LAS(平均分子量344.4)，准确至0.001g，溶于50ml水中，
转 移到100ml容量瓶中，稀释至标线并混匀。每毫升含1.00mgLAS。保存于4?C冰箱
中。
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5 直链烷基苯磺酸钠标准溶液
准确吸取10 .00ml直链烷基苯磺酸钠贮备溶液(3.4)，用水稀释至1000ml，每毫升
含10.0?gL AS。当天配置。
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6 亚甲蓝溶液
先秤取5 0g一水磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4?H2O)溶于300ml水中，转移到1000ml容量瓶
内， 缓慢加入6.8ml浓硫酸(H2SO4,ρ=1.84gml)，摇匀。另秤取30mg亚甲蓝(指示剂
12 21

级)，用50ml水溶解后也移入容量瓶，用水稀释至标线，摇匀。此 溶液贮存于棕色试
剂瓶中。
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7 洗涤液
秤取50g一水磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4?H2O)溶于300ml水中，转移到1000ml容量瓶
内，缓慢加入6.8ml浓硫酸(H2SO4,ρ=1.84gml)，用水稀释至标线。 8 酚酞指示剂
溶液
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将1.0g酚酞溶于50ml乙醇[CHOH,95%(VV)]中，然后边搅拌边加入50ml25
水，滤去形成的沉淀。
9 玻璃棉或脱脂棉
在索氏抽提器中用氯仿提取4h后，取出干燥，保存在清洁的玻璃瓶中待用。 3
仪器
1 分光光度计
2 分液漏斗
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
13 21

(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
AVktR43bpw
3 索氏抽提器
4 实验步骤
取一组分液漏斗(4.2)10个，分别加入100、99、97、95、93、91 、89、87、85、
80ml水，然后分别移入0、1.00、3.00、5.00、7.00、9. 00、11.00、13.00、15.00、
20.00ml直链烷基苯磺酸钠标准溶液，摇匀。处理 每一标准，以测得的吸光度扣除试
剂空白值(零标准溶液的吸光度)后与相应的LAS量(µg)绘制校 准曲线。
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试份体积
为了直接分析水和废水样，应根据预计的亚甲蓝表面活性物质的浓度选用试份体
积，见下表:
预计的MBAS浓度，mgL 试份量，ml
0.052.0 100 ~
2.010 20 ~
14 21

1020 10 ~
2040 5 ~
当预计的MBAS浓度超过2mlL时，按上表选取试份量，用水稀释至100ml。
将所取试 份移至分液漏斗，以酚酞为指示剂，逐滴加入1molL氢氧化钠溶液至水
溶液呈桃红色，再滴加0.5 molL硫酸到桃红色刚好消失。
2MiJTy0dTT
加入25ml亚甲蓝溶液，摇 匀后再移入10ml氯仿，激烈振摇30s，注意放气。过分
的摇动会发生乳化，加入少量异丙醇(小于 10ml)可消除乳化现象。加相同体积的异丙
醇至所有的标准中，在慢慢旋转分液漏斗，使滞留在内壁 上的氯仿液珠降落，静置分
层。
gIiSpiue7A
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
15 21

these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
uEh0U1Yfmh
将氯仿层放入预先盛有50ml洗涤液的 第二个分液漏斗，用数滴氯仿淋洗第一个分
液漏斗的放液管，重复萃取三次，每次用10ml氯仿。合并 所有氯仿至第二个分液漏斗
中，激烈摇动30s，静置分层。将氯仿层通过玻璃棉或脱脂棉，放入50m l容量瓶中。
再用氯仿萃取洗涤液两次(每次用量5ml)，此氯仿层也并入容量瓶中，加氯仿至标线。
IAg9qLsgBX
在652nm处，以氯仿为参比液，测定样品、校准溶 液和空白试验的吸光度。应使
用相同光程的比色皿。每次测定后，用氯仿清洗比色皿。 5 结果与计算
WwghWvVhPE
用亚甲蓝活性物质(MBAS)报告结果，以LAS计，平均分子量为344.4。
c=mV
式中:c——水样中亚甲蓝活性物(MBAS)的浓度，mgL
m——从校准曲线上读取的表观LAS质量，µg
V——试份的体积，ml
结果以三位小数表示。
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and
first built Hou splitof principles, insisted big community planning, and large
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
16 21

optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
asfpsfpi4k
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
17 21

people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
ooeyYZTjj1
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first
built Hou split
district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries,
optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction,
formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and
enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve
people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief
and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty
alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years
18 21

(2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and
improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ...
Library district all
of poverty, stability to achieve
these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the
way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A)
to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary
noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate?
' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household,
persons, County, town, and village books, card
BkeGuInkxI

PgdO0sRlMo
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20 21

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