2009年联合国气候变化大会
梳头发的方法图解-幼儿园家长工作计划
2009年联合国气候变化大会（2009年12月7日─12月18日）
，即《联合国气候变化框架
公约》缔约方第15次会议，缩写为，在丹麦首都哥本哈根的贝拉会议中心举
行。
同时，它还是《京都议定书》签字国第五次会议。
根据巴厘路线图的决定，本次会议将诞
生一份新的《哥本哈根议定书》，以代替2012年到
期的《京都议定书》。如果在本次会议上，各国不
能达成共识、并通过新的决议，那么在2012
年《京都议定书》第一承诺期到期后，全球将没有一个共
同文件来约束温室气体的排放。因
此，本次会议被喻为拯救人类的最后一次机会。
The
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference,
commonly known as the Copenhagen
Summit, was
held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark,
between 7 December and 18
December. The
conference included the 15th Conference of the
Parties (COP 15) to the United
Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 5th
Meeting of the Parties (COPMOP
5) to the Kyoto
Protocol. According to the Bali Road Map, a
framework for climate change
mitigation beyond
2012 was to be agreed there.
The conference
was preceded by the Climate Change: Global Risks,
Challenges and Decisions
scientific
conference, which took place in March 2009 and was
also held at the Bella Center. The
negotiations began to take a new format when
in May 2009 UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
attended the World Business Summit on Climate
Change in Copenhagen, organised by the
Copenhagen Climate Council (COC), where he
requested that COC councillors attend New York's
Climate Week at the Summit on Climate Change
on 22 September and engage with heads of
government on the topic of the climate
problem.
Connie Hedegaard was president of
the conference until December 16, 2009, handing
over the
chair to Danish Prime Minister Lars
L?kke Rasmussen in the final stretch of the
conference, during
negotiations between heads
of state and government. On Friday 18 December,
the final day of
the conference, international
media reported that the climate talks were
reported that in lieu of a summit collapse,
solely a
the conclusion of the conference.
The Copenhagen Accord was drafted by the US,
China, India, Brazil and South Africa on
December 18, and judged a agreementby the
United States government. It was
and it
was not passed unanimously. The document
recognised that climate change is one of the
greatest challenges of the present and that
actions should be taken to keep any temperature
increases to below 2°C. The document is not
legally binding and does not contain any legally
binding commitments for reducing CO2
emissions.[9] Leaders of industrialised countries,
including Barack Obama and Gordon Brown, were
pleased with this agreement but many leaders
of other countries and non-governmental
organisations were opposed to it.
Outcome
结果
On December 18 after a day of frantic
negotiations between heads of state, it was
announced
that a
Africa, and Brazil.[93]
The use of
in The Guardian.[94] An unnamed US
government official was reported as stating that
the deal
was a
future. However, the
BBC's environment correspondent stated: the White
House was
announcing the agreement, many other
- perhaps most other - delegations had not even
seen it.
A comment from a UK official
suggested the text was not yet final and the
Bolivian delegation has
already complained
about the way it was reached - 'anti-democratic,
anti-transparent and
unacceptable'. With no
firm target for limiting the global temperature
rise, no commitment to a
legal treaty and no
target year for peaking emissions, countries most
vulnerable to climate
impacts have not got the
deal they wanted.
Early on Saturday 19
December, delegates approved a motion to
Accord[96] of December 18, 2009
the motion
was unanimous, or what its legal implications are.
The UN Secretary General Ban
Ki-moon welcomed
the US-backed climate deal as an beginningIt was
unclear
whether all 192 countries in
attendance would also adopt the deal. The
Copenhagen Accord
recognises the scientific
case for keeping temperature rises below 2°C, but
does not contain
commitments for reduced
emissions that would be necessary to achieve that
aim. One part of
the agreement pledges US$$ 30
billion to the developing world over the next
three years, rising to
US$$ 100 billion per
year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to
climate change. Earlier
proposals, that would
have aimed to limit temperature rises to 1.5°C and
cut CO2 emissions by
80% by 2050 were dropped.
An agreement was also reached that would set up a
deal to reduce
deforestation in return for
cash from developed countries. The agreement made
was non-binding
but U.S. President Obama said
that countries could show the world their
achievements. He said
that if they had waited
for a binding agreement, no progress would have
been made.
Analysis and aftermath分析与后果
Despite widely held expectations that the
Copenhagen summit would produce a legally binding
treaty, the conference was plagued by
negotiating deadlock and the
legally
enforceable. BBC environment analyst Roger
Harrabin attributed the failure of the summit
to live up to expectations to a number of
factors including the recent global recession and
conservative domestic pressure in the US and
China.
In the week following the end of the
Copenhagen summit, carbon prices in the EU dropped
to a
six month low.
The Copenhagen Accord
asks countries to submit emissions targets by the
end of January 2010,
and paves the way for
further discussions to occur at the 2010 UN
climate change conference in
Mexico and the
mid-year session in Bonn. However, some
commentators consider that
future of the UN's
role in international climate deals is now in
doubt.
Failure blamed on developed countries
George Monbiot blamed the failure of the
conference to achieve a binding deal on the United
States Senate and Barack Obama. By negotiating
the Copenhagen Accord with only a select group
of nations most of the UN member states were
excluded. If poorer nations did not sign the
Accord then they would be unable to access
funds from richer nations to help them adapt to
climate change. He noted how the British and
American governments have both blamed China
for the failure of the talks but said that
Obama placed China in -
demanded concessions
while offering Khor blamed Denmark for convening
a
meeting of only 26 nations in the final two
days of the conference. He says that it undermined
the UN's multilateral and democratic process
of climate negotiations. It was in these meetings
that China vetoed long-term emission-reduction
goals for global emissions to decrease by 50%,
and developed countries emissions to
fall by 80% by 2050 compared to 1990. Khor states
that
this is when other countries began to
blame the failures on China. If China had accepted
this, by
2050 their emissions per capita would
have had to be around one half to one fifth per
capita of
those of the United States.
Failure blamed on developing countries
The
Australian Broadcasting Corporation has reported
that India, China and other emerging
nations
cooperated at Copenhagen to thwart attempts at
establishing legally binding targets for
carbon emissions, in order to protect their
economic growth.
UK Climate Change secretary
Ed Miliband accused China specifically of sinking
an agreement,
provoking a counter response
from China that British politicians were engaging
in a political
scheme. Mark Lynas, who was
attached to the Maldives delegation, accused China
of
New York Times has quoted Lynas as
further commenting:
that means, which is
interpreted by the big developing countries like
India and China as a right to
pollute up to
Western levels. To me carbon equity is the logic
of mutually assured destruction. I
think NGOs
are far too soft on the Chinese, given that it's
the world's biggest polluter, and is the
single most important factor in deciding when
global emissions will peak, which in turn is the
single most important factor in the eventual
temperature outcome...
on coal, there is
going to have to be much more pressure on China if
global emissions are to peak
within any
reasonable time frame. In Beijing the interests of
the Party come first, second and
third, and
global warming is somewhere further down the list.
Growth delivers stability and
prosperity, and
keeps the party in power.
China's Xinhua news
agency responded to these allegations by asserting
that Premier Wen Jiabao
played a sincere,
determined and constructive role at the last
minute talks in Copenhagen and
credited him
with playing a key role in the
to take part in
critical closed-door discussions at the end of the
conference.
The editorial of The Australian
newspaper, blamed African countries for turning
Copenhagen into
that
分析和后果分析与后果
尽
管广泛预期的哥本哈根首脑会议将产生一份具有法律约束力的条约，这次会议是困扰谈判
僵局和哥本哈根
协定是没有法律强制执行。英国广播公司分析师Roger Harrabin环境原因
的首脑会议失败
，不辜负期望，其中包括最近的全球经济衰退和保守在美国和中国的国内压
力的因素。
在一周后的哥本哈根首脑会议，欧盟碳价格年底降至6个月低点。
哥本哈根协议要求各国在
提交2010年1月底的排放指标，铺平了道路，并进一步讨论将发
生在2010年联合国气候变化会议
在墨西哥和中年在波恩举行会议。但是，一些评论家认为，
对联合国在处理国际气候的作用未来也令人怀
疑。
失败归咎于发达国家
乔治蒙比尔特指责这次会议未能实现对美国参议院和奥巴马约束
力的协议。通过谈判，只有
一组选定的国家，联合国大多数会员国的哥本哈根协议被排除在外。如果贫困
国家没有签署
该协定的话，他们将无法从富裕国家获得资金，帮助它们适应气候变化。他指出，如何在英
国和美国政府都指责是会谈失败的中国，但表示，奥巴马处于不可能完成的立场，中国<
br>他要求优惠，而不能提供。马丁科尔指责召开只有26个国家在最后两日的会议上，丹麦。
他说，
它破坏了联合国的多边和民主的气候谈判进程。正是在这些会议是中国长期被否决长
期的排放，全球减排
目标降低了50％，和发达国家的排放量由80％下降到2050年与1990
年相比。霍尔说，这是当
其他国家开始将其归咎于中国的失败。如果中国在2050年接受了
他们的人均排放量这一点，就不得不
大约是每一半的美国的人均的五分之一。
失败归咎于发展中国家
澳大利亚广播公司报道
，印度，中国和其他新兴国家在哥本哈根合作，挫败旨在建立具有法
律约束力的温室气体排放的目标努力
，以保护他们的经济增长。
英国气候变化书记埃德米利班德指责具体下沉协议中国，挑起对抗来自中
国的回应，英国政
客们在从事政治图谋。马克莱纳斯谁附于马尔代夫代表团，指控破坏的会谈，并确保奥
巴
马将公开难辞其咎中国。纽约时报引述了进一步的评论澳莱那斯：
非政府组织的运动是过
时的10年。他们还在争取的'气候正义'，知道是什么意思，是由
大发展中国家，如印度和中国作为一
个国家有权污染到西方的水平解释。对我来说碳公平是
确保相互摧毁的逻辑。我认为非政府机构过于依赖
中，因为它是世界上最大的污染者柔软，
是一个最重要的决定时，全球排放量将达到顶峰，这反过来因素
是唯一最重要的因素，最终
温度的结果...
我认为对中国的底线（和印度）的增长，因为
这种增长主要是煤为基础，因此将不得不作
出更多的对中国的压力，如果全球排放量的高峰期在任何合理
的时间框架。在北京，党的利
益为第一，第二和第三位，全球变暖是脆弱点的名单。增长进一步提供了稳
定和繁荣，并保
持党的执政。
中国官方媒体新华社对这些指控作出回应，称温家宝总理在哥本
哈根的比赛最后一分钟的会
谈坦诚，决心和建设性的作用发挥归功于成功会议，他的关键作用。然而，温
家宝选择不
采取关键封闭在会议结束时的闭门磋商中的一部分。
在澳大利亚报章的社论，指
责把哥本哈根成要求全世界改善这片大陆的生活水平，并要求
非洲国家平台哥本哈根约老式的反美国主义
，而不是环境
各国措施
United States of America
To cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17% below
2005 levels by 2020, 42% by 2030 and 83% by
2050.
China
To cut CO2 emissions
intensity by 40-45% below 2005 levels by 2020.
European Union
To cut greenhouse gas
emissions by 30% below 1990 levels by 2020 if an
international agreement
is reached committing
other developed countries and the more advanced
developing nations to
comparable emission
reductions.
To cut greenhouse gas emissions
by 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 unconditionally.