我要的是葫芦-综合治理总结

Supplementary material of language features: News headline
1. Major functions of a headline
To attract the reader‟s attention
To summarize the story
To help the reader index the contents of the page
To depict the mood of the story
To help set the tone of the newspaper
To provide adequate typographic (排版、印刷上的) relief
Not every headline can accomplish each of the above-listed tasks, but
reports and editors who write headlines with these goals in mind will
write better headlines than those who ignore them.

2. Types
1）摘要 (narrative headline)：这类标题提纲挈领，高度概括出新
闻的主要内容，常用肯定句形式。如：
a. Girls Die in Blaze
b. Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency
2）设问 (interrogative headline)：
A. 表明未来可能发生某事。如：
OPEC to Raise Oil Output?
B. 对某事的真实性表示怀疑。如：
A Europe “With One Voice”? (欧盟国家能真正用一个声音说话

吗？)
C. 说理。如：
Murder on Campus: Can It Be Averted?
3）引语式标题 (quotation headline)。
A. 将人们说的常理性的话作标题，或引经据典（直接引用、套用、
改用典故、名言、谚语、习语等）。如：


“We Owe Our Lives to Our Pilot”
Liberty is the true mother of invention (套用谚语Necessity is the
mother of invention)
Refugees in Dire Straits (“in dire straits” 是习语，指 “in
difficultdangerous situation”)
B. 直接引用记者听到某人的原话作标题，或是记者采访的对象所言，
或是发言人所说的话。如：


“We Have to Save Our People”
UN Chief: Talks Here “Positive”
C. 利用文章中的一句话、半句话、某个短语词作标题。如：
If They Have a Fling
D. 标题中部分带引号的词，有时其词义往往不是其通常的意思。如：
Norse “Invasion” (invasion这里不是指古代北欧人对不列颠的入侵
和征服 ，而是指大批挪威人到苏格兰去旅游购物)
4）双标题 (two-deck headline)：这种标题往往是一篇关于重大事
件报道中的两部分标题。如：

It Isn‟t the Cow That Are Mad
It‟s the People That Are Going Mad
5）艺术加工型标题 (artistic headline)：这类标题运用各种修辞手
段 ，如比喻、押韵、仿拟、双关、对仗、典故、反语、夸张等手段以
求得生动、形象、幽默、讽刺等效果。 因此，读者往往难以一目了然，
有时需读完全文才知道其主题思想。如：
Metaphor:
Middle East: a Cradle of Terror 中东:恐怖主义的摇篮
A House in Two Parts两个部分拼凑成的房子(加拿大讲法语的魁
北克省 与其他讲英语的省之间长期以来存在的矛盾)
A Dove Taking Wing (将联合国比喻为一只正在起飞的“和平鸽”)

Alliteration and rhyme:
Soldiers Salary Soars 士兵薪水剧增
Needy or Greedy? 是贫困还是贪婪？
Buzz, Buzz, It’s the Fuzz 嗡嗡，嗡嗡，是监视器在嗡嗡
Young Wheelers
，
Big Dealers 驾驶摩托小青年，保险公司大主顾
Starts with S, Ends with Ex 怎一个“性”字了得
No Fans? “No Fret!” 赛场没人气？“咱可没生气！”
No Bill, No Bell. 美以首脑会议不欢而散

Parody: a piece of writing, music, acting, etc. that deliberately copies the

style of sbsth in order to be amusing; temporary transformation of
allusions, proverbs, famous sayings, ect. →New wine in an old bottle
Parody---《吉祥三宝》之中国研究生版
师兄！
哎！
论文出来老板看过了吗？
看啦！
老板看完发到哪里去啦？
烂刊！
我怎么找也找不到它？
没人看啦！
论文、烂刊、学生就是吉祥的一家！
师姐！
哎！
论文完成就能毕业吗？
等项目结了！
项目结了就能答辩吗？
等老板批啦！
干完这些老板会多发money吗？
你会知道的！
老板、项目和money就是吉祥的一家！
师妹！

啊？
学校像太阳照着大家！
那老板呢？
老板是向日葵紧跟朝令夕改的太阳！
那我们呢？
我们是绿叶老实工作衬托红花！
噢！明白啦！
学校、老板和我们就是吉祥如意的一家！

a. The Old Man and the Economic Sea (The Old Man and the
Sea ) 关于一位老经济学者的事迹
b. A Tale of Two Hearts (A Tale of Two Cities) 一位病人换了人
造心脏的事
c. Candidate In the Wind
How a wavering Hilary Rodham Clinton finally decided to
declare
(Candle In the Wind «风中之烛»)
“风中”候选人摇摆不定的罗德姆•希拉里•克林顿缘何最后决
定宣布参选
d. They came
，
they saw
，
they were conquered.
仿拟古罗马恺撒大帝的名言I came， I saw， I conqu ered.（我
来了，我看到了，我征服了），此处表现了法国球迷因自己的球队在

韩日世界杯小组赛就被淘汰而遭受到的失望与无奈，形象地展示了法
国队的尴尬境地。
e. The son also rises 儿子照样上位
这是一篇国际新闻，报道 的是某国领导人让自己的儿子来接班引
起外界的非议。结果儿子照样继承了父亲的职位。这里的“son ”和
“sun”是同音字，让人很容易联想到美国作家海明威的著名小说The
sun also rises，达到了讽刺、戏谑的效果。
f. TO SAVE OR NOT TO SAVE
The Immigrants’ Dilemma: To Boycott or Not to Boycott?
(To be or not to be is a question)

Pun:
Soccer Kicks Off with Violence (足球开踢，拳打脚踢)
Terror Strikes Heart of US (恐怖袭击美国心脏)
Royal Ballet Keeps Fans on Their Toes (皇家芭蕾，奉献绝技)
A New Harvest of Troubles (农产品丰收，新问题成堆)

Antithesis:
a. Rich Man, Poor Man (富球星，穷观众) (一篇有关球星高额薪金导
致赛票价格昂贵、观众承受不起情况的报道)
b. Capital Rich, Revenue Poor (资本雄厚，收益可怜)

Allusion:
a. Pandora‟s Box 潘朵拉的盒子
（据希腊神话，潘朵拉是主神宙斯(Zeus)命火神用粘土制成的人类第
一个女性。宙斯命潘 朵拉带着一个盒子下凡，潘朵拉私自打开盒子，
于是里面的疾病，罪恶，疯狂等各种祸害全跑出来散布到 世界上。作
者Brian Hook用此典故作为文章的标题，表明他对1998年中国取消
福利分房政策所带来后果的担心。）
b. It‟s D-Day for Village Near Diana‟s Grave 戴安娜王妃去世，参观墓
地者如潮
（D-Day是第二次世界大战中1944年6月6日同盟 国军队进攻西欧
的日子。戴安娜王妃1997年在巴黎车祸中遇难后，安葬在苏格兰故
乡一个村 庄附近。文章作者用此典故以说明大批参观者的到来。）

Note: 据观察，美国报刊不如英国报刊那样讲究修辞手段，因而美国
报刊的标题大多要比英国的容易解读。
3. Features
Headlines are the hooks that catch the fish. They need to be concise
and forceful, and to make an instant impact. This explains one of their
major distinguishing features: the tendency to dramatize. There are
several ways they achieve this.
i) Headlines use shorter but stronger, more emotive words than the
subject really warrants. For example, “cut” is sharper and more

eye- catching than “reduction”, “boost” suggests more and bigger activity
than “increase”, and “collapse” is more expressive than “fall”.
Could you find the more dramatic words in the following headlines
and try to explain their meanings?
e.g.: Shares Plunge As Recession Bites
Catastrophic Error Forces Manager Onto The Defensive
30,000 Jobs To Be Axed
Oil Prices Soar As Gulf States Cut Production
Manager Quits After Stormy Confrontation With Fans


Note: Plunge (fall), bite (reason), present tense. In the October 2008
worldwide stock market collapse, the word “bloodbath”(大屠杀) was
frequently used.
Present tense conveys a sense of immediacy. “Catastrophic”
obviously dramatizes the situation, while “defensive” has military
overtone and creates a sense of emergency.
Axe (lostcut). The use of the infinitive to denote the future invites
the reader to feel he is on the top of an important event.
Soar: increase dramatically;
Storm: violent disagreement

Air: make known宣扬
Annul: to cancel or abolish
Back: support, approve of
Ban bar: prohibit(ion), prevent(ion)
Bid: attempt, offer
Blast: explosion, strong criticism
Blow: setback, disappointment
Balk: impede
Bilk: cheat
Boom: a sudden large increase
Boost: promotepromotion, increase
Clash: an argument or conflict
Curb: restraint, restriction, control
DuckSlash: reduce quickly and suddenly
Drama: action, incident
Deal: an agreement
Eye: watch with interest目击
Feud: strong disagreement
Foil: prevent
Flay: accuse, criticize strongly
Gap: discrepancy, interval
Go-ahead: approval

Graft: corruption
Gut: destroy completely by fire
Heist: theft
Hit: affect adversely
Haul: large quantity which has been stolen and later discovered 大笔赃物
Head off: to prevent
Ink: sign
Irk: to irritate, annoy, or bother
Loom: approach with a sense of threat
Lash: to attack violently
Lash out: criticize strongly
Line: position, demand
Loot: confiscate
Lop: diminish
Mar: damage
Mob: large gang, uncontrolled crowd
Mishap: unfortunate happenings
Molest: to bother or annoy
Nab: arrest, capture
Net (v): capture; (a.): total
Ordeal: an unpleasantpainful experience
Pact: treaty, agreement

Poised: ready for action
Probe: investigate, investigation
Prod: instigate, stimulate
Pledge: promise (PM pledges new deal for unemployed)
Plea: strong request
Rap (v.n.): criticizeaccusation
Rattle: to confuse, make nervous
Rock: surprise, astonish
Rout: defeat
Row: quarrel or disagreement
Shun: abandon
Snub: neglect
Stall: interrupt
Stamp: trample
Stem: check
Sway: influence or persuade
Smash: break up or destroy
Snag: problem, difficulty
Snub: to pay no attention to
Swindle: an unlawful way of getting money
Swoop: sudden attack or raid
Table: to lay aside for future discussion 提出，把列入议事日程；推迟

Thwart: obstruct
Top: exceed
Vie: compete
Wed: marry
Whitewash: to hide or cover up the faults or errors
Woo: pursue

ii) They use the minimum number of words. The newspaper
headline cuts out the words which, though necessary grammatically, are
redundant with regard to meaning. In particular, the definite and
indefinite articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns
are usually omitted, and past passive verbs are often reducing to their past
participles. Sometimes, even the subject and content words are omitted on
the condition that the omission won‟t cause misunderstandings.
e.g.: Ballots, Not (Want) Bullets =(Algerians Want) Ballots, (Do)
Not (Want) Bullets
Have Dollars, Will Sell= (If You) Have Dollars, (They) Will
Sell
Besides, the headline tends to use abbreviations (clippings,
acronyms, initialisms) to make it more concise but eye- catching.
Clippings:
corp (corporation) teens (teenagers) info (information)

porn(pornography) execs(executives) chute (parachute)
quake (earthquake) tec (detective) script (prescription)
asst (assistant) dept (department) crack (crack cocaine)
final (the final race) senior (a senior citizen) Aussie＝Australian
biz＝business telly＝television expo＝exposition(博览会)
champ＝champion con＝convict(罪犯) bn=billion
grad＝graduate homo＝homosexual lib＝liberation
pro＝professional rep＝representative sec＝secretary
copter ＝helicopter vet＝veteran(老兵；老手) vic＝victory
narc = narcotics agent(缉毒探员) perm = permanent wave(烫发)
pub= public house (小酒馆) nat„l＝national
com‟l＝commercial(商业的；广告) c„tee＝committee(委员会)
C‟wealth＝Commonwealth(英联邦) govtgov‟t＝government
e.g.:
1. EEC Warns Nuke Arms Spread (nuke=nuclear) 欧盟警告当
心核武器扩散
2. New Groups Boost Hi-Tech Research (hi- tech=high
technology) 新集团加速高科技研发
3. Armenian Gov’t Will Close TV Station (Gov’t=government)
亚美尼亚将关闭其电视台
4. Soviet Sub Probably Not Worth US Salvage (sub=submarine)
苏联潜艇不值美国打捞
5．Overseas Co-ops to Get Boost (co-ops=cooperations) 海外合
作有望加强

iii) Tense is carefully used to create a sense of immediacy, i.e. a sense

of the present or near future so as to convince the reader of the relevance
of what is to follow. The present tense gives the subject a sense of
freshness, making it more interesting to read. Often this means using the
present tense or using past participle to imply the present perfect, using
present participle to imply the present progressive and using infinitive to
imply the future.
The reader should be aware that she is being manipulated. Her
attention is being demanded, she is being told that what she will read
about is dramatic or significant and she is receiving the news with a
particular focus. A discerning reader will be aware of what is going on
and make the necessary adjustments in order to come to her own
judgment.

Ex: Match each wordphrase in the box to a gap in the headlines.
Each word should only be used once and where necessary, you must
modify the word. For example, “boost” may need to become “boosts”,
“boosting”, or “boosted”.

Aid Axe Bid Boost Cut Dash
Deal Plea Pledge Quit Slash Spark

1. Sarkozy Break With Past In Order To Ailing French

Economy
Nicholas Sarkozy, France‟s new President, today promised that his
government would introduce measures to make the French economy
more competitive and productive. Included is the abolition of the 35-hour
week introduced under the former socialist premier, Lionel Jospin.
2. Miao As For Falls On Deaf Ears
Yesterday in New York Mr. Miao resigned as President of the WCLA
(the World Cat Lovers Association) as his urgent request for new funds
for the city‟s stray cats was rejected by the UN Secretary-General. “Cat
lovers everywhere”, he said, “look to the UN for a lead. Sadly this is
lacking at present”. The Secretary-General made it clear that there were
other priorities for the UN. In any case, as he told reporters, this is the
year of the dog.
3. Interest Rates In For Growth
Desperate to stimulate growth and fend off recession, the Federal
Reserve Board today announced an unusually large reduction in interest
rates.
4. Jobs In To Costs
The government announced today that two hundred civil service jobs
would disappear in an attempt to reduce expenditure in government
departments, while new funds would become available to entrepreneurs
wishing to set up small businesses.

5. University With Animal Testing Lab Protests
Agreement was reached between the University of West Wyoming
and the Animal Testing Centre yesterday. The Animal Testing Centre,
which is situated only three miles from the university campus, was
immediately besieged by protesters waving placards accusing researchers
of cruelty to animals.