写作必背单词和短语
论文题目大全-金刚经原文
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写作必背单词和短语
(一) 全局变量类词汇
1. 表明了 indicate, reveal, confirm, reflect,
demonstrate, convey, imply, illustrate
2. 重要
vital, crucial, essential, significant, profound,
play a key role
3. 我认为 I guess, I suppose, I
assume, I maintain, I insist, personally, from the
personal
perspective, in my eyes, in my view,
I’m convinced that
4. 事件,现象 issue, incident,
event, occurrence
5. 热门的 heated, urgent,
burning, pressing, prevail, rampant, prevalent
6. 面临,见证 confront, encounter, witness
7.
争议, 争论 controversy, debate, contend, dispute
8. 棘手的 intractable, involved, troublesome,
tough, stubborn
9. 解决方案 solution, approach,
recipe, scheme
10. 有效的 valid, sound,
effectual, efficacious, potent
(二)
话题型Issue词汇
1. counterproductive
adj.产生相反效果（结果）的
e.g. It is
counterproductive
to be too tough: it just
makes the staff resentful.
2. seminal
adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的
e.g. in the seminal
state （在萌芽状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminal
principle（基本原则）
3. forgo v.放弃
choice to
forgo
his security is always available,
although it might carry unpleasant
consequence.
4. intuition n.直觉
e.g.I
will trust my strong
intuition
that free
will is an essential part of our being as humans.
5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由
e.g. In
the final analysis, government cannot
philosophically
satisfy
assisting large
cities for the
purpose of either promoting or
preserving the nation's cultural traditions; nor
is government
assistance necessary toward
these ends.
6. resort to … 诉诸…
is no
necessity to
resort to
violent actions
such as demonstration, riot or rebel.
7. hinge
on … 以…为转移，靠…转动
e.g. The claim that society’s
destiny
hinges on
how children are
socialized, while appealing in
some respects,
is an over-statement at best.
8. lend some
credence to … 提供支持
e.g. Recent advances in
molecular biology and genetics
lend some
credence to
this position, by
suggesting
that these determining physical forces include our
own individual genetic makeup.
9. dimension
n.大小；体积；程度；范围
e.g. I did not realize the
dimensions
of the problem.
10. amount
to … 相当于；等于
e.g. What you say
amounts to
a direct accusation.
11. inspire v.激励或鼓舞
e.g. To begin with, learning about key
historical figures
inspires
us to achieve
great things
ourselves --- far more so than
learning about the conditions of groups of people.
12. provide necessary impetus for … 给与…动力
e.g. It is almost always a key individual who
provide the necessary imputes for
what
otherwise
might be a group effort, as
discussed below.
13. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例
e.g. educational
paradigms
14.
obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧
e.g. Generally speaking,
then, undue attention to the efforts and
contributions of various groups
tends to
obscure
the cause and effect relationship
with which the study of history is chiefly
concerned.
15. nascent adj.初生的
a
nascent
conditionstagestate || a
nascent
industry literatureart
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写作必背单词和短语
16.
irrespective of whether … 无论如何
e.g. While we
must invest in research
irrespective of
whether
the results might be controversial.
17. draw a distinction between … 区分…
useful approach is to
draw a distinction
between
personal morality and public
morality.
18. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素
e.g. circumstance often serves as a
catalyst
for heroism.
19. proviso
n.限制性条款；（附带）条件
e.g. Aside from the two
forgoing
provisos
, however, I
fundamentally disagree with the speaker’s
claim.
20. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报
e.g. legal
proceeding
||
governmental
proceedings
21. thwart
v.反对；妨碍；挫败
e.g. the government’s strategies
for
thwarting
specific plans of an
international terrorist or a drug
trafficker.
22. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的
society is changing at a speed which is quite
unprecedented
.
23. inexorable adj.
不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的
are
inexorable
||
the
inexorable
march of science
24.
take precedence over … 居先于…;优先于…
e.g. This
interest might
take precedence over
the
historic value of an old structure that stands in
the way of a parking structure.
25. serve
as a substitute for …取代…
be superceded by
代替；取代
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees
survival, whereas idealistic views tend to
be
superceded by
simpler, more immediate
options.
26. emerge from … 源自于：（in every age
and culture some worthwhile art and literature
emerges
from
the mediocrity.）
27.
名人
notable figures
celebrity
elite
personality （television
personalities
）
28. 普遍；普及
prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的
（the
prevailing view
in Western corporate
culture ||
prevailing
principle）
29.
灌输；教育
instill v. （Courtesy must be
instilled
in childhood || Morality may be
instilled
into their
minds）
inculcate v. （
inculcate
the young
with a sense of duty.）
impart v. （A good
teacher
imparts
wisdom to his pupils.）
foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural
exchange will certainly help
foster
friendly
relations between our two
universities. || detect and
foster
artistic talent. || to
foster
an interest
in
music）
nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养 （While
the speaker might overlook the benefits of
nurturing
certain emotions and feels, on
balance I agree that …）
30. 若干重；若干刃
a
double-edged sword 双刃剑
e.g. This type of
advertisement can be
a doubt-edged sword
,
when the product does not make
the person “be
like” the person in the advertisement, there can
be disappointment and
disillusionment with the
product.
a two-edged weapon 双重武器
e.g. As
is so often pointed out, knowledge is
a two-
edged weapon
which can be used equally for
good or evil.
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写作必背单词和短语
twofoldthreefoldmanifold
adj.双重三重多种
e.g. We have to ask ourselves very
seriously what will happen is this
twofold
use of knowledge,
with its ever-increasing
power, continues.
e.g. The City Council has
a
manifold
plan to beautify the city.
消除；减轻
eliminate v. 排除，消除
（
eliminate
the false and retain the true
||
eliminate
the possibility of=
preclude the possibility of）
diminish v.
使减小，使变少 （
diminish
one’s reputation ||
diminish
the cost of production）
undermine v.破坏，削弱 （formal study of the present
culture at the expanse of studying past
cultures can
undermine
the function of
higher education, and ultimately provide a
disservice to
students and to society.）
恶化；加剧
exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼
e.g. The problems would only be
exacerbated
were these decisions left
exclusively to federal
regulators.
过度；过分
exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的 （
exorbitant
rents ||
exorbitantly
expensive ||
exorbitant
amount
of money）
undue
adj.过度的；过分的 （apply
undue
pressure to make
s.b. change his mind）
导致、造成
pose
引起某事物，造成，提出
e.g. Winter
poses
particular difficulties for the elderly.
render v.致使，造成
e.g. Your action has
rendered
our contract invalid.
breed
v.导致；造成
e.g. The speaker unfairly suggests
that large cities serve as the primary
breeding ground
and
sanctuaries for a
nation’s cultural traditions..
burgeon
v.迅速发展；发芽 （
burgeoning
cities ||
burgeoning
Internet commerce）
outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物
e.g. A third
uniquely contemporary problem is an
outgrowth
of the inexorable advancement of
scientific knowledge.
探求、努力：
seek to
…探求，寻求
e.g. One compelling argument in favor
of a global university has to do with the fact
that its faculty
and students would bring
diverse cultural and educational perspectives to
the problems they
seek
to
solve.
strive to …努力
e.g. students should
strive to
excel in the specific requirements
of their major course of study
probe
v.n.探求，探查
e.g.
probe
a matter to the
bottom 寻根究底
资助、赞助：
subsidize v.资助, 津贴
（
Subsidizing
cultural traditions is not a
proper role of government.）
patron n.资助人；赞助人
（cultural
patron
）
on the patronage of
…
e.g. culture has always depended primarily
on the patronage of
private individuals
and
businesses.
under the auspices of …
e.g. During this period, significant
scientific advances occurred
under the
auspices of
the
government.
增强、提高
escalate v.增强,提高,升级 （the
escalating
cost of addressing these problems）
enhancepromoteaugmentelevate v.
(
elevate
notion about …）
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写作必背单词和短语
(三) 逻辑连接类词汇
1. 表示先后次序
Previously, anteriorly,
simultaneously, coinstaneously, ultimately,
eventually, posteriorly
2. 表示因果关系
Being
that, owning to, in virtue of, in view of, in
respect that, on account of, consequently, hence,
inevitablely, resultingly, thereupon,
whereupon,
3. 表示转折关系
Nevertheless,
whereas, howbeit, instead, conversely, not
withstanding
4. 表示递进关系
Furthermore,
withal, ultriorly, detailedly, minutely,
5.
表示类比关系
Similarly, in like manner, likewise,
analogous, approximately,
6. 表示强调关系
Especially, particularly, determinately,
authentically, undoubtedly, undeniable,
definitely,
demonstrably, assuredly,
(四) 含有否定意义的肯定词汇
Fail, denial, refuse,
miss, neglect, in ignorance of, in vain,