怎么写周记-克服困难的名言

Unit 1 Education
1. 问答题
1) The F word discussed in the essay is flunking.
2) Sherry’s attitude toward the F word is positive.
3) What reasons does the author give for believing that the threat of flunking
students is a positive teaching tool?
Flunking is a healthy threat to students and can ensure the education quality. By
contrast, Many students are angry and resentful for having been passed along until
they could no longer even pretend to keep up.
4) What choice does the author want to give to students? Why is she particularly
interested in the subject?
The choice for students is whether to succeed through hard work or to fail without the
threat of being flunked. The author is particularly interested in this subject because
she herself teaches an adult-literacy class and her own son improved greatly after
being threatened with flunking by a strict teacher
5) In what sense does the author think that the educational system cheats the
students and employers?
The present educational system is not strict enough with students so that they can
easily graduate with diplomas. However, many of them find that they are incompetent
for their jobs because of their semi-illiteracy
6) Why have students at night school decided to make education a priority?
Because they are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the
one they’ve got
7) What is the point of this essay? What does it have to do with the subject of
learning?
The essay aims at urging students to take a positive attitude towards flunking because
working hard at school will eventually help students to be qualified for their future
jobs.
2. 词汇题
1)This research seems to lend some validity（有力的） to the theory that the durg
might cause cancer.
2) In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment（障碍）
to progress.
3) Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌卡）: without her signature none of
the money could be released.
4) I flunked（挂科） my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of
college
5) I didn’t want to lose my composure（镇静） in front of her.
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6) The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）.
7) For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade（一系列） of
local residents giving their opinions
8) Thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头） if emergency aid does not arrive
in the city soon.
9) Brierley’s book has the merit（优点）of being both informative and readable
10) I think there was a conspiracy（阴谋）to keep me out of the committee
3. 改写题
1) These diplomas won’t look any different from those awarded their luckier
classmates.
resemblance(n.)
These diplomas bear a close resemblance to those awarded their luckier classmates.
2) I blamed the poor academic skills our kids have today on drugs.
accusation (n.)
My accusation against our kids for their poor academic skills was that they took
drugs.
3) Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational-repair shops.
enroll (v.)
Eventually a fortunate few enroll into educational-repair shops.
4) However, if style alone won’t do it, there is another way to show.
work (v.)
However, if this style won’t work, there is another way to show.
5)We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can’t learn if they come from
terrible environments.
excuse (n.)
Our excuse for this dishonest behavior is that kids can’t learn if they come from
terrible environments.
6) Tens of thousands of 18-years-olds will graduate this year and be handed
meaningless diplomas.
grant (v.)
Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be granted meaningless
diplomas.

4. 翻译题
1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop hisintellectual talents but
always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.
我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能 蒙混过关。直到施蒂夫特太太当了
他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。

2) No one seems to stop to think that — no matter what environments they come from
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— most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at
stake.
似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发 现情况到了危
急关头，才不会把功课当作头等大事呢。

3) Of average intelligence or above, they eventually quit school, concluding they were
too dumb to finish.
这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。
4) Young people generally don’t have the maturity to value education in the same way
my adult students value it.
年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那样重视教育。
5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students
have the ability to learn the material presented to them.
这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。
6) This means no more doing Scott’s assignments for him because he might fail. No
more passing Jodi because she’s such a nice kid.
这意味着再也不要因为担心斯科特会不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩子就放
她过关。

3

Unit 2Love
1. 问答题
1) Under what circumstances was the author proposed to?
When she was Windexing the bathroom mirror.
2) Why does the author say that it was her turn to get married?
Because she was already 40 years old, and she had gracefully stepped aside and
watched both her twin sister and baby sister take the matrimonial plunge before her.
3) Who played the major role in the arrangement for the wedding, the author or
her fiancé?The author.
4) Why does the author say that the universe tried to thwart her?
Because the Greek band from Los Angeles that she wanted wasn’t available. The
stitching she had requested for her cathedral veil was all wrong. Her ivory silk gown
was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore. And with their wedding just a few
weeks away, most of her guests were responding after the deadline.
5) What made the author stop thinking about her wedding?
George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hare hardship with
his beloved fiancée.
6) What kind of person do you think George was?
George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hardship with his
beloved fiancée.
7) What was the doctor’s prognosis of the author’s mother’s disease?
The cancer hadn’t spread.
8) What did the author learn from taking care of her mother?
She learned how to cook, how to take care of her diseased mother and realized how
consummately her mother had cared for her and her sisters.
9) What does the wedding gift refer to?
What’s really important to her life.
2. 词汇题
1)It is not easy for chinese people to respond properly to others’ compliments and equally difficult
for them to accept criticisms gracefully（优雅）.
2) We should be truly thankful to Mr. Deng Xiaoping for taking the plunge（做一个决定） and
initiating the economic reform in china.
3) Unfortunately, television studios are strangely designed and dressing-rooms are often miles away
from the studio, so we had to find a place where she and her entourage（随从人员）could relax in
comfort without the need to climb stairs.
4) What is the use of whining about（发牢骚） your bad luck? It is more important to find the real
cause of your misfortune.
5) The rising real estate prices thwarted（阻碍） his ambition of owning a houses of his own in the
big city. Disappointed, he returned to his hometown.
6) The old woman sat silently beside her collapsed hous, her eyes brimming with（充满） tears and
hatred.
7) He writes clearly and lightheartedly about the 100 best rivers and gives his expert advice on how
to navigate（航行） their reaches.
8) Outside the forest the snow was already six inches deep and growing steadily, relentlessly（无情
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地，残忍地） deeper.
9) There is no doubt that his duty extends to informing his patient, if asked, of the nature of his
illness and its likely prognosis（预测，诊断）.
10) Those who are climbing the career ladder fast may use alcohol as a booster to help them to
achieve, and those who recognize that they have failed to reach the top may also turn to alcohol, in
an attempt to bolster（支持，提升） their failing self-image.
11) A typically chinese countryside house is one whose eaves protrude（伸出，突出） over the wall.
12) The ship came back from the region that had just been attacked by a strange disease. Thus the
health officials placed all its crew in quarantine（检疫）.
3. 改写题
1) There is something in his pattern of behavior that will remind you of some addictive
or compulsory behaviors.
reminiscent (a.)
There is something in his pattern of behavior that is very reminiscent of some
addictive or compulsive behaviors.
2) I could not bear thinking that my mother would not be present at my wedding
ceremony.
unbearable (a.)
The thought of my mother not being present at my wedding ceremony was unbearable.
3) After consulting with the doctor, I learned that my father could do nothing but
receive lung surgery.
option (n.)
After consulting with the doctor, I learned that lung surgery was my father’s only
option.
4) There was no reason why the prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne.
beyond (prep.)
The prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne beyond all reason.
5) I am thinking about what the poor family will be like in the future.
hold (v.)
I am thinking about what the future will hold for the poor family.
6) The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese
Premier and 28 other people who came together with the Premier.
entourage (n.)
The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese
Premier and his 28-member entourage.
7) The good news filled all the students with strong anticipations.
brim (v.)
At the good news, all the students brimmed with strong atricipations.
8) Does he mean that those with AIDS should be forced to live in a place that will not
pose any threat to the other people?
quarantine (v.)
Does he mean that those with AIDS should be quarantine from the other people?
4. 翻译题
5

1) I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian café, under dazzling stars,
like the one in a Van Gogh knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment. Instead, my
boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Windexing the bathroom mirror.
我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的 晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。那个咖啡馆就像
凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的画室墙上 就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。然而，我男朋友却是
在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的时候叫我嫁给他
2) But the more time and effort I put in, the more the universe tried to thwart me. The
Greek band from Los Angeles that I wanted wasn’t available. The stitching I had
requested for my cathedral veil was all wrong. My ivory silk gown was being
quarantined somewhere in Singapore.
但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过 不去。没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。
我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。 我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离
在新加坡的某个地方。
3) I realized that a Big Day without my mother would be no day at all. Not having my
dad, who passed away three years before, to walk me down the aisle was painful, but
the thought of not having Mom there was unbearable.
我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。老爸已经在三 年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣
坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂 就让我觉得无法忍受。
4) Our baby sister, who’d been looking after Mom since Dad’s death, was gripped by
fear as the familiar sights and smells were eerily reminiscent of his final days. After
consulting with doctors, we learned that stomach surgery was Mom’s only option. We
took the first opening.
小妹自家父去世以来一直照顾着妈妈，这时恐惧占据了她的心 ，此情此景让她不由得想起家父
临终的日子。咨询医生后，我们得知胃部手术是妈妈唯一的选择。医院一 有床位我们就住进去
了。
5) What’s more, caring for my mom made me realize how consummately she had
cared for all of us. I’ll never forget when I went to see her in the intensive-care unit,
just a few hours after her surgery. She was strung out with a myriad of plastic tubes
protruding from her arms, nose, and mouth. “Liz, make sure you eat something,” she
said in a strained, raspy voice.
此外，照顾母亲也让我认识到她当年照料 我们是多么地尽心。我永远也不会忘记，她刚动完手
术几个小时后，我到特护病房去看她。她躺在那里， 手臂、鼻孔和嘴巴里插了那么多的塑料导
管，她却吃力、沙哑地说道：“莉兹，你一定要吃点东西。
6) I’ve forgotten what kind of stitching is in my veil. But when I remove it from mu
face, I'll be staring at the two people l love beyond all reason: my soon-to-be husband
and the woman who showed me what’s really important.
我 已经忘记面纱上的刺绣。但在我掀开面纱的时候，我肯定会脉脉地注视着我所最爱的两个人：
我的未婚夫 和让我懂得人生要义的那个女人——我的母亲。

6

Unit 3 Health
1. 问答题
1) The ads in full-color magazines portrayed cigarettes as healthy or sexy.
2) The tobacoo companies had concealed the truth from the public for half a
century.
3) What had the doctor thought about the cigarettes in the early 20th century?
Many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk, although the scientific
studies of the era often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology.
4) Why did the tobacco companies increase the content of nicotine in the
cigarettes?
They did this to make the cigarettes more addictive to smokers. In this way, they could
spike consumers and it would be harder for smokers to quit cigarettes.
5) When did Big Tobacco understand the harm of cigarettes?
More than half a century ago. According to the jury, Big Tobacco has engaged in a
40-year conspiracy of hiding the health risks of cigarettes from the public.
6) What is the role of 29 historians in the federal case in 2004?
They were hired by Big Tobacco. By asking narrow questions and responding to them
with narrow research, they provided precisely the cover the Big Tobacco needed.
7) How do you understand the “pitfalls in combining scholarship with battle
against the deadly pandemic of cigarette smoking”? Why did Dr. Brandt say he
had little alternative?
There are possible risks and dangers when a scientist goes beyond scientific research
into the fight against smoking, but Dr. Brandt’s conscience left him with no other
choice.
2. 词汇题
1) Given the sophistication（成熟）of modern machines, there is little that require
manual labor.
2) After the police released their report, john was exonerated（开脱） from all
responsibility for the accident.
3) The world constructed by online games seems to many youngsters a reasonable
surrogate（代理） for “real life”, although what they see is not real in the least.
4) In a speech at the Congress, the president extolled（赞美） the virtues of free
enterprise and expressed his distaste for the blatant hegemony in IT industry.
5) He soon became notorious because he enjoyed deriving perverse（倒行逆施）
satisfaction from embarrassing people.
6) I endorse（赞同，支持，认可签署） everything that has been said from both sides
of the House in support and admiration of him and of the courage and fortitude that he
and his family have displayed.
7

7) The opposition members of the parliament derided（嘲笑，嘲讽） the Government’s
response to the crisis.
8) The poor woman was defrauded（骗取）of her money by a dishonest accountant.
9) The other guests were stunned into silence as he began swinging into the gaggle(a
gaggle of 一群) of giggling photographers and kicking at them frantically.
10) Back to the US, the sly businessman was faced with racketeering charges that
may send him to life imprisonment.

3. 改写题
1)After careful analysis that took the better part of July, the investigators announced
that the driver should not be held responsible for the traffic accident.
exonerate (v.)
After careful analysis that took the better part of July, the investigators exonerated the
driver from responsibility for the traffic accident.
2)The coach shows strong aversion to theoretical teachings because he is convinced
that theoretical learning cannot replace actual swimming.
surrogate (n.)
The coach shows strong aversion to theoretical teachings because he is convinced that
theoretical learning is no surrogate for actual swimming.
3)When the idea of the flying machine was first proposed, people laughed at it and
thought it silly.
deride (v.)
When the idea of the flying machine was first proposed, people derided it as silly.
4) The invention of the silicon chip was a very important event in the history of the
computer.
landmark (n.)
The invention of the silicon chip was a landmark event in the history of the computer.
5) Although a few delegates give full support to everything the Chairperson has said,
most hold different opinions.
Endorse (v.)
Although a few delegates fully endorse everything the Chairperson has said, most hold
different opinions.
6)To incite false alarm and blind patriotism, the government spread false information
about the risk of terrorist attacks in other cities of the US.
disinformation (n.)
To incite false alarm and blind patriotism, the government spread disinformation
about the risk of terrorist attacks in other cities of the US.
7) In the trial that followed, Dr. Brandt as one of the best-reputed experts in medical
research was required to give his testimony.
sequential (a.)
In the sequential trial, Dr. Brandt as one of the best-reputed experts in medical
research was required to give his testimony.
8) After disappearing from public sight for 6 months, he pleaded guilty for getting
8

$$400,000 from various clients and distributors.
defraud (v.)
After disappearing from public sight for 6 months, he pleaded guilty for defrauding
$$400,000 from various and distributors.
4. 翻译题
1) In sequential testimony, each one stated that he did not believe tobacco was a health
risk and that his company had taken no steps to manipulate the levels of nicotine in its
cigarettes.
在随后的 证词中，每个人都陈述自己不相信烟草会给健康带来风险，而且自己的公司从未采取
措施来操纵香烟中尼 古丁的含量。
2) Dr. Brandt … amply demonstrates that Big Tobacco understood many of the health
risks of their products long before the 1964 surgeon general’s report.
布兰特博士用充足的证据证明，早在1964 年卫生局局长的报告发表前，各大烟草巨头就已了
解了自家产品对健康造成的诸多风险。
3) Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral rather than a
health- conscious tone, especially for women who wanted to smoke, although even
then many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk.
在20世 纪初期，对香烟的抵制带着道德的口吻，而不是出于对健康的关注，对想抽烟的女性
更是如此，不过即使 在当时，许多医生已经关注到吸烟会给健康造成风险
4) And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at
youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers.
在他们的营销备忘录中，记录了他们针对青少年发动的广告运动，旨在诱惑一代代的新烟民。
5) Instead, these experts focused primarily on a small group of skeptics of the dangers
of cigarettes during the 1950s, many of whom had or would eventually have ties to the
tobacco industry.
相反，这些专家主要关注的是20世纪50年代的一小撮对香烟危害的怀疑论者， 他们中的大部
分人要么就是当时就与烟草业有勾结，要么最终也会同烟草业勾结起来。
6) Last August, she concluded that the tobacco industry had engaged in a 40-years
conspiracy to defraud smokers about tobacco’s health dangers.
去年八月，她总结认为，烟草业策划了一场长达40年的阴谋，向烟民隐瞒烟草对健康的危害。


9

Unit 4Technology
1. 问答题
1) Why do people from all walks of life flock to e-mail as they would to any new
medium of expression? What do they do via e-mail?
They flock to e-mail because it is convenient, saves time, brings people closer to one
another, helps them manage their ever-more complex lives. They write books, conduct
campaigns, commit crimes and almost do everything via e-mail.
2) In what sense is e-mail both the catalyst and the instrument of the change of
the way people interact with each other?
E-mail captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority
that few other products of digital technology can claim. The pace of life seems ever
faster than before. E-mail simultaneously allows to cope with the acceleration and
contributes to it. E-mail, in this sense, is both the catalyst and the instrument of the
change.
3) What did research scientists originally set out to do with the Internet when
they began to cook it up back in 1968?
When research scientists first began cooking it up in 1968, their primary goal was to
enable disparate computing centers to share resources.
4) How did e-mail help the writer cope with the pressures of new-fatherhood and
full-time freelance writing when his first child was born?
When the writer’s first child was born, e-mail seemed to him a perfect gift designed to
help him cope with the irreconcilable pressures of new-fatherhood and fulltime
freelance writing. It saved him time and money without ever requiring him to leave the
house. It salvaged his social life, allowed him to conduct interviews as a reporter and
kept a lifeline open to his far-flung extended family.
5) Why, according to Jenn Shreve, can e-mail help to initiate romance, especially
for those who were shy or had painful romantic failures in the past?
According to Jenn Shreve, this is because e-mail offers a semi-risk- free environment to
initiate romance. E-mail lacks the immediate threat of physical rejection, so those who
are shy or had painful romantic failures in the past can use it as a way to build a
relationship in the early romantic stages.
6) E-mail helps flatten hierarchy in the work place. How?
It is far easier to make a suggestion to one’s superiors and colleagues via e-mail
than it is to do so in a pressure- filled meeting room. Also, anything when one has
something that is difficult to say, e-mail can make it easier. It serves as a buffer zone.
7) The writer captures the luxuries of e-mail, and meanwhile he adequately
touches on the dark side. Give examples.
Purveyors of pornography might jam our e-mail boxes full of outrageously prurient
advertisement via e-mail. Besides, e-mail is actually too easy, too casual, a perfect tool
for a culture of hyperstimulation.
8) How can e-mail enable radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration,
despite the dark side the writer has mentioned?
Worldwide, 225 million people who can send and receive e-mail represent a network
of potentially cooperating individuals which dwarfs anything that even the mightiest
corporation or government can muster. People can gather together to work on a
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multitude of projects, to pool their collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.
2. 词汇题
1)It is certainly undemocratic, and many people are beginning to feel that it border on
（相当于）
the unconstitutional.
2) Traditionally, organizations are constructed pyramidally, with a hierarchy（阶级资
料） most powerful at the top and progressively less so as the pyramid spreads
downwards
3) “No theory explains everything,” she remarks. “Yet it is just the desire to explain
everything which is the spur（阶级资料） of theory.”
4) The archaeologist in the film knew that there was a curse（祸因，诅咒） upon
anyone who entered the pyramid.
5) I have always believed tourism has an important part to play in the spreading of
understanding between countries, as well as being a catalyst（促进）for economic
development.
6) Her body looked diminished, almost shriveled（枯萎）,in the huge chair, and her
hands on the arms began very gently to shake.
7) The talks will not be easy and the fundamental differences between the parties
remain as potentially irreconcilable（不可调和的） as ever.
8) A real love song is infinitely more appropriate for Christmas than a trashy song
cooked up（编造）as a commercial gimmick.
9) A local builder offered to knock down the remains of the house in exchange for the
materials he could salvage（抢救）.
10) Edward now wore the manic look of some animal transferred into the wrong
environment, as though he might run amok（四处狂奔）, or bite.
11) Alan attempted to read every press clipping, interview anyone who ever knew the
movie star, andcobble together（拼凑）a book out of it.
12) Some sociologists tend to bemoan（哀悼） the loss of community in the face of
modern urbanism; there is a wistful longing for the past in their analysis of the modern
world.


3. 改写题
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1)I was condemned to spend half my workday just deleting junk.
doom (v.)
I was doomed to spend half my workday just deleting junk.
2)My e-mail account matters more than my eye.
would rather do sth. than do sth.
I’dratherlose an eye than lose my e-mail account.
3) E-mail allows us to cope with the ile, it contributes to it.
simultaneously (adv.)
E-mail simultaneously allows us to cope with the acceleration and contributes to it.
4) Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions
of people communicate, he says he didn’t set out originally to change the world.
initially (adv.)
Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions of
people communicate, he says he didn’t set out initially to change the world.
5) If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching
television, one could argue that the digital era has ushered in a new age of literacy —
more people are writing more words than ever before!
raise the curtain
If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching
television, one could argue that the digital era has raised the curtain on a new age
of literacy — more people are writing more words than ever before!
6)Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet magnifies
all efforts dramatically.
multiply (v.)
Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies
all efforts dramatically.
4. 翻译题
1) E-mail. Can’t live with it, can’t live without it.
电子邮件，我们不能靠它生活，但离了它也不行。
2) But it didn’t take very long before they discovered that the most important thing
was the ability to send mail around, which they had not anticipated at all.
然而，不久他们便发现（英特网）最重要的作用是散发邮件，这一点他们原先根本没有料想到。
3) Indeed, I finally knew for sure that the digital world was viscerally potent when I
found myself in the middle of a bitter fight with my mother -- on e-mail.
事实上，当我发现自己通过电子邮件与 母亲唇枪舌剑的时候，我终于明白数字世界本质上威力
何其之大。

4) Shegrasped, long before the Internet became a household word, how online
communication offered new possibilities for transcending physical limitations, how as
simple a thing as e-mail could bring us closer to those whom we love
在英特网家喻户晓之前很久，她便领悟到在线交流如何能提供新的可能，使人们超越身体的局
限 ，电子邮件这样简单的东西如何能把我们与我们所爱的人拉得更近。
5) With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and
often without even the spur of commercial incentives.
随着合作日趋频繁，合作本身已超越公司的界线，而且常常不受商业利诱的驱使。

12

Unit5 Success and Happiness
1. 问答题
1) Why does the author say that Aristotle got it right? And what does it here refer
to?
The author means that Aristotle got it right in stating the goal of life is happiness. It
refers to his opinion that eudaimonia, or happiness, is the goal of life.
2) What problems does the author mention that seem to make us unhappy?
Those problems such as a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined
relationships and solid social structures, etc. seem to make us unhappy but we cannot
state them clearly.
3) According to the author, what is everybody’s concept of happiness?
Why does the author say that “nor could we be surprised by the politics of
happiness”?
People usually summarize their happiness in terms of their work life, their community
life and family life. Because people seem to have agreed upon the opinions on what
makes us happy.
4) According to the author, why is the politics of happiness a notoriously difficult
subject for politicians to grasp?
There are two reasons: One is that politicians are often interested in those measurable
statistics such as inputs and outputs, targets and controls, and tend to ignore those
immeasurable concepts such as happiness and well-being, which are generally not
well served by statistical analysis. The other is related to their electoral cycles which
put them in a culture of short-termism, with a need for immediate, quantifiable
measurements and results.
5) What should the government do in bringing people happiness? Explain in
details.
The government should show leadership and set the framework. Showing leadership
means leading the change in the many areas that impact on well-being. For example,
everyone would agree that spending more time with family is crucial to happiness.
Here governments should be pioneers of flexible working with public-sector
employees.
6) How do you understand the author’s argument that we need to refocus our
energies on GWB – general well-being?
It means recognizing the social, cultural and moral factors that give true meaning to
our lives. In particular, it means focusing on a sustainable environment and building
stronger societies. And yes, it also means recognizing that there is more to life than
money: indeed, that quality of life means more than the quantity of money.
7) How does everyone of us get involved in building society’s happiness? Cite
example to illustrate your points.
Every one of us should play a part in it. So we need a revolution in responsibility.
Corporate responsibility means businesses taking a provocative role, and taking
account of their employees’ lives. Civic responsibility means giving power back to
local government, community organizations and social enterprises so they can
formulate local solutions to local problems. And personal responsibility means we all
do our bit in cleaning up our local environment or participating in local politics.
13

8) What do you think is the implied meaning of “If markets are so wonderful,
why can’t I find friends at the store?
Although we are in economic prosperity, we are losing one of the most important
things --- friendship, which could make us happy.
2. 词汇题
1) “You just can’t escape the fact（忽略事实）that we’re in a transformational period,”
Cole said. “the old way is not survivable. Investors, mangers and laborers all have
accepted that big things have to be done.”
2) I think you’ve just put your finger on（指出）the biggest problem facing the
Conservative party in this election.
3) The great conundrum（谜） of my life is that my public career continues to flourish
and expand even at a time when the music I love, the music I write, the music I
champion, the music on which I am the world’s leading expert, is utterly out of fashion
in every segment of musical society.
4) Flummoxed（使…混乱）by the surreality of history and the mind-boggling changes
unleased in the 60s, many writers in that era became minimalists, withdrawing,
turtlelike, inside their own homes and heads.
5) Hannah Arendt’s clear message is directed at the citizens of democratic societies
that the raison d’etre of politics is freedom.
6) According to a survey of college graduates recently released by the government’s
Council of Labor Affairs(CLA), the average starting monthly salary for college
graduates in 2006 decreased, which reveals stagnation（停滞）in economy.
7) Financial incentives（鼓励机制）are said to exist where an agent can expect some
form of material reward—especially money—in exchange for acting in a particular
way.
8) Girls form dalit families, the lowest in the caste hierarchy in India have the
yearning（渴望）for formal school education.
9) The heated argument is getting out of control. And it must be admitted that
Challenger is provocative（煽动的） in the last degree, but Summerlee has an acid
tongue, which makes matters worse.
10) Malaise（不舒服，不适） is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an “out
of sorts” feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease.
3. 改写题
1) It seems that people have to admit the fact that in developed societies, despite
progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.
14

escape ( v. )
It seems hard for people to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress,
innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.
2) It is difficult to measure how many people will be affected by the change in the law.
quantifiable( a. )
The influence made by the change in the law on people is not quantifiable.
3) Working parents have to face a tough problem of who will take care of their
children during school holidays.
conundrum ( n. )
Working parents have to face a conundrum of who will take care of their children
during school holidays.
4) Those social problems such as drug abusing, violent crimes of adolescents are very
difficult to solve, which is known to all, ever since their existence.
Notoriously( adv. )
Those social problems such as drug abusing, violent crimes of adolescents are
notoriously difficult to solve ever since their existence.
5) The government seems to be too interested in the measurable statistic numbers such
as gross national product.
obsessed ( a. )
The government seems to be obsessed with the measurable statistic numbers such as
gross national product.
6)It seems that a lot of politicians can not understand and are often confused by some
immeasurable concept such as the value people place on spending time with their
families.
flummoxed ( a. )
It seems that a lot of politicians are flummoxed by some immeasurable concept such as
the value people place on spending time with their families.
7)They claim that they have an uncomfortable feeling that something is wrong with
the society, with the persistently high inflation and unemployment.
malaise( n. )
They claim that the persistently high inflation and unemployment is the symptom of
economic malaise in the society.
8) People are amazed that these plants have devised some clever and new ways of
snatching nutrients from the air.
ingenuity( n. )
People are amazed at the ingenuity that these plants demonstrated of snatching
nutrients from the air.
4. 翻译题
1) It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation
and prosperity, there is something not quite right.
人们很难摆脱这样一种事实：在发达的社会，尽管社会进步，改革日新月异，物质富足 ，人们
却总觉得有些事情不大对劲。
2) Politicians, obsessed with inputs and outputs, targets and controls, are flummoxed
by immeasurable concepts such as the value people place on spending time with their
families.
15

政治家们满脑子的投入与产出 、目标与调控，而对于诸如人们有多看重与家人共度时光之类的、
无法用数字测量的概念，他们往往感到 困惑不已
3) Another reason is that electoral cycles lend themselves to a culture of short- termism,
with a need for immediate, quantifiable measurements and results.
另一与之相关的 原因是：一轮轮的竞选让他们置身于急功近利的氛围，期待立竿见影的量化的
测量手段与结果。
4) Today we need to be just as revolutionary to put us back on track to social
prosperity: to respond to that yearning for happiness.
今天， 我们需要如当初一样彻底改变思想，以便重新回到社会繁荣富强的轨道上。这种思想的
转变革新便是：积 极地响应对幸福的追求。
5) Setting the right framework means creating incentives and removing barriers to
remodel the context within which the whole of society makes choices.
制定恰当的规章制度，是指创设激励机制并排除障碍 来重建整个社会体系，这样，社会的各个
层面都能依此做出适当选择。
6) Given our advances in terms of political freedom, economic enterprise and cultural
ingenuity, life could, and should, be more satisfying.
既然 我们政治上已经更加自由，经济更加繁荣发展，文化更加百花齐放，那么我们的生活能够
并且应当更令人 满意。

16

Unit 6 Globalization
1. 问答题
1) “Globalization” in this essay meansinternational economic integration.
2) The author’s attitude toward globalization is to support its further development.
3) What are the main benefits brought by globalization mentioned in the first
part of the essay?
Both rich countries and poor countries are developing and the market economy’s
capacity to fulfill human needs is enhanced.
4) How does globalization provide great source of strength?
Globalization provides the world with greater economic opportunities and remarkable
resilience.
5) Why does the author mention the outbreak of World War I?
WWI is mentioned as an example of the reversal of globalization in history.
6) What’s the author’s opinion about cooperation and its function?
Cooperation is an essential part in the pursuit of progress and security.
7)How do you understand the “reversal” of globalization as mentioned by the
author? What are the possible reversals in the future as implied by the author?
The “reversal” of globalization refers to the end of free trade, investment and
migration. In the future, wars and wrong policies and the bypass of international laws,
agreements and institutions may cause reversals.
8)The title “Give Globalization a Hand” means “to help globalization develop
better”. Does the author put forward any suggestions that can achieve such a goal?
What is it?
Yes, the author offers two suggestions in order to give globalization a hand: One is
countries’ supporting its people in adapting to the market economy; another is the
adherence to international cooperation.
2. 词汇题
1) In the following week, the question reiterated （再次或反复说或做某事）itself in
his mind, but he was incapable of answering it.
2) We were very rapidly using up a certain kind of irreplaceable asset, namely the
tolerance margins which ourbenign（有利的）nature always provides.
3) Adisruptive（破裂的，分裂的）innovation is a technological innovation, product,
or service that eventually overturns the existing dominant technology or status quo
product in the market.
4) Thefiscal（财政或与财政有关的）income of Tibet Autonomous Region hit 1.06
billion yuan (US$$133 million) in the first six months of 2007, an increase of 26.7
percent year-on-year, according to sources with the region’s statistics bureau.
5) We apologize for thesluggishness（）of TypePad-powered sites this morning, and
we’re working to resolve the hardware problem that’s causing it.
17

6) The office boy tried todissipate（使消散，几乎弱到消失的程度）the smoke by
opening a window of the meeting room.
7) The concept that people are born equal isembodied（体现，代表）in the American
Constitution.
8) Victoria Beckham hasn’t quite picked up on all US customs, andincurred（遭受，
蒙受）the wrath of a waitress for allegedly failing to leave a tip.
9) He complains about his own staff as well, those who are notsubdued（克制，降低）
into silence.
10) Speeches or statements made in public thatvilify（污蔑，诋毁）people because of
their race, homosexuality,
transgender status or HIV or AIDS status in this state are against
the laws.
3. 改写题
1) With rapid economic growth, Chinese people are generally enjoying higher living
standards.
thanks to
Thanks to rapid economic growth, Chinese people are generally enjoying higher
living standards.
2) There is a force that accounts for the growth both in developed and developing
countries.
underlie ( v. )
There is a force underlying the growth both in developed and developing countries.
3) This is a world where nations become more and more interdependent.
increasingly ( adv. )
This is a world where nations become increasingly interdependent.
4) The fall in oil prices helped to lead to an increase in business activity.
bring about
The fall in oil prices brought about an increase in business activity.
5) As our knowledge increases, our perception of the mind becomes greater.
enlarge ( v. )
As our knowledge increases, our perception of the mind enlarges.
6) Although modern globalization has been strong until now, no one can be sure it will
last.
guarantee ( n. )
Although modern globalization has been strong until now, there’s no guarantee that it
will last.
7) Being unable to prevent violent conflict, the pre-baby- boom generations of the 20th
century suffered a lot.
inability ( n. )
The inability to prevent violent conflict made the pre-baby-boom generations of the
18

20th century suffer a lot.
8) We were harshly reminded that the Doha Round failed completely.
collapse ( n. )
We were harshly reminded of the collapse of the Doha Round.

4. 翻译题
1) In today’s global economy firms and countries no longer specialize in the
production of goods alone but increasingly in the finer tasks that make up the
manufacturing, commercial and financial processes, bringing about lower costs,
better quality and more choices for consumers.
在当今的全球 经济下，公司和国家不再专营商品生产，而是越来越专注于精细的任务。这些任
务贯穿制造、销售和财务 各过程，并实现降低成本、提高质量和为消费者提供更多选择的目的。
2) Globalization is providing the world with not only greater economic opportunities
but also a remarkable resilience to events that in the past would have proven highly
disruptive.
全球化提供 给我们这个世界的不止是更多经济发展的契机，还大大增强了我们的抵抗力，可以
轻松应对在过去颇具颠 覆力量的事件。
3) Just as with any other economic or social phenomenon, globalization faces risks
that could challenge its growth, or worse, cause its reversal.
正如其他任何经济或社会现象一样，全球化也面临着各种风 险。这些风险可能阻碍其进一步发
展，更有甚者，可能造成大逆转。
4) The strategies to tackle a new wave of globalization reversal are no mystery; they
were learned through hard experience.
解决新一轮逆转的策略并没有什么神秘可言，只不过是痛苦的经验教训的总结。
5) Another essential component is rules-based international cooperation, particularly
when it comes to containing or dissipating geopolitical threats to global stability.
另一重要方面是以规则为基础的国际合 作，特别是在抑制或消解影响全球稳定的地缘政治威胁
方面。

19

Unit 7
1. 问答题
1) The author’s attitude towards the “celebrity professors” is objective.
2) Give some examples to show the celebrity professors have many natural
enemies.
Academics envy their money and fame; journalists dislike their cleverer-than-thou airs;
and everybody hates their determination to have it all.
3) What evidences did the author offer to show that plagiarism is common in
academia? What are the other charges against the celebrity professors?
Five of Ambrose’s books contain extensive “borrowings” from others’ works. Goodwin
soothed one of her chief victims by paying her some money. Other charges include
taking compulsive lying, hypocrisy and general flatulence.
4) What are the two arguments in favor of what those plagiarizers have done,
according to the essay?
They help to circulate ideas and keep talented people in academia.
5) According to the text, what is the besetting sin of American academia?
Thebesetting sin of American academia is not celebrity professors but
hyper-specialization.
6) Do you agree with the author that the market does work in preventing
plagiarism?
The market plays an indispensable role in combating plagiarism. It may help the
celebrity professors build their reputation, meanwhile it may trash it one day.
2. 词汇题
1) Brenda rose to stardom（名望，名气）as an actress last year, which shocked
Hollywood.
2) Mr. Bushostentatiously（）wooed and embraced Castro at the U.N. general
assembly.
3) It isludicrous（）to suggest that I was driving under the influence of alcohol.
4) The professortrashes（）Conservative’s proposals as well as Liberal’s.
5) Abestseller（）is a book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on a
list of top-sellers.
6) Politicians are always pontificating（）about education.
7) Out of the public’s expectation, President declared that he had no intention to
publish hismemoir（）.
8)He was asked to be theoverseer（）of the project.
20

9)Unsatisfied with the ruling, he had asquabble（）with the referee.
10) Hehurled（）a chair across the set, smashing the lamps and vases.
3. 改写题
1) Having been a branch director for about 10 years, he got promotion to the position
of president.
exalt( v. )
Having been a branch director for about 10 years, he was exalted to the position of
president.
2) He made a chocolate mousse for dessert. This would be accompanied by Port wine.
He took great pains to geteverything perfect hoping to make his wife less angry
andupset.
mollify( v. )
He made a chocolate mousse for dessert. This would be accompanied by Port wine.
He took great pains to get everything perfect hoping to mollify his wife.
3) Even though his blog generated only $$15 in revenue fromads last month, it’s worth
the time because it gives him achance to express whatever is on his mind which
heconsiders right.
pontificate( v. )
Even though his blog generated only $$15 in revenue from ads last month, it’s worth the
time because it gives him a chance to pontificate about whatever is on his mind.
4) In the lecture, the professor clarified his theory, opening upnew and spectacular
possibility of new ideas of the space-time God created.
vista(v.)
In the lecture, the professor clarified his theory, opening up new and spectacular vistas
of the space-time God created.
5) Many people are talking a second job to put money away for luxuries or retirement.
moonlight( v. )
Many people are moonlighting to put money away for luxuries or retirement.
6) Shaolin has been long associated with Chinese popular culture and much of the life
of this holy shrine involves greeting tourists who arrive year-round by the thousands.
fixture( n. )
Shaolin has become such a fixture of Chinese popular culture that much of the life of
this holy shrine involves greeting tourists who arrive year-round by the thousands.
4. 翻译题
1) Her handling of the plagiarism charges against her has arguably been worse than
the charges themselves.
她对剽窃指控的处理可能比指控本身更糟糕。
2) They give universities a chance to pay back some of their debt to the societies that
nurture them.
他们也使大学得以回报社会对它们的滋养。
21

3) Academics have a habit of crawling along the frontiers of knowledge with a
magnifying glass, blind to the wide vistas opening up before them, and often reducing
the most engaging subjects to tedious debates about methodology.
学者们总是手持放大镜沿着研究前沿匍匐前行，而对前方的广阔天地熟视无睹，经常将最有价
值的课题 演变为方法论的无味争吵。
4) The same media machine that turned Mr. Ambrose and Ms. Goodwin into superstars
is now trashing their reputations.
媒体曾将安布罗斯和古德温推向事业顶峰，如今却正让他们名声扫地。
5) The fact that America’s bestseller lists feature works written by academic authorities
amongst the ghost-written memoirs and celebrity suck-up jobs should be cause for
rejoicing.
由枪手代劳的自传和极尽 谄媚之辞的作品遍地都是，而美国畅销书的排行榜更青睐名家们的专
著。这一事实也足以让我们欣慰。
6) Stephen Ambrose was arguably America’s favorite historian, a man who wrote
bestsellers faster than most read them.
史蒂 芬

安布罗斯是美国非常得宠的历史学家，他创作畅销小说速度飞快，让读者目不暇接。

22

Unit 8
1．问答题
1) What is the function of the conversation with the doorman at the beginning of
the speech?
The speaker begins the serious speech with a light opening in order to shorten the
distance between the audience and the speaker, and also to introduce the most
important place in the speech.
2)What is the author’s feeling about his profession?
He has served it so long and loves all the people in the profession.
3)What is the meaning of “duty”, “honor” and “country” to soldiers according to
the speaker?
They are three hallowed words which reverently dictate what the soldiers ought to be,
can be, and will be.
4)What sort of soldiers are American soldiers in the speaker’s eyes?
He regards them as one of the world’s noblest figures. They died unquestioning,
uncomplaining.
5)What life do soldiers live during the war?
They have to put up with the relentless heat, the torrential rains of devastating storms,
the loneliness and utter desolation of jungle trails, the bitterness of long separation
from those they loved and cherished as well as the horror of stricken areas of war.
6) What is the noblest development of mankind in the speaker’s opinion?
The soldier who is called upon to offer and to give his life for his country however
horrible the incidents of war may be.
7) What is the soldiers’ role in a country according to the speaker?
They stand as the Nation’s war-guardian, have defended, guarded, and protected its
hallowed traditions of liberty and freedom, of right and justice of the country.
8) What emotion does the speaker try to express in the last part of the speech?
How much he loves the profession and how much he loves the people who serve the
profession.
2. 词汇题
1)We must givetribute（）to all those who helped make this a free country.
2)The new residential blocks were skillfullyintegrated（）with the rest of the College
to form a pleasing, self-contained whole.
3)His wife’s encouragement was thespur（）he needed to succeed.
4)This article is a(n)eulogy（）to the royal family.
5) The Washington Monument was built toperpetuate（）the memory of a great man.
6) No one knew what might happen to him. There was a(n)ominous（）silence in the
room.
23

7) The painting glowed with beautiful autumntints（）.
8) The psychiatrist was charged with violating professionalethics（）by talking about
his patients.
9) Is this an accepted moralcode（）in your country?
10) She shouted “hello”, and listened for the echo（）.
3. 改写题
1) When I replied, “West Point,” he remarked, “Beautiful place. Have you ever been
there before?”
comment(v.)
When I replied, “West Point,” he commented, “Beautiful place. Have you ever been
there before?”
2)No human being could not be deeply moved by such atribute as this.
fail(v.)
No human being could fail to be deeply moved by such a tribute as this.
3) Those three words dictate with deep and solemnrespect what you ought to be.
reverently(adv.)
Those three words reverently dictate what you ought to be.
4) The code which those words perpetuate embraces thehighest moral laws.
include (v.)
The code which those words perpetuate includes the highest moral laws.
5) They give you a temperamental control of courage overtimidity.
predominance (n.)
They give you a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity.
6) My days of old have vanished, tone and tint.
disappear (v.)
My days of old have disappear, tone and tint.
7) She couldn’t forget the horror of stricken areas of war.
War-ridden (adj.)
She couldn’t forget the horror of war-ridden areas.
4. 翻译题
1) No human being could fail to be deeply moved by such a tribute as this.
这样的殊荣, 没有人不为之动容。
2) They are your rallying points: to build courage when courage seems to fail; to
regain faith when there seems to be little cause for faith; to create hope when hope
becomes forlorn.
它们是你力量的源泉，在即将灰心时鼓起勇气，在信心动摇时重建信念，在几乎绝望时创造希
望
3) They give you a temper of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the
emotions, a freshness of the deep springs of life, a temperamental predominance of
courage over timidity, an appetite for adventure over love of ease.
24

它们赋予你们坚韧的意志，想象的品质， 旺盛的情感，生命源泉的鲜活力。在气质上果敢压过
胆怯，渴望冒险胜过贪图安逸。
4) And 20 years after, on the other side of the globe, again those boiling suns of
relentless heat, those torrential rains of devastating storms; the loneliness and utter
desolation of jungle trails; the bitterness of long separation from those they loved and
cherished.
20年后， 在地球的另一端，历史又重演——炙热阳光下的无情暴晒，肆虐风暴中的倾盆大雨，
渺无人烟的丛林中的 羊肠小道，与爱人、亲人长期离别的痛楚。
5) Let civilian voices argue the merits or demerits of our processes of government.
让平民百姓去辩论国家在施政过程中的功过是非。
6) My days of old have vanished, tone and tint.
我昔日的光彩早已消逝。

25

26

Unit 1 对F的赞美
玛丽•谢里

今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无 意义的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发
给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕 业生是半文盲时，文凭的
效力才会被质疑。
最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识 字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的
课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中 辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就
学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育 体系欺骗了。
在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学 生写
一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望有人能让我停止吸
毒，让我学习。”“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，
于是 他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。”很多诸如此类的抱怨。
我基本是一个空想社会 改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚
和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要 想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会
再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前 ，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么
分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与 教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠
风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。 这个办法就是亮出失败的
王牌。
我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的
万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的 老师，这种局面才彻
底改变了。
当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。“他坐 在后排和他的朋友说话。”她告诉
我。“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做 法会让他安心学习。史
蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。“我不会换高年级学生的座位。”她说，“ 我会给他们不
及格的成绩。”我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威 胁
过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激
进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？“她要给你不及格。”我告诉我的儿子。我没有再
多说什么。 突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。
我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜 校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因
是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟 得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，
但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。我最常听 见的话是：“我本应该被留级。”
更悲哀的是那些高中毕业生在上课几周后对我说：“我都不知道自己是 怎么拿到高中文凭的。”
让没有掌握本领的学生通过考核，既欺骗了他们，也欺骗了期望毕业生拥有基 本技能的雇主。
我们为这种不诚实的行为辩解说，如果孩子们来自糟糕的环境，他们就不会学习。似乎没 有人
停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境。他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才
不会把功课当作头等大事呢。他们宁可混日子。
我在晚上所教的许多学生都能在失业、化学品依赖和 滥交问题上给出专家证词。尽管有这些困
难，他们还是决定把接受教育放在首位。渴望找到一份更好的工 作，或者是需要保住他们现有
的工作，促使他们那么做。他们对失败有着健康的恐惧。
各个年 龄的人都能克服他们的问题，可他们需要一个这样做的理由。年轻人往往不够成熟，不
会像我的成人学生 们那样重视教育。但是对于失败的恐惧，无论这种恐惧是经济方面的还是学
术方面的，都能对年轻人和成 年人起到激励作用。
让学生不及格，作为一种常规手段，其优点在今天依然和两代之前一样多。我们必 须重新考虑
不及格的威胁，并客观地看待它——它是一种积极的教学手段。这表明老师和家长都对学生有
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信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。然而，让这种 手段重新起效，需要教师和父母
同心协力，一起来关心学生。这意味着要面对一个严酷的现实，即让没有 学会知识的孩子通过
考试——虽然从短期看可以让他们免受痛苦——却注定会让他们长期饱受不会读写之 苦。这意
味着老师必须对他们发出的威胁坚持到底，父母必须站在老师身后给予支持，明白他们孩子的< br>最大利益正濒临危险。这意味着再也不要因为担心斯科特会不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因
为朱 迪是个乖孩子就放她过关。
这是一个在过去有效，在今天也会有效的政策。一位英明的老师，在我们做 父母的支持下，给
了我们的儿子一个机会——成功或失败。现在是我们把这个选择权还给所有学生的时候 了。

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Unit 2 结婚礼物
伊莉莎白∙埃科诺莫

我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴 黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。那个咖啡馆就像
凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的画室墙上就挂着一幅此画 的翻印本。然而，我男朋友却是
在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。

我已经上40岁，是该轮到我了。我已经体面地让开，眼看着孪生妹妹还有小妹在我之前出嫁。
我做过 女傧相7次，伴娘3次。我的淡颜色塔夫绸衣服比寄物店都多。
我的未婚夫乔治和我都是希腊裔美国人 ，但是我们想办一个简朴、大方的婚礼。不需要很多伴
娘伴郎。也不放映幻灯，展示求婚的细节，那太傻 了。这会是一次很温馨的聚会，请的人不多
也不铺张，100个左右的宾客吧。在我们的家族，那算是小 圈子内的聚会。
我为一位偏狂的管弦乐队指挥做公关刚刚结束，因而我有很多时间投入到我这个新的项 目上。
乔治是药剂师，每周工作60小时，现在又有一份工作：听我嘀咕婚礼一事。这毕竟是我表现的时候，得由我说着算。
但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。没有请到我想要 的洛杉矶希腊乐队。
我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。我订的象牙色的丝绸礼 服被隔离
在新加坡的某个地方。眼看婚礼也就没有几个礼拜了，我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才< br>回信，让我很是烦恼。
之后,我收到妈妈的电话。她个头娇小，68岁却依然精力饱满。几天前 还为我即将举行的婚礼
感到兴奋不已。她刚去医院做每年的身体检查。虽然感觉还不错，但被诊断是胃癌 。
接下来的几天，问题不再是“举行什么样的婚礼？”，而是“还办婚礼吗？”我把这看成是我
的大喜日子。我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子根本就不是日子。老爸已经在三年前过世，不可能
牵着我的 手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我
觉得无法忍受。 < br>几天后，我从纽约市搬回西雅图，延迟了婚礼。我从操办婚礼转向指导保健。我已经挑选好歌
曲， 准备作为我们夫妻首个舞曲，但现在压力那么大，我已经记不起来是哪首了。我的婚礼在
母亲患病这个残 酷的事实面前就像是梦消失了。
与此同时，我和两个妹妹都生活在三个不同的城市，这时却在医院的等 候室里再次相聚了。我
的孪生妹妹虽然是怀孕8个月，但还是从芝加哥飞了过来。小妹自家父去世以来一 直照顾着妈
妈，这时恐惧占据了她的心，此时此景让她不由得想起家父临终的日子。咨询医生后，我们得
知胃部手术是妈妈唯一的选择。医院一有床位我们就住进去了。
一个沉闷的秋天早晨，大雨无 情地倾泻在西雅图市，妈妈被收进了瑞典肿瘤研究所。在五个小
时的手术过程中，医生把她的胃切掉了三 分之二。我在等候室里来回走动，恐惧不安，不知道
等待我们的会是什么。
乔治飞过来陪我。 他说，“我也不想待在其他地方”。三个夜晚，他睡在医院等候区域潮湿的地
板上，裹着破旧床单，头枕 脏兮兮的沙发垫。手术一周后，医生向我们告知了预后。“癌细胞
没有扩散，”他说。这几个词可是英语 中最可爱的词了。乔治紧握着我的手，这时眼泪流下我
的面颊。
接下来几个礼拜令人劳累。妈 妈只得重新考虑她的饮食，我得琢磨该准备哪些饭菜。颓废的希
腊饭菜被蛋白质替代，少食多餐，这有助 于修补她那从胸骨到肚脐下长达六英寸的刀口。蛋白
质还可以增强她的免疫系统，接下来她要化疗和放疗 。
在此之前，做饭对我来说也就是把头天晚上从花哨饭店里吃剩下打包回来的饭菜在微波炉热一
下。但两个月之后，我掌握了水煮荷包蛋，学会烧带骨牛排。此外，照顾母亲也让我认识到她
当年照料 我们是多么地尽心。我永远也不会忘记，她刚动完手术几个小时后，我到特护病房去
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看她。她躺在那里，手臂、鼻孔和嘴巴里插了那么多的塑料导管，她却吃力、 沙哑地说道：“莉
兹，你一定要吃点东西。”
忘记巴黎。妈妈的彻底康复才是我现在的梦想。
最近，她去做了一次随访CT检查。当她脱下结婚金戒指检查的时候， 98磅的柔弱身躯颤抖
了。这个扫描得做，接下来还有很多次。但医生说，“一切都很好。”
不久，妈妈就可以把我领到圣坛举行婚礼。我已经忘记面纱上的刺绣。但在我掀开面纱的时候，
我肯定会 脉脉地注视着我所最爱的两个人：我的未婚夫和让我懂得人生要义的那个女人——我
的母亲。

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Unit 3 追寻烟草的历程：从性感到致命
霍华德·马克尔，医学博士

对许多美国人来说， 烟草业的不诚信记入了公众档案始于1994年4月14日的一次国会听证会。
在加州民主党代表亨利· A·韦克斯曼的怒视下，美国七大烟草巨头的首席执行官出现在这次
听证会上。
在20世纪3 0和40年代，香烟要么意味着健康——因为有一位仁慈的医生含蓄地推荐它；要
么就意味着性感。 < br>每位总裁举起右手，郑重宣誓要对从事的业务实话实说。在随后的证词中，每个人都陈述自己
不相 信烟草会给健康带来风险，而且自己的公司从未采取措施来操纵香烟中尼古丁的含量。
30年前，一位 卫生局长就发布了关于抽烟危害健康的著名报告。如今看来，烟草业总裁们属
于不相信该报告的极少数人 的行列。
但事实并非始终如此。哈佛大学医学史专家艾伦·M·布兰特坚持认为，对香烟危害的认识源
于持续了大半个20世纪的一个智力过程。在新书《香烟的世纪：界定美国的产品的兴衰和死
命 的坚持》，他讲述了这个引人入胜的故事。
虽说当今香烟是死亡和疾病的象征，但从20世纪初到20 世纪60年代，香烟在文化上象征着
成熟练达、魅力和性感诱惑——是当时半数美国人大为追捧的商品。
从20世纪30年代到50年代，许多广告运动都颂扬香烟的健康品质。在全彩的杂志广告中，
身穿白大褂的仁慈的医生骄傲地点起香烟或是吞云吐雾，上面还写着“更多医生选择骆驼牌香
烟。”之类 的广告语。
20世纪初期，对香烟的抵制带着道德的口吻，而不是出于对健康的关注。对想抽烟的女性 更
是如此，不过即使在当时，许多医生已经关注到吸烟会给健康造成风险。
在20世纪30年 代这一时期，许多美国人变成了烟民，而抽烟对健康最为显著的危害尚未显现
出来。因此，这一时期的科 学研究无法从严肃的病理学上找到清晰的证据，竟起到了为香烟开
脱的反效果。
然后，到了二 战后，流行病学思想取得了不少重大突破。1947年，英国医学研究会的理查德·多
尔和A·布拉德福 德·希尔创立了一种复杂的统计方法，以记录肺癌上升率和烟民增加之间的
联系。
著名外科医 生埃瓦茨·A·格雷厄姆和医学专业学生欧内斯特·L·温德尔于1950年发表了一
篇极为重要的论文 ，比较了圣路易斯市巴恩斯医院内烟民和非烟民患者中肺癌的发生几率。在
结论中，他们认为“长期抽烟 至少是支气管癌发病率飙升的重要因素之一。”
不难想象，烟草公司以及他们的专家代言人们嘲笑这些 以及其它研究，称这些仅仅是统计上的
论据或趣闻轶事，根本不能确定其因果关系。
在详细梳 理了烟草公司的内部备忘录和研究文档后，布兰特博士用充足的证据证明，早在1964
年的卫生局长报 告发表前，各大烟草巨头就已了解了自家产品对健康造成的诸多风险。
他还描述了这些公司在半个多世 纪以来，一直合谋炮制假消息，同时混淆科学证据，散布这种
论调：既然大家都知道香烟在一定程度上有 危害，抽烟与否从根本上说是个人的选择和责任问
题，责任不在烟草公司。
在20世纪80年 代，科学家们建立了一种革命性的观念，即尼古丁具有极强的上瘾性。虽说烟
草公司公开否认这些说法， 但当时他们已经利用香烟的致瘾性来赚钱了，他们加大尼古丁含量，
将烟民勾住，使得戒烟愈发困难。在 他们的营销备忘录中，记录了他们针对青少年发动的广告
运动，旨在诱惑一代代的新烟民。
2 004年，布兰特博士被司法部聘请为重要专家，在指控烟草巨头的联邦欺诈案件中作证，并
与烟草业雇 佣来的一伙证人进行对质。根据为烟草巨头们出庭作证的29位历史学家们自己的
供述，他们中大多数甚 至没有参看过烟草业内部的研究或交流文档。相反，这些专家主要关注
31

的是20世纪50年代的一小撮对香烟危害的怀疑论者，他们中的大部分人要么就是当时就与烟
草业有勾结，要么最终也会同烟草业勾结起来。
布兰特博士在近期一次专访中说：“这些专家证人写下 的言论令我感到震惊。他们靠问一些片
面的问题，并用片面的研究来解答，从而为烟草业提供了他们恰好 需要的挡箭牌。”
显然，哥伦比亚特区联邦地方法庭法官格拉迪丝·凯斯勒同意这一看法。去年八月， 她总结认
为，烟草业策划了一场长达40年的阴谋，向烟民隐瞒烟草对健康的危害。她的观点中引用布< br>兰特博士的证词达100多次。
布兰特博士承认，将学术研究和与抽烟这种致命的世界性传染病 作斗争结合起来，这当中会有
陷阱，但他说他几乎看不到有别的选择。
“如果我们中有人偶然 跨过了分析和倡导之间的边界，那就跨过吧。”他说。“风险很大，还有
很多工作要做。”

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Unit 4 我们收到了邮件——从不间断
安德鲁•伦纳德

电子邮件是福是祸？上个月，在一 周休假之后，我在收件箱中发现了1,218封未读邮件。我假装气恼，
却暗自窃喜。如果你没被电子邮 件淹没，你一定是出了问题——这就是20世纪90年代末我们衡量自
身有线价值的方式。
不 必在意除去那些乏味的办公室闲聊、垃圾邮件、网上唇枪舌剑、朋友转发来的本不该转发的愚蠢笑
话以及 通过电子邮件发送的电子杂志，真正值得一读的也许只有7封邮件。注定我得花上半个工作日
删除垃圾邮 件。电子邮件令人讨厌。
且慢——那7封值得一读的邮件如何？5年未见的一位台北好友告诉我他打算 开始成立家庭了。比利时
的一位陌生人发来一则热门新闻的内幕。另一位陌生人给我提供一份工作。我宁 可失去一只眼睛也不
愿失去我的电子邮件账户。电子邮件让人痴狂。
电子邮件啊，我们不能靠 它生活但离了它也不行。真假艺术家、广告商、为自由而战的英勇卫士、恋
人、不共戴天的敌人——他们 纷纷涌向电子邮件，一如他们涌向任何一种新的表达工具。电子邮件方
便、省时、拉近人们相互间的距离 、帮助我们处理日益纷乱的生活。著书、一系列活动的展开、犯罪
——皆可通过电子邮件。但是电子邮件 又是不便的，它浪费我们的时间，用电脑把我们彼此隔离，使
我们本已烦乱的生活变得更加复杂。对于怀 疑论者而言，电子邮件不过是人类交流演变史上最新的一
个章节。窥探妻子的丈夫现在可以通过阅读妻子 的私人邮件发现她与别人的暧昧关系——而二三十年
前他同样可以通过信件发现妻子的隐情。
然而电子邮件，以及所有在线交流，实际上是一种全新的东西。在20世纪末它以大多数别的数字技术
产 品所不具备的权威效力捕捉了生活的本质。生活节奏是否越来越快？电子邮件在帮我们应对这种加
速的同 时，又助长了加速的发生。我们的注意力持续时间在连珠炮似的新型的先进的刺激方式影响之
下，是否变 得越来越短？快速而龌龊的电子邮件正是为那些注意力持续时间以毫微秒计的人群而预定
的。如果我们承 认遍及全球的因特网是本世纪后半叶最重要的技术创新之一的话，我们就必须赋予电
子邮件——人们通过 网络相互联系的真实体现——一席荣耀之地。人们互动的方式正在发生改变，而
电子邮件既是改变的催化 剂，又是改变的工具。
这一现象涉及面之广令人惊叹。全球范围内，有2亿2千5百万人可以收发邮件 。别提万维网、电子
商务或者在线色情内容，电子邮件是因特网的真正杀手级应用——即我们必须具备的 软件设备，即便
这意味着购置一台2000美元的电脑以及每月向美国在线支付20美元的费用。 奇怪的是，这一切无人计划，无人预见。当科学家们于1968年最早策划因特网的前身阿尔派网时，他们的首要目标是使不同的计算机中心分享资源。“然而，不久他们便发现其最重要的作用是散发邮件，
这一点他们根本没有料想到。”埃里克•奥尔曼，Sendmail公司的技术主管——他也是问世已有20年 之
久的Sendmail程序的主要编写者，世界上绝大部分电子邮件现在仍然通过Sendmail在 因特网上传送—
—这样说道。似乎那些顶级计算机科学家真正想做的，是把因特网作为一个通过电子邮件 探讨哪部科
幻小说最棒之类重要话题的场所。尽管奥尔曼为他的程序系统能帮助成千上万的人交流沟通颇 感自豪，
但他坦言他原本并没想要改变世界。作为70年代末加州大学伯克利分校的系统管理人，他时常 被计算
机科学研究人员所烦扰，那些研究人员要求获取另一幢大楼计算机里的电子邮件。“我只想使我的 生活
变得简单。”奥尔曼说。
我们何尝不是呢？当我第一个孩子1994年出生的时候，电子 邮件对我来说好似普罗米修斯的礼物，恰
好帮我应对初为人父和全职自由撰稿之间不可协调的压力。它帮 我省时省钱，又不需要我离开家门；
它拯救了我的社交生活，让我作为记者进行采访，与此同时和分散在 四处的亲人保持通信联络的通畅。
其实，我最终确切地知道数字世界的力量不可小觑，是在我发现我与母 亲通过电子邮件争吵不休的时
候。又一次，新的工具演绎老的故事。
由于母亲的原因我比大多 数人都更早地使用电子邮件。1988年的时候，她为我买了一个调制解调器以
便我创立一个Compu Serve账户。原因是她弟弟患上了急速恶化的帕金森病。他不能清楚地说话，几乎
33

也不能用钢笔或铅笔写他的名字。但他有一台电脑，能够在键盘上敲出一个又 一个字。我母亲认为如
果家庭成员都有CompuServe账户，我们便可以给他发邮件。早在因特网 家喻户晓之前，我母亲就领会
到在线交流如何能为超越身体局限提供新的可能，像电子邮件这么简单的东 西如何能把我们和我们所
爱之人拉得更近。
电子邮件甚至能帮我们找到我们想爱之人。詹•什 里夫是旧金山海湾地区的一位自由撰稿人，她一直在
留心观察新在线一代的新兴文化。在过去的几年里， 她目睹了在她看来是网上约会习惯的积极变化。
她认为通过邮件网上约会能鼓励那些天性害羞的人。“它 提供了一个风险降低了一半的恋爱氛围。”詹•
什里夫说，“这是因为网上恋爱没有对外表产生抵触的直 接威胁，那些腼腆的或者过去有过痛苦恋爱经
历的人可以在恋爱早期通过因特网建立关系。”
不仅仅关乎情欲。电子邮件同样可以淡化办公室里的等级观念。什里夫说给上级或者同事通过电子邮
件提 个建议远比在充满压力的会议室里简单得多。“每当你有什么难以开口的事要说，写个电子邮件会
使之变 得简单得多。”她说，“电子邮件起着缓冲作用。”
当然，电子邮件作为社交润滑剂的使用有时也会走 向极端。避讳电子邮件引发的自律缺失的负面效应，
这一做法几乎毫无意义。提供色情内容的网站很少会 打电话大声提议我们去看看“欲火中烧的青少年
性交”，可是他们却会不假思索地往我们的邮箱滥发极度 淫秽的广告。从不当面侮辱我们的人也会通过
电子邮件或即时信息或在不设阻拦的聊天室里向我们发送最 污秽、最令人作呕、最令人发指的言语。
网络空间文明礼貌的丧失突出了在线交流的内在主要矛盾。诚 然，人们花在网上的时间是从看电视那
里省出来的，有人便宣称数字时代拉开了一个新文化时代的序幕— —比起以往，更多的人在写更多的
字了!但是，我们在写什么字呢？我们真的是更有文化修养，还是更快 地滑入毫无意义的空谈以及浅薄
不堪的流行文化的陷阱？那些东西常以小写字母书写，在网上大肆泛滥。 电子邮件常常太简单，太随
意。为一封写给恋人或亲戚或同事的信而斟词酌句的日子一去不复返了。现在 的人们匆匆写就电子邮
件，几个仓促拼凑的想法，以口语化的文体表达，近乎未经剪辑的意识流。其危险 显而易见：发给朋
友的话语唐突尖刻，发给老板的反驳过于刻薄，侮辱性语言发错了对象。电子邮件允许 我们未思而先
行，真可谓极度刺激型文化的绝妙工具。
其结果就是我们不是造就新的东西，而 是转发旧的东西；不是独具匠心地遣辞造句，而是使用无厘头
的缩写：IMHO表示“以鄙人之见”，R OTFLMAO意为“我笑得在地上打滚”。听到了一则传闻？把它
发给50个人!即时信息和聊天室恰 恰强化了这种草率行为的负面效应。如果说写一封电子邮件几乎不需
什么思考，那么即时信息——将消息 火速发到接收人电脑的显示器上则更是没有实质内容，近乎虚无
缥缈。
说到底，电子邮件是个 脆弱的东西，易于撰写，易于讹传，易于销毁。几周前，我的一个同事意外地、
不可挽回地删除了他储存 的1,500封信。对于他这么一个生活在线上的人来说，这样一个数字悲剧几乎
等于抹杀了部分记忆。 刹那间，不留一丝痕迹。令人颇感欣慰的是，如果以一种可检索的方式保存，
世事来来往往的种种记录可 以构成一个庞大的历史档案。但是，反之亦然。今年初夏，我拜访了斯坦
福大学的图书馆管理人员，他们 正一丝不苟地编写硅谷历史的数字档案。他们对一种新的、快速流传
的公司政策迭声抱怨，该政策要求所 有公司邮件每隔60天或90天删除一次。这是因为微软和Netscape
公司懊恼地发现，旧的邮件 ，无论多么微不足道，总是会在日后缠扰你。因而，律师们说最好的对策
就是将它们彻底删除。
尽管如此，电子邮件使全球范围内人际合作的全新模式成为可能。那2亿2千5百万能够收发邮件的
人 群代表了一个可能参与合作的众多个体的网络。该网络聚集人数之多使得任何大公司或政府机构相
形见绌 。收件人讨论小组以及在线会议使我们能就许多有趣或有助的项目通力合作，以一种全新的方
式集思广益 。目前这种合作最易发生在计算机的程序系统里。几十年来，编程员利用电子邮件在各个
项目上相互协作 。随着合作日趋频繁，合作本身已超越公司的界线，而且常常不受商业利诱的驱使。
这是因为成百上千的 编程员通过电子邮件或网络就一项目全力协作相对来说要容易些。个人的力量也
许很渺小，但是因特网的 规模使得众人的力量无限放大。
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Unit 5 亚里士多德是对的
大卫•卡梅隆

人们身心的健康与快乐，并非财富，才是我们社会进步的标志。
人们很难摆脱这样一种事实： 在发达的社会，尽管社会进步，改革日新月异，物质富足，却总
觉得有些事情不大对劲。有时候，人们难 以明确地指出到底为何：空虚，没有归属感，没有稳
定明确的人际关系以及稳固的社会结构。在其他方面 ，问题可以明确量化地表述：滥用毒品、
暴力犯罪、经济萧条以及自杀身亡的比率在急剧增加。我们为何 如此不快乐？启蒙运动带给我
们无可比拟的经济、社会以及政治生活的自由，而我们现在正经受着“中年 ”危机。
探讨幸福的内涵古已有之。在其所著的《尼各马科伦理学》一书中，亚里士多德曾指出：幸福 是人生
的目标。可我以为，将个人幸福这一难题谈得沸沸扬扬的是罗伯特•肯尼迪。在他言辞精妙的演讲 中，
他阐述道：使“生活有意义”的是“孩子们的健康，儿童的教育质量以及他们玩耍游戏的快乐”，是 “我
们稳固的婚姻„„对祖国的热爱与忠诚”，是我们的“睿智„„英明与勇气”。他还指出，这一切没 有
一样能够用国民生产总值来衡量。
我们也不会对幸福内涵感到惊讶。若问人们近况如何，他 们会谈到家庭、工作以及所处社区的情况，
而不是回答自己挣多少工资。
即使这样，政治家们 还是难以完全理解这一众所周知的难题——幸福的确切内涵。其中之一的原因是
幸福与健康通常都不能通 过统计分析来表示。政治家们满脑子的投入与产出、目标与调控，而对于诸
如人们有多看重与家人共度时 光之类的、无法用数字测量的概念，他们往往感到困惑不已。另一与之
相关的原因是：一轮轮的竞选让他 们置身于急功近利的氛围，期待立竿见影的、量化的测量手段与结
果。
测量手段之一即是GD P（国内生产总值）。自1980年以来，在许多方面，增加GDP一直是许多中—右
派政党们的党派存 在的理由。当时，许多发达经济行业处于经济病态，通货膨胀率与失业率持续居高
不下。我们需要采取措 施来扭转这种停滞的局面，走向通往繁荣之路。幸运的是，我们找到了解决问
题的方法。
今天 ，为了重新回到社会繁荣富强的轨道上我们需要如同当时一样彻底改变思想，即积极地响应对幸
福的追求 。这也是我在英国一直强调需要将精力集中GWB (general well-being)即国民健康总值 的原因。
这意味着认可社会、文化、道德等赋予我们生活真实意义的因素。尤其意味着我们将集中于环境 的可
持续发展，建立更强大的社会体系。这也意味着认可我们生活中有比金钱更重要的：确实，生活的质
量决不仅仅取决于金钱的数量。
我认为中—右派政党能够成为胜任此项事业的先驱。而中—左 派政党将永远不会把人们的身心健康列
入党派纲领议程，因为他们将个人看作记账单位。他们难以理解的 是，为何通过立法也不能实现个人
的身心健康。
以人们身心健康为中心的政治需要各方人士各 尽其责方能实现，而非仅仅通过立法。当然，政府也需
承担应尽的职责。这需要更广泛的文化变革：在立 法、领导方式以及社会等各方面变革之后，才能引
起这场大变革。
那么，政府的职责是什么？ 政府应尽领导职责，并制定规章制度。应尽领导职责是指在能影响人们身
心健康的各个领域领导变革。比 如说，人人都一致认为与家人共度更多时间是人们幸福的关键。那么
在这方面，政府应当率先实行公务员 灵活机动的工作时间。
制定恰当的规章制度是指创设激励机制并排除障碍来重建整个社会体系，这样， 社会的各个层面都能
依此做出适当选择。以环境为例，人人都认为当地更洁净的环境会有助于改善人们的 身心健康。通过
订立为碳付出代价并鼓励环保创新改革这样的规章制度，政府就能帮助人们做出更好的选 择。
归根结底，全社会的幸福需要每个人都尽一份力。实际上，每个人在尽力的同时也会感受快乐。这 就
是我们需要在责任观念上变革的原因。公司的职责是指企业公司发挥积极的作用，真正考虑到员工的< br>35

生活。城市职责是指将权力返还给当地政府、社区机构以及社会 团体以便他们能因地制宜解决当地问
题。个人职责是指每人各尽其能，无论是清洁当地环境，还是参与当 地政治。
Bowling Green州立大学经济学教授耐尔•布朗最近写了篇文章，题为：“倘若 市场上物品如此丰富，为
何不见有‘朋友’出售？”这并非市场物资缺乏或我们注定永生不会快乐。相反 ，既然我们政治上已
经更加自由，经济更加繁荣发展，文化更加百花齐放，那么我们的生活能够并且应当 更令人满意。因
此，21世纪，致力于GWB的建设能成为一项重大的日益凸现的政治概念。我们在意识 到社会的方方
面面的责任的同时，也有办法来增强这些责任。
36

Unit6 推进全球化
埃内斯托•塞迪利奥

尽管本世纪初时不时出现严重的冲击和失衡，但世界经济持续 增长，没有严重的通货膨胀，这
是个值得重申的事实。当然，各国各洲情况不尽相同，但是我们可以作出 两点概括：已经富有
的国家保持经济全面发展，而其他地方每年有成千上万的人摆脱贫困。这都得益于经 济增长。
是否有一种什么力量在推动着这种超越国界的良性进化？是的。这种力量就是国际经济大融合。
或者，如果你愿意，可以称之为全球化。国际贸易和投资将市场经济满足人类需求的能力提升
到 了一个前所未有的高度。
国家间经济上相互依赖的程度越来越高，而就总体而言，这一过程扩大了全球 经济规模，提高
了其灵活性和生产力。由于现代交通和通讯工具提供了便利，贸易障碍得以清除，专门化 这一
市场经济的重要载体变得越来越复杂。这点从当今供货链的复杂性和有效性上可见一斑。在现
今的全球经济下，公司和国家不再专营商品生产，而是越来越专注于精细的任务。这些任务贯
穿制造、 销售和财务各过程，并实现降低成本、提高质量和为消费者提供更多选择的目的。
巨大的力量源泉 < br>全球化提供给我们这个世界的不只是更多经济发展的契机，还大大增强了我们的抵抗力，可以
轻松 应对在过去颇具颠覆力量的事件。如果你考虑一下最近的局部战争，恐怖主义，飙升的油
价和其他日用品 价格，以及某些经济大国的财务和货币政策的疲软，你会得出这样的结论：正
是通过市场经济的全球化， 我们才得以在如此狂风巨浪中平安驶过。
例如，在过去几年里欧洲和日本经济发展迟滞所造成的全球需 求市场的疲软，已经被中国和其
他正在崛起的国家的快速而充满活力的全球化进程抵消。并且，这些新的 参与者给世界贸易注
入了活力并增大了国际储备，从而可以支持美国在近几年造成的巨大经常账目赤字。 这些赤字
在不影响全球金融市场稳定的前提下，在短期内有助于支撑全面的需求和增长，虽然从中长期< br>来看，其稳定性和便捷性仍值得探讨。过去三年的日用品价格的快速上升并未造成无法承受的
通货 膨胀压力是因为全球市场中劳动力资源丰富的国家不断出现和全球竞争加剧所带来的生
产力的提高。
不要忘记历史
全球化，简言之，是种不可思议的力量，为全世界带来了好处。但是这种力量是 否无穷无尽？
不幸的是，并非如此。迄今为止，现代全球化的确战胜了和它对立的力量和事件。但是我们 不
能保证这种态势能永远继续。正如其他任何经济或社会现象一样，全球化也面临着各种风险。
这些风险可能阻碍其进一步发展，更有甚者，可能造成大逆转。这曾经发生过，最严重的一次
是1914 年，一战的爆发标志着在几乎整个19世纪和20 世纪初全面发展的国际贸易、投资和
移民活动终结。
历史学家和经济学家一再提醒我们要警惕人类蠢行再一次导致不可想象的后果。20世纪“人
口 爆炸”前的一代人遭受了生活、资本、贸易和繁荣的不可思议的大毁灭，究其根本，是面对
暴力冲突的软 弱无能和面对经济困难的错误政策。
要想得到发展和安全，每个国家必须从我做起，管理好本国事务。 特别是那些负有领导责任的
国家更要以身作则。这一方面包括一个国家要理性地支持它的人民调整自己以 适应自由开放的
市场所固有的一些困难。另一重要方面是以规则为基础的国际合作，特别是在抑制或消解 影响
全球稳定的地理政治威胁方面。
二战后，合作的观念已经体现在各种制度和契约中。多年 来，这些契约在大多数情况下起到了
良好的作用。但是，最近，国际合作的价值似乎被遗忘了。更多情况 下，国际法规、协议和制
度被忽视，而各种试图更新这些必要工具的努力也都彻底失败了。长期以来创建 并维护它们的
远见卓识和领袖能力不见了。今年夏天多哈会谈的最近一次失败和后来的中东又一轮的军事 灾
难又一次无情地提醒我们这种真空状态。幸运的是，后者已经——至少暂时——被控制住了。
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颇具启示意义的是，中东局势得以控制靠的仍是一种老套的外交手段和 一个近年来广遭诋毁的
机构——联合国。
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Unit7 名家热
当名家是名利双收的好事，一点不假!

没有几个物种会像名家那样树敌众多。学者 妒忌他们的名利双收。记者反感他们的盛气凌人。
人人痛恨他们的志在必得，从学术地位的把持到媒体上 的频频曝光，一个都不放过。所以对于
我们外人来说倒是有热闹可看了。剽窃，说谎，招摇撞骗，几乎每 周都能看到这个或那个专家
名流身败名裂，一败涂地。
斯蒂芬•安布罗斯是美国非常得宠的历 史学家。他创作畅销小说速度飞快，让读者目不暇接。
他不仅是好莱坞大片的创作源泉，更因写下艾森豪 威尔和尼克松的最佳总统传记而广受赞誉。
不料，现如今却曝出他的五部作品过度地“借鉴”了其它历史 学家的专著。（对此他解释说“我
又不是在写博士论文”，那是自然喽，靠别人的作品是不可能获得博士 学位的。）
现在安布罗斯想必可以略松口气了，因为舆论已将焦点对准另一位剪贴高手多丽斯•卡恩< br>斯•古德温。她是美国电视节目的常客，对于诸如林顿•约翰逊或者亚伯拉罕•林肯等人的奇闻
轶 事总能侃侃而谈（前者与她熟识，而后者将是其下一部巨著的主角）。但她对剽窃指控的处
理可能比指控 本身更糟糕。上个世纪八十年代末，她用钱打发了一名被剽窃的作者让其保持沉
默。如今在解释自己抄袭 举动时，她申辩道当初不得不依赖手抄笔记，很多历史学家都亦如此，
只是并未引起轩然大波而已。令人 不解的是，本科生犯了同样的错误会被逐出校园，而古德温
却仍是哈佛大学的校董会成员之一。
来看看另类的剽窃者吧。对名家的其他指控也轰然而至。罪名一，满口谎言。约瑟夫•艾利斯，
创作的 有关美国开国元勋的著作堪称一流。他曾对学生声称打过越战，然而实际上他“浴血奋
战”的地方不过是 学校的图书馆。罪名二，道貌岸然。保罗•克鲁格曼是普林斯顿大学的经济
学教授，在纽约时报的专栏中 猛烈抨击布什政府与安然公司相互勾结，这位“无畏”的教授却
同时笑纳了能源公司的贿赂$$37,50 0。罪名三，欺世盗名。咄咄逼人的哈佛校长劳伦斯•萨默斯
和黑人问题研究专家康奈尔•韦斯特之间争 论不休，使得人们注意到后者的最新研究成果不过
是饶舌音乐、宗教辞汇以及后现代结构主义晦涩言语的 大杂烩。作为十七位被冠以哈佛顶级教
授中的一员，康奈尔•韦斯特带给我们的应该绝非如此。
这仅是几个害群之马而已吗？联邦法官里查德•波斯纳在其《公共知识分子》（哈佛大学出版社）
中认 为，这是整个学术风气的败坏。审视各类学者教授（不单是无良学者），波斯纳表示学术
权威的影响力源 于对公众的蒙蔽。他们在某些狭隘的专业领域里打拼，一旦功成名就，便在“查
利•罗斯访谈秀”等节目 上煮酒论英雄。
话虽如此，同是受雇的知识精英，波斯纳未免有些偏激。名家也许是卑俗不堪的，但是 至少还
有两点说明他们的所作所为还是不无裨益的。首先，他们显然促进了思想的传播，使得受过教育的普通人有机会从真正的权威那里获取信息，而不仅仅是靠平庸记者的捕风捉影。他们也使
大学得 以回报社会对它们的滋养。由枪手代劳的自传和极尽谄媚之辞的作品遍地都是，而美国
畅销书的排行榜更 青睐名家们的专著。这一事实也足以让我们欣慰。
其次，他们有助于让学术界留住人才。伟大的人物甘 愿忍受清贫来换取追求真理的机会。想想
约翰•罗尔素岂会为五斗米而折腰。当然凡人难免会为名利所动 。一点外财就会让有才华的教
师在大学驻足。
赚取外财的代价是什么？这些学术明星不会有负 校方吗？也许会。跟其他一本正经的教授一样，
韦斯特虽然善于做秀，毫无疑问也使不少聪慧的学生慕名 进入哈佛。有调查表明，同那些没有
社会活动的教授相比，经常抛头露面的学者能更好地履行职责。除此 之外，声名鹊起和学术低
下没有必然联系。在红极一时之前，安布罗斯和古德温都曾以借用他人作品起家 。
从根本上说，美国学术界的症结并不在于名家个人而是研究视野的狭隘化。学者们总是手持放
大镜沿着研究前沿匍匐前行，而对前方的广阔天地熟视无睹，经常将最有价值的课题演变为方
法论的无 味争吵。平民知识分子们则能放宽视野，恢复学术生命的活力。谁对美国的文学更有
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贡献：是哈罗德•布鲁姆还是千万个后结构主义者以及他们无聊的研讨？谁能 更新美国的商业
理念：是从未被任何名校聘用的管理学家彼得•德鲁克，还是《批量供应连锁店管理杂志 》的
无数投稿人？
市场是只无形的手。媒体曾将安布罗斯和古德温推向事业顶峰，如今却正让 他们名声扫地。真
正的名家积极传播学术研究成果以推动社会的发展，而那些欺诈之徒只会丧失他们最看 重的名
节，为自己的错误买单。
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Unit8 责任、荣誉、国家
道格拉斯•麦克阿瑟

威斯特摩兰将军, 格罗夫将军，各位嘉宾，各位学员：
今天早晨，我走出旅馆的时候，看门人问道，“将军，您上哪去？ ”我答道，“去西点军校。”
“那可是个好地方。您从前去过那儿吗？”这样的殊荣，没有人不为之动容 。这荣誉来自我长
期以来所从事的这个职业，来自我深深热爱的这个民族。我的感情无法用语言来形容。 但是这
种奖赏主要并非表彰个人，而是代表一种伟大的道德标准——那些捍卫这块可爱土地的人的行为标准与骑士气概。能有幸以这种方式与这一崇高的理想联系在一起，我感到无上的光荣，又
感到十 分谦卑，这种感情将永远伴随着我。
“责任”、“荣誉”、“国家”——这三个神圣的词语庄严地决定 了你们应该成为怎样的人，能成
为怎样的人，会成为怎样的人。它们是你们力量的源泉，在即将灰心时鼓 起勇气，在信心动摇
时重建信念，在几乎绝望时创造希望。它们塑造了你们的基本性格。它们培养你们成 为将来保
卫国家的卫士。它们使你们意志坚强，了解自己何时脆弱不堪；在胆怯时仍能勇于面对自己。< br>它们教你在真正的失败面前骄傲不屈、而在成功面前谦卑和蔼；不以言代行，不寻求坦途，而
去面 对困难与挑战的重压与激励。学会屹立于风浪之中，但对倒下的人满怀同情；心灵纯洁，
目标高远；学会 笑的同时，永远不忘怎样哭泣；展望未来，也不忘过去；为人持重，却不妄自
尊大；保持谦虚，以便铭记 真正伟大的简单，真正智慧的宽怀，真正力量的温和。它们赋予你
坚强的意志，想象的品质，旺盛的情感 ，生命源泉的鲜活力。在气质上果敢压过怯懦，渴望冒
险胜于贪图安逸。它们在你心中创造惊异感，对未 来的无限希望以及对生活的乐趣和灵感。它
们正是以这种方式教你们成为一位军官和绅士。
你 们将要率领的士兵是怎样的人呢？他们的故事，你们全都熟悉。那是美国士兵的故事。我对
他们的评价是 在多年前的战场上形成的，并且从未改变。我始终认为他们是世界上最高尚的人
之一。他们无需我或任何 人来颂扬。他们已经写下了自己的历史。我不知道他们是否出身高贵，
但我知道他们死得非常光荣。他们 牺牲时毫不犹豫、无怨无悔、满怀信念，嘴角挂着希望——
我们将最终走向胜利。他们自始至终信奉“责 任”、“荣誉”、“国家”。
20年后，在地球的另一端，历史又重演，炙热阳光下的无情暴晒，肆虐 风暴中的倾盆大雨，
渺无人烟的丛林中的羊肠小道，与爱人、亲人长期离别的痛楚，战争地区的恐怖。他 们坚定顽
强的守卫，快速有效的进攻，不屈不挠的意志，关键彻底的胜利——永远的胜利，总是通过他< br>们最后一枪回声的血雾和这些瘦削憔悴战士的视野才得以实现。他们庄严地履行着“责任”、
“荣 誉”、“国家”这一号令。
这些词语所体现的不朽准则包含着最高的道德法则，经得起任何促进人类进 步的伦理和哲学的
考验。它所要求的是力行正确，远离谬误。战士，首当其冲，要履行宗教修炼中的最伟 大行为
——牺牲。无论战争如何恐怖, 他们响应召唤，奉献自己，为国捐躯，这是人类发展的最崇高
境界。
人们会围绕悬而未决、众 说纷纭的国内外问题争论不休。但是你们却保持着沉着、镇定、无争
的心态，充当着国家的保卫者，国际 冲突汹涌大潮的救生员，竞技场上的角斗士。一个半世纪
以来，你们捍卫、守护、保卫着自由、权利与正 义的神圣传统。让平民百姓去辩论国家在施政
过程中的功过是非。这些重大的国内问题无须你们的职业参 与或军事解决。如同黑夜间十倍亮
度的灯塔——你们的路标：“责任”、“荣誉”、“国家”。
这并非说你们是好战之辈，恰恰相反，士兵比任何人都祈愿和平，因为他们必须承受最痛的战
争创伤。 但是我们的耳旁常回响起最为睿智的哲人柏拉图的不祥预言：“只有死者才能看到战
争的终结。” 我已到桑榆暮年，行将就木。生命的黄昏已经降临，昔日的光彩早已消逝。它们随着对往日的
念想， 消失在余辉中。在无数梦境中，我又依稀听到隆隆的炮火声，战场上奇怪而哀伤的低语。
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可是，在晚年的回忆里，我总是回到西点。那里总是不断回响着：“责任”、 “荣誉”、“国家”。
今天虽然是我最后一次与你们一起点名，但仍然希望你们知道，当我弥留之际，我 最后的清醒
意识一定是军团、军团、军团。
就此向诸位告别。

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