武汉大学考博英语真题2007年
个人简历的范文-2016北京高考数学
武汉大学真题2007年
(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in
this part. Each passage is followed by some
questions or unfinished statements. For
each
of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and
D. You should decide on the best choice and mark
your answer on the
ANSWER SHEET by blackening
the corresponding letter in the brackets.
What is so special about intuitive talent?
Extensive research on brain skills indicates that
those who score as highly
intuitively on such
test instruments as the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator tend to be the most innovative in
strategic planning and
decisionmaking. They
tend to be more insightful and better at finding
new ways of doing things. In business, they are
the
people who can sense whether a new product
idea will in the marketplace. They are the people
who will generate
ingenious new solutions to
old problems that may have festered for years.
These are the executives that all organizations
would
love to find.
But, surprisingly,
organizations often thwart, block, or drive out
this talent--the very talent they require for
their future
survival! At the very least, most
organizations lack well- established human-capital
programs designed to search for and
consciously use their employees' intuitive
talent in the strategic-planning process. As a
result, this talent is either not used,
suppressed, or lost altogether.
Typically, highly intuitive managers work in an
organizational climate that is the opposite of
that which would enable them
to flourish and
to readily use their skills for strategic
decisionmaking. This climate can be characterized
as follows: New ideas
are not readily
encouraged. Higher managers choose others who
think much as they do for support staff.
Unconventional
approaches to problemsolving
encounter enormous resistance. Before long, the
intuitive executive begins to emotionally
withdraw, slowly but surely reducing his or
her input and often leaving the organization
altogether.
To achieve higher productivity
in the strategic-planning and decisionmaking
process, clearly what is needed is an
organizational climate in which intuitive
brain skills and styles can flourish and be
integrated with more-traditional
management
techniques. The organization's leadership must
have a special sensitivity to the value of
intuitive input in strategic
decisionmaking
and understand how to create an environment in
which the use of intuition will grow, integrating
it into the
mainstream of the organization's
strategic-planning process.
1. Which
of the following does NOT describe intuitive
talents?
A They are innovative in strategic
planning.
B They are good at finding new
approaches to old problems.
C They are the
executives that all organizations would love to
find.
D They are fully utilized.
2.
Highly intuitive managers typically work in a
climate that ______.
A enables them to
flourish
B discourages new ideas
C
achieves higher productivity
D both A and C
3. An executive might leave the
organization because ______.
A he is hurt
B he is fired
C his intuitive talent is
not used
D he earns too little
4. An organization's
leadership should do all of the following EXCEPT
______.
A separating intuitive styles from
traditional management techniques
B learning
how to use creative thinking
C learning how to
use problemsolving skills
D none of the above
The geology of the Earth's surface is
dominated by the particular properties of water.
Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and
gaseous
states, water is exceptionally reactive. It
dissolves, transports, and precipitates many
chemical compounds and is
constantly modifying
the face of the Earth.
Evaporated from the
oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which
are transported by wind over the continents.
Condensation from the clouds provides the
essential agent of continental erosion: rain.
Precipitated onto the ground, the water
trickles down to form brooks, streams, and
rivers, constituting what is called the
hydrographic network. This immense polarized
network channels the water toward a single
receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this
entire step in the cycle because water
tends
to minimize its potential energy by running from
high altitudes toward the reference point that is
sea level.
The rate at which a molecule of
water passes through the cycle is not random but
is a measure of the relative size of the
various reservoirs. If we define residence
time as the average time for a water molecule to
pass through one of the three
reservoirs--
atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the
times are very different. A water molecule stays,
on an average,
eleven days in the atmosphere,
one hundred years on a continent and forty
thousand years in the ocean. This last figure
shows
the importance of the ocean as the
principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also
the rapidity of water transport on the
continents.
A vast chemical separation
process takes places during the flow of water over
the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium,
sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are
dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as
aluminum, iron, and silicon stay
where they
are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on
which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are
destroyed and
transported mechanically during
flooding. The erosion of the continents thus
results from two closely linked and interdependent
processes, chemical erosion and mechanical
erosion. Their respective interactions and
efficiency depend on different factors.
5. According to the passage, clouds are
primarily formed by water ______.
A
precipitating onto the ground
B changing from
a solid to a liquid state
C evaporating from
the oceans
D being carried by wind
6. The passage suggests that the purpose of
the
A determine the size of molecules of water
B prevent soil erosion caused by flooding
C move water from the Earth's surface to the
oceans
D regulate the rate of water flow from
streams and rivers
7. What determines
the rate at which a molecule of water moves
through the cycle, as discussed in the third
paragraph?
A The potential energy contained in
water.
B The effects of atmospheric pressure
on chemical compounds.
C The amounts of
rainfall that fall on the continents.
D The
relative size of the water storage areas.
8. All of the following are examples of
soluble ions EXCEPT ______.
A
magnesium
B iron
C potassium
D calcium
People in the United States in the
nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect
that unprecedented change in the nation's
economy would bring social chaos. In the years
following 1820, after several decades of relative
stability, the economy entered
a period of
sustained and extremely rapid growth that
continued to the end of the nineteenth century.
Accompanying that
growth was a structural
change that featured increasing economic
diversification and a gradual shift in the
nation's labor force
from agriculture to
manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.
Although the birth rate continued to
decline from its high level of the eighteenth and
early nineteenth century, the
population
roughly doubled every generation during the rest
of the nineteenth century. As the population grew,
its makeup also
changed. Massive waves of
immigration brought new ethnic groups into the
country. Geographic and social mobility--
downward as well as upward--touched almost
everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly
three-quitters of the population--in
the North
and South, in the emerging cities of the
Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of
the West--changed their
residence of the
Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of
the West--changed their residence each decade. As
a
consequence, historian David Donald has
written, atomization affected every segment of
society,and it seemed to
many people that
Rapid industrialization and increased geographic
mobility in the nineteenth century had special
implications for women
because these changes
tended to magnify social distinctions. As the
roles men and women played in society became more
rigidly defined, so did the roles they played
in the home. In the context of extreme
competitiveness and dizzying social change,
the household lost many of its earlier
functions and the home came to serve as a haven of
tranquility and order. As the size of
families
decreased, the roles of husband and wife became
more clearly differentiated than ever before. In
the middle class
especially, men participated
in the productive economy while women ruled the
home and served as the custodians of civility
and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was
common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf
that at times seemed
unbridgeable was created
between husbands and wives.
9. What
does the passage mainly discuss?
A The
economic development of the United States in the
eighteenth century.
B Ways in which economic
development led to social changes in the United
States.
C Population growth in the western
United States.
D The increasing availability
of industrial jobs for women in the United States.
10. According to the passage, the
economy of the United States between 1820 and 1900
was ______.
A expanding
B in sharp decline
C stagnate
D disorganized
11. According to the passage, as the
nineteenth century progressed, the people of the
United States ______.
A emigrated to other
countries
B often settled in the West
C
tended to change the place in which they lived
D had a higher rate of birth than ever before
12. Which of the
following best describes the society about which
David Donald wrote?
A A highly conservative
society that was resistant to new ideas.
B A
society that was, undergoing fundamental change.
C A society that had been gradually changing
since the early 1700's
D A nomadic society
that was starting permanent settlements.
Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing
across this giant wound in the Earth's surface, a
visitor might assume that
the canyon had been
caused by some ancient convulsion.
In fact the
events that produced the canyon, far from being
sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow
and orderly
process of erosion.
Many
millions of years ago the Colorado Plateau in the
Grand Canyon area contained 10, 000 more feet of
rock than it does
today and was relatively
level. The additional material consisted of some
14-layered formations of rock. In the Grand Canyon
region these layers were largely worn away
over the course of millions of years.
Approximately 65 million years ago the plateau's
flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged
upward from internal
pressure; geologists
refer to this bulging action as upwarping; it was
followed by a general elevation of the whole
Colorado
Plateau, a process that is still
going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow
rivers that meandered across it began to run more
swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of
these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the
ancestor of the Colorado. Another
river system
called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp,
extended itself eastward by cutting back into the
upwarp; it
eventually connected with the
ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new
river then began to carve out the 277-
mile-
long trench that eventually became the Grand
Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial
cutting action began no earlier
than 10
million years go.
Since then, the canyon
forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive
force of the river itself have been added other
factors.
Heat and cold, rain and snow, along
with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase
the opportunities for erosion. The canyon
walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting
tool, tons of debris, rainfall running off the
high plateau creates feeder streams that
carve
side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the
plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and
the pattern of erosion
continues.
13. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A Patterns of erosion in different mountain
ranges.
B Forces that made the Grand Canyon.
C The increasing pollution of the Colorado
River.
D The sudden appearance of the Grand
Canyon.
14. According to the passage,
the first phenomenon to contribute to the
formation of the Grand Canyon was ______.
A a
series of volcanic eruptions
B the collapse of
rock formations in the Colorado Plateau
C a
succession of floods from the Hualapai River and
what is now the Colorado River
D the Earth's
internal pressure lifting the Colorado Plateau
region
15. Which of the following
conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn
from the passage?
A Its contours are
constantly changing.
B It contains
approximately 14 million tons of rock.
C Its
eruptions have increased in recent years.
D It
is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants.
16. The passage would most likely be
found in a textbook on which of the following
subjects?
A Astronomy.
B
Botany.
C Geology.
D Chemistry.
The political crisis in Ukraine, where opposition
protesters are burning campfires and setting up
tents in the center of Kiev,
is presenting a
test for Russia, which gambled heavily on its
neighbor's presidential election.
A defeat
of the pro-Moscow candidate, Prime Minister Viktor
Yanukovych, would humiliate the Kremlin one year
after
another former Soviet Republic, Georgia,
slipped from its influence, according to observers
and political analysts.
The Ukrainian
upheaval echoes what happened in Georgia, where
protests over vote rigging led to the resignation
of a
Moscow-linked President and a landslide
victory of a young, Western-educated and Western-
oriented leader.
For Moscow, the stakes are
even higher in Ukraine. Unlike Georgia, Ukraine
shares close ethnic and linguistic ties with
Russia; Kiev, Ukraine's capital, is the cradle
of the Russian culture and the ancient capital of
the first Russian state.
President Vladimir
V. Putin of Russia wants to forge a closer union
between three Slavic nations Russia, Ukraine, and
tiny,
authoritarian Belarns and Ukraine is key
to the plan, Russian businesses have major
interests in Ukraine, which borders Russia
to
the west. The Russian military also wants to have
Ukraine as an ally over which it can hold sway,
not as a potential NATO
participant, the
analysts said.
As other former republics
turned away from Russia, Moscow the feeling that
Ukraine is its closest ally, with a
symbolic
significance,said Marsha Lipman of the Carnegie
Moscow Center. has given itself a goal of getting
a
controllable Ukraine. I'm afraid it won't
happen.
Putin quickly congratulated
Yanukovych following Sunday's vote, which pitted
the prime minister against opposition leader
Viktor Yushchenko. But Western observers
reported voting fraud, and hundreds of thousands
of Ukrainians rallied in protest.
lasts,
.it will become a potential source of problems for
Russia's relations with the West,Alexander
Pikayev, an independent politica! analyst in
Moscow
The Kremlin had come out early and
strongly for Yanukovych before the election. Putin
traveled twice to Ukraine, ahead of
each round
of voting. To support the official purpose of his
first visit, attending anniversary celebrations of
Ukraine's liberation
from the Nazis in World
War Ⅱ, the festivities were rescheduled for 10
days earlier than the actual date.
Since
the vote, the Kremlin's propaganda machine has
been in full swing. Russia's Channel One
television, controlled by the
Kremlin like all
other major networks accused the Ukrainian
opposition of breaking the law by declaring
Yushehenko the
rightfully elected President.
In his prime-time show, television
commentator Mikhail Leontyev compared the
Ukrainian opposition to Middle Eastern
militants.
only hurt ordinary people.
Russian television also aired reports on the
anniversary of Georgia's
steeped in misery and
poverty a year after the fall of the old
government. Russian independent newspapers,
however, which
reach only a fraction of the TV
audience, wrote about a different Georgia the same
day telling how happy Georgians had
decorated
shop windows and restaurants with roses to
celebrate.
Many Russians view Ukraine's
powerful opposition as a kind of force that has
disappeared in Russia under the increasingly
authoritarian Putin administration.
Russia has not had a seriously contested
presidential election since 1996, when Boris
Yeltsin narrowly defeated a
Communist
challenger. The political opposition here is
fractured and marginalized, ousted from parliament
in last year's
balloting closely directed by
the Kremlin.
Russian optimists hope a
defeat of Yanukovyeh would force the Kremlin to
reconsider its attempts to control political life
in
other former Soviet republics. Pessimists
fear that his loss would only prompt the Kremlin
to tighten its rule.
stakes are high,Lipman
said. a question of whether Russia's neighbor will
be a Ukraine ruled not through
democratic
institutes but through administrative means, or a
Ukraine that will embrace democracy.
17. By saying
A all of the
former Soviet Republics betrayed Russia except
Ukraine
B Ukraine is the key to Putin's
political plan
C Ukraine is unlike Georgia in
many aspects
D Ukraine weighs more for its
close link with Russia
18. As to
Ukrainian election, which of the following is
true?
A Any of Russia's improper responses
will cause political crisis in Ukraine.
B
Russia had rescheduled a lot of festivities before
the actual date of the election.
C Putin's
congratulation has caused opposition between the
two candidates.
D The voting fraud reported by
Kremlin caused a rally in protest.
19.
What's the meaning of the sentence
A The
Russian media has turned from side to side as it
doesn't know which side to stand.
B The
Russian media has shown an overwhelming support
for Yanukovych.
C Different reports from
Kremlin's media made the public swing from time to
time.
D Unlike Western media, Kremlin's
propaganda machine has taken a neutral stand.
20. What can be inferred from the passage?
A Russians were dissatisfied with the absence
of a seriously contested election.
B Russia
would tighten its rule to control political life
in other former Soviet Republics.
C A sequence
of upheavals in its neighbors indicate Russia's
loss of control over them.
D Russia would
allow Ukraine to be ruled through democratic
institutes.
Part Ⅱ English-Chinese
Translation
Directions: Read the following
passage carefully and then translate the
underlined sentences into Chinese and write your
translation on the ANSWER SHEET.
Peace and development remain the principal themes
in today's world, and the overall international
security environment
remains stable. But,
uncertainties and destabilizing factors are on the
increase, and new challenges and threats are
continuously
emerging. World peace and
security face more opportunities than challenges.
21. The world is at a critical stage, moving
toward
multi-polarity. Progress is expected in
addressing the serious imbalances in the
international strategic alignment. The major
international forces compete with and hold
each other in check. But, they also maintain
coordination and practical cooperation
in
their mutual relationships, and draw on each
other's strengths. Some major developing countries
and regional groupings have
grown in power,
and the developing world as a whole is becoming
stronger. 22. Economic globalization accelerates
and science
and technology make rapid
progress; there are profound changes in the
international division of labor, global and
regional
economic cooperation is being
vigorously promoted, leading to increasing
interdependence among countries. More dialogues
are being conducted on traditional security
issues, and cooperation in non-traditional
security fields is developing in depth. To
address development and security issues
through coordination, cooperation and multilateral
mechanism is the preferred
approach of the
international community. The United Nations'
status and role in world affairs are being upheld
and strengthened.
World wars or all-out
confrontation between major countries are
avoidable for the foreseeable future.
The
international community is increasingly facing
comprehensive, diverse and complex security
threats. The world is not
yet peaceful. 23.
Political, economic and security problems and
geographical, ethnic and religious contradictions
are
interconnected and complex. Hegemonies and
power politics remain key factors undermining
international security. Non-
traditional
security threats present greater danger, and local
turmoil caused by war is on and off, and some
hotspots cannot be
removed in a short time.
The impact of economic globalization is spreading
into the political, security and social fields.
Global
economic development
is uneven, and the gap between the North and the
South is widening. 24. Security issues related to
energy, resources, finance, information and
international shipping routes are mounting.
International terrorist forces remain
active,
shocking terrorist acts keep occurring. Natural
disasters, serious communicable diseases,
environmental degradation,
international crime
and other transnational problems are becoming more
damaging in nature.
Part Ⅲ Chinese-
English Translation
Directions: Translate the
following short passage into English and write
your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.
1.
今天，阿拉木图(Alma-Ata)宣言的目标比起25年前反而离实现更为遥远了。深刻的经济不平等和社会
不公正继续拒
绝给许多人提供良好的健康，继续扮演全球持续性健康受益的障碍。全世界的国家间及国家
内部在健康成就的步伐上
和等级上仍有巨大的差异。一个可能的解释是开始于20世纪80年代作为世界
银行结构性调整计划一部分的健康部门
的改革还没有显示出改进不平等的结果；在某些情况下，它们反而
让这些不平等更为严重了。
现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战：道德价值、公平和美德、可持
续的健康研究体系、良好的研究环境及知识的
产生和应用。为了应对挑战，保健体系和健康研究体系两者
应向一个学习的和解决问题的模式推进，把创新包括进运
作之中，更好地掌握未来发展的机遇。没有效果
明显的锦囊妙计，没有简单的解决方法，只是有许多事情要去学习。
Part Ⅳ
Writing
Directions: The age of Information
Technology has taken a lot of people by surprise.
While it has become a way of life for
some,
others know very little about it and may be
unlikely to learn. Eventually we will have a
polarized society and this will
lead to
serious social problems.
1. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and
experience and support your arguments with
examples and relevant
evidence.
Write
at least 200 words: