英语诗歌的类别
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1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet)
源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于
意大利，意大利彼特
拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六
行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音
步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞
（Edmund
Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab,
bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（William
Shakespeare,1564-161
6）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。
2.
打油诗（Limericks）
通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺
性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑
扬格和抑抑扬格
为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They
returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
2) A tutor who taught on the flute
Tried
to teach two tooters to toot,
“Is it harder to
toot, or
Said the two to the tutor,
To
tutor two tooters to toot?”
3、素体诗(无韵体诗)（Blank Verse）
五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。the
unrhymed iambic pentameter line
William
Wordsworth: There Was a Boy
There was a
Boy; ye knew him well, ye cliffs
And islands
of Winander! many a time,
At evening, when the
earliest stars began
To move along the edges
of the hills,
Rising or setting, would he
stand alone,
Beneath the trees, or by the
glimmering lake;
And there, with fingers
interwoven, both hands
Pressed closely palm to
palm and to his mouth
Uplifted, he, as through
an instrument,
Blew mimic hootings to the
silent owls
1
That they might
answer him.—And they would shout
Across the
watery vale, and shout again,
Responsive to
his call,—with quivering peals,
And long
halloos, and screams, and echoes loud
Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wild
Of
jocund din! And, when there came a pause
Of silence such as baffled his best skill:
Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he
hung
Listening, a gentle shock of mild
surprise
Has carried far into his heart the
voice
Of mountain-torrents; or the visible
scene
Would enter unawares into his mind
With all its solemn imagery, its rocks,
Its woods, and that uncertain heaven received
Into the bosom of the steady lake.
This boy was taken from his mates, and died
In childhood, ere he was full twelve years
old.
Pre-eminent in beauty is the vale
Where he was born and bred: the churchyard
hangs
Upon a slope above the village-school;
And through that churchyard when my way has
led
On summer-evenings, I believe that there
A long half-hour together I have stood
Mute —looking at the grave in which he lies!
3. 自由诗（Free Verse）
自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的
体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同
一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。
美
国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>（Leaves of
Grass）中，就采用此格式。
Song of Myself
I
celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I
assume you shall assume,
For every atom
belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I
loafe and invite my soul,
I learn and loafe at
my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
2
My tongue, every atom of my
blood, form’d from this soil, this air,
Born
here of parents born here from parents the same,
and their parents
the same,
I, now thirty
seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.
Creeds and schools in abeyance,
Retiring
back a while sufficed at what they are, but never
forgotten.
I harbor for good or bad, I permit
to speak at every hazard.
Nature without check
with original energy.
Notes: a spear of:
a piece of school:学说，流派 hazard:chance
abeyance: the condition of not being in use
for a certain time
惠特曼（Walt
Whitman,1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著<<草叶
集>>。本文是Song
of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当
时的美国口语。
4.
Epic poetry
it is a long verse narrative on a
serious subject, told in a formal and
elevated
style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine
figure on whose actions
depends the fate of a
tribe, a nation, or the human race.
史诗是叙述英雄传说和
重大历史事件的叙事长诗。一种庄严的文学体
裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄功绩的长篇叙事诗，它涉及
的主题可以包括
历史事件、民族、宗教或传说
5. 史诗
史诗一般分作两种，一种
为“传统史诗”或“原始史诗”，主要是以口
头流传的形式世代相传，随着时间而增添情节，最后被整理
、加工，以文字
记载成为一部统一的作品。这类史诗的代表有荷马的史诗作品《伊利亚特》
和《
奥德赛》。另一种为文学作家以特定的观念目的有意识地编写而成的“文
学史诗”，这类史诗的代表有维
吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》和约翰•弥尔顿的《失
乐园》。
6. 英雄双韵体(Heroic
Couplet)
Heroic Couplet
is the rhymed
couplet of iambic pentameter
是一种英国古典诗体，由乔叟首创。
由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行
五个音步,每个音步有两个音节,第一个是轻音,第二个是重音.句式
均衡、整
齐、准确、简洁、考究。 举例
拿四行诗的押韵方式为例，有abab型，有
abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型， 还有aaa
b型。第四种（aabb型）实际
上是双行押韵，英语称之为couplet,如果每行五音步，则称之
为“英雄双押
3
韵”(heroic couplet)；
The Canterbury Tales---General Prologue
As
soon as April pierces to the root
The drought
of March, and bathes each bud and shoot
Through every vein of sap with gentle showers
From whose engendering liquor spring the
flowers;
When zephyrs have breathed softly all
about
Inspiring every wood and field to
sprout,
And in the zodiac the youthful sun
His journey halfway through the Ram has run;
When little birds are busy with their song
Who sleep with open eyes the whole night long
Life stirs their hearts and tingle in them so,
Then off as pilgrims people long to go,
And palmers to set out for distant strands
And foreign shrines renowned in many lands.
And specially in England people ride
To
Canterbury from every countryside
To visit
there the blessed martyred saint
Who gave them
strength when they were sick and faint.
7. Ballads and popular ballads大众民谣
Definition of the ballad:
A ballad,
flourished in the 15th century, is a story told in
song, usually in
4-line stanzas, with the
second and fourth lines rhymed.
Popular
Ballads
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs
that have been preserved by oral
transmission.
Literature of the common people.
flourished in the 15th century, printed until
the 18th and 19th.
The best known of the
earliest collections was Bishop Thomas Percy’s
“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”.
英国民谣（English Ballad），起源于中世纪末期，即12、13世纪，兴盛
于
14、15世纪，复兴于18、19世纪，是英国最古老的诗歌形式之一。它主
要包括两大部分，英格兰
民谣和苏格兰民谣。
Get Up and Bear the Door
It fell
about the Martinmas time,
And a gay
time it was then,
4
When our
goodwife got puddings to make,
And
she’s boiled them in the pan.
The wind so
cold blew south and north,
And blew into
the floor;
Quoth our goodman to our goodwife,
“Go out and bar the door.”
“My
hand is in my hussyfscap,
Goodman, as
ye may see;
If it should not be barr’d this
hundred year,
It’s not be barr’d by me.”
They made a paction ’tween them two,
They made it firm and sure,
That the
first word whoe’er should speak,
Should
rise and bar the door.
Then by there came
two gentlemen,
At twelve o’clock at
night,
And they could neither see house nor
hall,
Nor coal, nor candlelight,
“Now whether is this a rich man’s house,
Or whether is it a poor?”
But ne’er a word
would one of them speak,
For barring of
the door,
And first they ate white
puddings,
And then they ate the black:
Tho’ much thought the goodwife to herself,
Yet ne’er a word she spake,
Then
said the one unto the other,
“Here, man,
take ye ma knife;
Do you take off the old
man’s beard,
And I’ll kiss the goodwife,”
“But there’s no water in the house,
5
And what shall we do then?”
“What ails ye at the pudding-broth,
That boils into the pan?”
O, up then
started our goodman,
An angry man was he;
“Will ye kiss my wife before my eye,
And scald me with pudding-broth?”
O’ up
then started our goodwife,
Made three
skips on the floor;
“Goodman, you’ve spoken
the foremost word;
Get up and bar the
door.”
8. Triplet tercet(三韵句，三行押韵的诗节) :
Triplet: a unit or group of three lines, usu.
rhymed. 三行诗节(three-line
stanza，triplet)押韵的形式多样，如：aaa；aab，ccb；aba，bcb⋯
⋯
ODE TO THE WEST WIND (V)
B. B. Shelly
Make me thy lyre,
even as the forest is:
What if my leaves
are falling like its own!
The tumult of
thy mighty harmonies
Will take
from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet
though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the q of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If
Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
6
9. 四行诗节quatrain: a stanza of four
lines
可以押联韵(couplet rhyme)aabb
,也可以押套韵(interlaced
rhyme)即
abab；还可以押间韵(intermittent
rhyme)即abcb；又可押抱韵(enclosing rhyme)
即abba。
Awake ，awake ，my 1ittle boy !
Thou was thy
mothers only joy； •
Why dost thou weep in thy
gentle sleep?
Awake! thy father does thee
keep．
William Blake
(联韵)
Sunset
and evening star，
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar，
When I put out to sea．
Tennyson，Crossing
the Bar
(套韵)
Break ，break，break，
On thy cold grey stones，O Sea!
And 1 would
that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that
arise in me
Tennyson Break ，Break ，Break
(间韵)
I hold it true．whateer befall，
I feel it when I sorrow most；
Tis never to
have loved at al1．
Then never to have loved at
al1．
Tennyson In Memoriam
(抱韵)
O
my luve is like a red, red rose,
That’s newly sprung in June;
O my
luve is like the melodie
That’s sweetly play’d in tune.
As
fair art thou, my bonie lass,
7
So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
Till a’ the seas gang dry.
8