高考英语语法:句子的种类
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句子的种类
(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:
Light travels faster than sound.
光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)
The film is rather boring.
这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)
2)疑问句(Interrogative
Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a. 一般疑问句(General
Questions):
Can you finish the work in
time? 你能按时完成工作吗?
b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions):
Where do you live? 你住那儿?
c.
选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want
tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d. 反意疑问句(Tag-
Questions):
He doesn't know her, does he?
他不认识她,对不对?
3)祈使句(Imperative
Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如:
Don't be
nervous! 别紧张!
4)感叹句(Exclamatory
Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:
What good
news it is! 多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句
,句与句之间
通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:
The food was
good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。
3)复合句(Complex
Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属
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连词引导。例如:
The film had begun when we got
to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):
英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
1)
主 + 动(SV)例如:I work. 我工作。
2)主 + 动 +
表(SVP)例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。
3)主 + 动 +
宾(SVO)例如:She studies English. 她学英语。
4)主 + 动 +
宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right.
时间会证明我是对的。
5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:My
mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了
一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
1)祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do
(但只限于省略第二人称主
语的句子)。例如:
Take this seat.
坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构:例如:
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2)第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句:
a. Let's
包括说话者。例如:
Let's have another try, shall we
shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次,如何?
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如:
Let us have another
try,will you won't you? = Will you please let us
have another try? 你让我们
再试一次,好吗?
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否定结构:例如:
Let's not talk of that matter.
不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter.
你不要让我们谈这件事。
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what,
how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how
修饰形容词,
副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+
陈述语序。例如:How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:How lovely the baby is!
小毛头真可爱!
What +名词+陈述语序。例如:What noise they are
making! 他们真吵!
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:What a
clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
What+
形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:What wonderful ideas (we have)!
我们的主意真棒!
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:What cold
weather it is! 多冷的天!
What a clever boy he
is!的省略形式为:What a clever boy!
典型例题
1)___
food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a
nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How
修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C
的 How
+ adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)。
2)___terrible weather we've been having these
days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj.
后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句
型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3) ---
_____ I had!
--- You really suffered a
lot.
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A. What a time B. What time
C. How a time D. how time
答案A.
感叹句分两类:
1:What + n.+主谓部分
2:How +
adj. adv. v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad
time I had! 这
是个习惯用语。
13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that
(who) + 句子的其
余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如:
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read
your letter that I understood the true state of
affairs. 知道读了你的信,
我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1)It
was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the
time B. when C. that D. which
答案C.
强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who))+ 主谓句。
强调句的连词只有
两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用
,其余用that。再如:原
句:My father did the experiment in
the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my
father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday
evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that
my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did
the experiment in the lab. (注意不用
when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the
experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten
years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A.
that B. when C. since D. as
答案C.
考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be…
that
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还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It
is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to
Canada.
不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
13.4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do (did,does) 强调谓语。例如:
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please
do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5
反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如:
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我跟你姐一样高,对吗?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。例如:
I wish
to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话,行吗?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few,
seldom, hardly, rarely,
little等否定含义的词时,
疑问部分用肯定含义。例如:Some plants never
blown (开花), do they ? 有些植物从不开花,对
吗?
4)
含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't
oughtn't +主语。例
如:
He ought to know what
to do, oughtn't he? shouldn't he? 他应该知道该做什么,对吗?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't
+主语(didn't +主语)。例如:
We have to get there
at eight tomorrow, don't we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿,是吗?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't
+主语。例如:
He used to take pictures there,
didn't he? usedn't he? 他以前常在那儿拍照,是吗?
7)
陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 例如:
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
你最好自己去读,好吗?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用
wouldn't +主语。例如:
He would rather read it
ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵,是
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吗?
9)
陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如:
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
你想和我们一块去,对吗?
10) 陈述部分有must
的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如:
He must be a doctor,
isn't he? 他肯定是医生,是吗?
You must have studied
English for three years, haven't you? didn't you?
你一定读过三年英
语,对吗?
He must have finished it
yesterday, didn't he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的,是吗?
11)
感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。例如:
What colors, aren't
they? 多漂亮的颜色,是吗?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor,
either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而
定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
你不是工程师,我也不是,对吗?
13)
陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this,
疑问部分主语用it。例如:
Everything is ready, isn't
it? 一切就绪,是吗?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如:
Mr.
Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he
should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京,按理说他现在应该在中国,是吗?
b.
带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如:
He
said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
他说他想去日本看看,他是那样说的吗?
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think,
believe, expect, suppose,
imagine等引导的定语从句,
疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如:
I don't think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明,是吗?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
我们相信她能做得更好,她能吗?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,
anyone, somebody, nobody, no
one等,疑问部分常用复
数they,有时也用单数he。例如:
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Everyone knows the answer, don't they?
(does he?) 人人都知道答案,是这样吧?
Nobody knows
about it, do they? (does he?) 没人知道这件事,是吧?
16)
带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。例如:
We need not do it again, need we ?
我们不必重做一遍,是吗?
He dare not say so, dare he?
他不敢这样说,是吗?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do +
主语。例如:
She doesn't dare to go home alone,
does she? 她不敢独自回家,是吗?
17)
省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。例如:
Don't do
that again, will you? 别再这样做,好吗?
Go with
me, will you won't you ? 跟我走吧,好吗?
注意:Let's
开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will
you? 例如:
Let's go and listen to the music,
shall we? 一起去听音乐,好吗?
Let us wait for you
in the reading-room, will you ? 你让我们在阅览室等你,好吗?
18) 陈述部分是结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如:
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't
there? 你的表有问题,对不对?
There will not be any
trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧,是吗?
19)
否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如:
It is
impossible, isn't it? 这不可能,是吗?
He is not
unkind to his classmates, is he? 他不会对他同学使坏,是吗?
20) must在表推测时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如:
He
must be there now, isn't he? 他现在肯定在那儿,是吧?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
明天肯定要下雨,是吗?
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