初中英语语法---句子的种类
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初中英语语法------句子的种类
A英语中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和
感叹句。
Eg:
陈述句：This is a dog.
疑问句：Is this a
dog?
祈使句：Open your eyes!
感叹句：What a
beautiful building it is!
简单句：I am studying.
并列句：I was born in a small village and I lived
there for nearly ten years.
复合句：As soon as I
get there, I’ll call you.
1 陈述句
凡是说明一
件事情，提出一个看法，或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大
多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以
用肯定式和否定式。陈述句句末用句号“.”，
通常用降调。
Eg： We live in
Beijing.
We don’t live in Beijing.
(1) be 动词、一般动词（实义动词）、情态动词的否定句
I am not a
student.
I don’t know him.
He can’t speak
English.
be 动词的否定句
句型： 主语 + be动词 +
not + …
I wasn’t good at English.
They
weren’t at home yesterday.
He isn’t my cousin.
进行时和被动语态都有be 动词，它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。
Eg：They
aren’t cleaning the room.
The child was not
looked after by anybody.
将来时（will，shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词否定句型。
They will not be sent to the front.
They
will be not sent to the front. ×
情态动词的否定句
句型：主语 +情态动词 + not + 动词原形
Eg：I can’t do it
myself.
You mustn’t take the books out.
You must not go there alone.
一般动词的否定句
句型：主语 + dodoesdid + not + 动词原形
Eg:
1
They didn’t live in Shanghai.
He doesn’t do his homework every day.
They
didn’t have the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.
现在完成时的否定句
句型：主语 + havehas+ not +
动词的过去分词+……
I haven’t finished reading the book
yet.
He hasn’t had his breakfast yet.
过去完成时的否定句
句型：主语 + had+ not + 动词的过去分词+……
He hadn’t finished reading the book by the end
of last month.
(2).否定结构应注意事项
使用not 的部分否定
含有not的句子，如果使用了very,
always以及不定代词all, both,
every及every
的复合词，则表示部分否定。
Eg:
I don’t
play football very well.
It isn’t always hot
here in summer.
not的其他否定表示
1. not…
at all 一点也不…
I’m not tired at all.
I don’t
like it at all.
2. not…any more, not… any
longer 再也不…
I don’t live here any longer. = I
no long live here.
I can not eat any more. = I
can eat no more.
使用not 以外的否定词表示否定
1.用no表示：no+名词= not any… 一点也不…
There is no
wind. = There is not any wind.
2. never 绝不
I will never forget you.
He has never been
abroad.
3. few little 几乎没有
He has few
friends.
Few people understand the difference.
I have little money.
There is little water
in the glass.
4. no one = nobody 无人
No one
knows the answer.= Nobody knows the answer.
g
= not anything 什么也没有
I have nothing to do
today.
6. none of …没有任何人；什么也没有
2
None of them can answer it.
I eat
none of the food.
7.含有否定副词seldom hardly的句子
He can hardly write his name.
We seldom
watch TV.
too…to…(太…以至于不….) 的句型表示否定
He is too old to work.
不定代词的肯定和否定形式
肯定 否定 肯定 否定
all none, no some not any, no
everyone, each no one something not anything,
nothing
everything nothing a few few
Each,
both, either neither, not either a little little
2 祈使句
表示请求、命令。建议等。句子没有时态变化，谓语动词一律用原形。
句子中通
常不用主语，句末用感叹号或者句号，用降调。
1. 含有第二人称主语的祈使句
Be careful！
Don’t make such a noise.
肯定的祈使
句型 动词原形+ …+（省略主语）
Stand up.
Be quiet, please.
1. 有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do.
Do sit down.
Do study hard.
2.
用客气的语气表示祈使句时，可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加
please时，那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“，”。
Go this
way, please.
3. 祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开，放在句首或句尾。
Li Ming, come here.
Come here, Li Ming.
否定的祈使句
句型 Don’t +动词原形+…
Don’t
swim in the river.
Don’t be late.
Please
don’t be noisy.
句型转换 之 祈使句和陈述句的改写
祈使句= You
must…
Come here. = You must come here.
Don’t do that again. = You mustn’t do that
again.
3
Please + 祈使句= Will
you (please)…?
Please help me. = Will you
(please) me ?
2 含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句
Let’s say
goodbye here.
Don’t let him do that again.
肯定的祈使句
句型 let+第一人称(me, us)+动词原形+…
let+第三人称代词（himheritthem）或名词+动词原形+…
let me try again.
Let’s go at once.
Let Tom go there himself.
否定的祈使句
Let’s + not + 动词原形+…
Don’t let +
第三人称代词的宾格或名词+动词原形+…
Let’s not say anything
about it.
Don’t let them play with fire.
句型转换
Use your head and you will find a
way.
If you use your head, you will find a
way.
3 感叹句
表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种：一
种以what引导，一
种以how引导。句尾用感叹号，通常用降调。
What a
clever boy he is.
How clever the boy is.
1
what 引导的感叹句
句型 what + 名词（或形容词+名词）+陈述句（主语+谓语）
What a beautiful city it is!
What a fine
day!
What an honest man he is!
What big
apples these are!
What a tall boy Tom is!
What fools they are!
2 how 引导的感叹句
句型
How+形容词或副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）！
How hot it is today!
How high the kite is flying!
How beautiful
the girl is!
How fast he runs!
How I want
to be a teacher!
How well she can skate!
感叹句：How busy you are!
疑问句：How busy are
you?
3 if only 引导的感叹句
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用if only
引导的感叹句通常表示一种强烈的愿望，特别是表示对一些不能实现
的或没有实现的愿望的遗憾感。
句型 if only +主语 + 一般过去时were
If only I knew
her telephone number!
If only he were here!
句型 if only +主语 + could would + have +过去分词
If only we could have gone to the party!
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其他形式的感叹句
感叹句除用what和how引导外，还有许多其他形式，如可用陈述句，疑问句，
祈使句等，有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可构成感叹句。
The garden
looks so lovely today!
Isn’t it a lovely day!
Fire!
Very good!
陈述句用作感叹句时，句中通常有so,
such, really等加强语气的词语，疑问句用
作感叹句时，句子多为否定疑问句。
B句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。复合句中包含宾语从句、状语从<
br>句或定语从句等。
一 简单句
简单句就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子，其句式结构主要有五种：
①主 + 谓。He
works in a big company .他在一家大公司工作。
②主 + 系 +
表。She is a kind girl .她是一个善良的女孩。
③主 + 谓 +
宾。Ann eats junk food twice a week .安一周吃两次垃圾食品。
④主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾。He gave me a pen .他给我一支钢笔。
⑤主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补。He kept me waiting for two
hours .他让我等了两小
时。
二 并列句
并列句由两个或两个以
上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句同等重
要，没有从属关系，是并列的关系，之间用并列连词连
接。
1. 表示顺承的并列连词有and not only …but (also)等。
如：She not only gave
us a lot of advice, but
also helped us to overcome difficulties
.他不仅给了我们很多建议，而且还帮助
我们克服困难。
2.
表示选择的并列连词有or , either …or …等。如：Either you or Maria
will
have to go .你或玛丽亚得去一趟。
3.
表示转折的并列连词有but , yet , however 等。如：It is hot in
summer here ,
but it’s not cold in winter .
这里夏天热，但冬天不冷。
4. 表示因果关系的并列连词有so . 如：He
works hard , so he is one of the top
students
in our class .因为他学习努力，所以他是我们班最优秀的学生之一。
三复合句
（一）宾语从句
1. 宾语从句的引导词
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宾语从句的引导词有that(可省略)，if , whether
, who , whose , what等。如：
①He tells me (that)
he is going shopping this Sunday
.他告诉我这个星期天他
要去购物。
②She asked me if
whether she could join us .她问我她是否可以加入我们。
③Do
you know who broke the door .你知道谁弄坏了门吗?
2.
宾语从句的语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序。如：
①I want to know when the train left
.我想知道火车是什么时候离开的。
②Could you tell me what
your name is ?你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗?
3. 宾语从句的时态
①如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句，宾语从句可以根据实际需
要用各种时态。如：
He tells us that he has been able to look
after himself .他告诉我们他已经能够照
顾自己了。
②如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应该使用对应的过去时态的一种。如：
They said
that they had already finished the work
.他们说他们已经完成了工作。
③宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、格言等时，用一般现在时。如：
Everyone knows there are sixty minutes in an
hour .大家都知道1小时有60分
钟。
4. 否定前移
在宾语从句中，当主句的主语为I或we，谓语动词为think , believe ,
suppose
等时，否定应前移。如：
①I don’t think he is
right . 我认为他不对。②We don’t suppose he will come
.
我们猜测他不会来。
（二） 状语从句
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。
1. 时间状语从句
在时间状语从句中，常用的引导词有when while before after
until(till) as
soon as since as等。如：
①She was cooking when someone knocked at the door
. 有人敲门时，她正在煮
饭。
②What will you do after
you finish your homework ? 你做完作业后准备做什
么?
2. 条件状语从句
在条件状语从句中，常用的引导词有if unless等。如：
①If it doesn’t rain , I will go fishing
.如果不下雨，我将去钓鱼。
②They will have a picnic
unless it rains next Sunday
.如果下星期日不下雨，他
们要进行野炊活动。
If
引导的条件状语从句，若主句用一般将来时，则从句应用一般现在时表
将来。
3.
原因状语从句
在原因状语从句中，常用的引导词有because as since
等。如：
①He didn’t come because he was ill .
他没有来，因为他生病了。
②As you are sorry , I’ll
forgive you . 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。
4. 结果状语从句
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结果状语从句主要由so…that…
such…that…引导。so后接形容词或副
词;such后接名词。如：
①It’s so hot that we want to go swimming
.天太热了，因此我们想去游泳。
②That’s such an interesting
story that everybody likes it
.那是一个如此有趣的
故事，大家都喜欢它。
5. 目的状语从句
在目的状语从句中，常用的引导词有so that in order that等。如：
①Please say it in a loud voice so that everyone
can hear it .请大声说，以便大家
都能听见。
②He works
harder in order that he can go to a good college
.他更加努力地学
习，以便能上一所好大学。
6. 让步状语从句
在让步状语从句中，常用的引导词有though although even if even
though
等。though或although引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用。如：
①He often helps others though although he
is not rich .尽管他并不富裕，但他
经常帮助别人。
②They’ll
stand by you even if you don’t succeed
.即使你不成功，他们也会支
持你。
7. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由than as…as… not as …as…等引导。如：
①He
is more outgoing than I(am) .他比我外向。
②He ran
as fast as Mike did .他和迈克跑得一样快。
③It isn’t so
as easy as you thought .这不像你想的那么容易。
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