(完整版)高中英语语法总结大全-句子的种类
山西建筑职业技术学院-红旗渠导游词
高中英语语法总结大全之句子的种类
句子的种类
(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感
叹句。
1)
陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实
或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than
sound.光比声速度快。(说
明事实)
The film is rather
boring.这部电影很乏味。
(说明看法)
2)
疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。
有以下四种:
a.一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish
the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗?
b.特殊疑问句(W
Questions; H Questions):
Where do you
live?你住那儿?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?
c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you
want tea or coffee?
你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn't know
her, does he?
他不认识她,对不对?
3)
祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建
议或发出命令,例如:
Sit down, please.请坐。
Don't be nervous!别紧张!
4) 感叹句(Exclamatory
Sentences):表示说话人惊
奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:
What good
news it is!多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)
简单句(Simple
Sentences):只包含一个主谓结
构句子叫简单句,例如:
She
is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。
(主)(谓)
2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个
以上主谓结构的句
子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词
或分号来连接,例如:
The food was
good, but he had little appetite.
(主)
(谓)(主)(谓)
食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。
3) 复合句(Complex S
entences):包含一个主句从句
和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:
The film had begun when we got to the
cinema.
主句 从句
我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中
千变万化的句
子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩
展、变化而来的:
1)主 +
动(SV)例如:
I work.我工作。
2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:
John is busy.约翰忙。
3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:
She studies English.她学英语。
4)主 + 动 + 宾 +
补(SVOC)例如:
Time would prove me right.
时间会证明我是对的。
5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:
My
mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件
新衣裳。
祈使句
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
1)
祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动
词原形之前加do
(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be
careful.
否定结构:
Don't move.
Don't be
late.
2) 第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句
a.
Let's 包括说话者
Let's have another try,shall we
shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?
us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try,will you
won't you?
= Will you please let us have
another try?
否定结构:
Let's not talk of that
matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜
悦、
等感情。
what修饰名词,how
修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句
结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序
What +名词+陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序
How clever a boy he
is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise
they are making!
What a clever boy he
is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What
cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为:
What a
clever boy (he is)!
典型例题
1)___ food you've
cooked!
A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How
niceD. What nice
答案D. 由于How
修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。
且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C How +
adj. 后
面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n.
(不可数)
2)___terrible weather we've been
having these
days!
A. WhatB. What aC.
HowD. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how +
adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不
可数名词。
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really
suffered a lot.
A. What a timeB. What time C.
How a time D. how time
答案A.感叹句分两类:
1:What
+ n.+主谓部分
2:How + adj. adv.
v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,
但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I
had! 这是个习
惯用语。
强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was)
被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部
分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
It is from the sun
that we get light and heat.
It was not
until I had read your letter that I
understood
the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1) It
was last night ___ I see the comet.
答案C.
强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that
(who) +
主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当
强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用
,其余用
that。
原句:My father did the experiment
in the lab
yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was
my father who did the experiment
in the lab
yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment
that my father did
in the lab yesterday
evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that
my father
did the experiment in the lab.
(注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my
father did the
experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to
Canada.
A. thatB. whenC. sinceD. as
答案C.
考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其
实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉Itbe…
that还应是一个完
整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years
Miss Green returned to Canada.
不成句。因此本句不是
强调句。
It is was +时间+
since…其中is<---> has beenwas
<---> had been.
用助动词进行强调
强调句还有一种类型,就是用助动词do (did,does)
强
调谓语。
She does like this
horse.她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of
yourself. 千万保重。
反意疑问句
1)陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm
as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2)陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to
have a word with you, may I?
3)陈述部分用 no,
nothing, nobody, never, few,
seldom, hardly,
rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问
部分用肯定含义。
The
Swede made no answer, did he she?
Some plants
never blown (开花), do they ?
4)含有ought to
的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,
疑问部分用shouldn't oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he?
shouldn't he?
5)陈述部分有have to +v. (had to +
v.),疑问部分
常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。
We have
to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +
主语或
usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there,
didn't he? usedn't
he?
7)陈述部分有had better
+ v. 疑问句部分用hadn't
you?
You'd better read
it by yourself, hadn't you?
8)陈述部分有would
rather +v.,疑问部分多用
wouldn't +主语。
He would
rather read it ten times than recite it,
wouldn't he?
9)陈述部分有You'd like to +v.
疑问部分用wouldn't
+主语。
You'd like to go
with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must
的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情
况而定。
He must be a doctor,
isn't he?
You must have studied English for
three years,
haven't you? didn't you?
He
must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't
they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12)陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or
连接的并
列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor
I am engineer, are we?
13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,
that,
nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready,
isn't it?
14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三
种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓
语而定。
Mr.
Smith had been to Beijing for several times,
he should have been in China now, shouldn't
he?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分
谓语根据主句的谓语而定:
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect,
suppose,
imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句
相对应构成反意疑问句。
I
don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe
she can do it better, can't she?
15)
陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone,
somebody,
nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,
有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they?(does
he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does
he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分
常用 need
(dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we
?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare,
need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do +
主语。
She doesn't
dare to go home alone, does she?
17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will
you。
Don't
do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you
won't you ?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?
Let's go and
listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for
you in the reading-room, will you ?
18)陈述部分是结构的,疑问部分用there
省略主语代词。
There is
something wrong with your watch, isn't
there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19)否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定
形式。
It is
impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his
classmates, is he?
20)must在表推测时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意
疑问句。
He must
be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to
rain tomorrow, won't it?
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren’t I
wish
may + 主语
no, nothing, 肯定含义
nobody, never,
few, seldom,
hardly, rarely,
little等否定含义
的词
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't
oughtn't +
主语
have to+v.(had don't
+主语(didn't +主
to+v.) 语)
used to didn't +主语或
usedn't
+主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like
to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中
be +主语
neither…nor, 根据其实际逻辑意义而定
either…or
连接的
并列主语
指示代词或不定代主语用it
词everything,
that, nothing,
this
并列复合句
谓语根据邻近从句的谓语
而定
定语从句,宾语从句根据主句的谓语而定
的主从复合句
think, believe, 与宾语从句相对应的从句
expect, suppose,
imagine等引导
everybody, anyone, 复数they, 单数he
somebody,
nobody,
no one
情态动词dare或need (dare ) +主语
need do +主语
dare, need 为实义
动词
省去主语的祈使句 will you?
Let's 开头的祈使shall we?
句 will you?
Let us 开头的祈使
句
there be
相应的谓语动词
+there(省略主语代词)
否定前缀不能视为仍用否定形式
否定词
must表推测根据其推测的情况来确定
反意疑问句