英语简单句的五种基本类型
中国传统文化作文-学会感恩作文400字
英语动词的分类及基本形式
英语动词的分类及基本形式:表示动作中
状态的词叫
做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、
系动词、助动词和情态动词四
类,有些动词是兼类词。
如:We have lunch at 12.
我们12点吃午饭。(have是
行为动词) We have been to New York.
我们去过纽约
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,
动词可分为行为动词、系
动词、助动词和情态动词四
类,有些动词是兼类词。如:
We have lunch
at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为
动词)
We have been
to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助
动词)
I am
hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)
She was beaten on the
way home. 她在回家的路上被人
打了。(was是助动词)
You
needn’t have waited for me.
你本来不必等我。
(need是情态动词)
The door needs
painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及
物动词)
■动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现
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在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A. 第三人称单数形式的构成 <
br>一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加
s或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大
体相同:
1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s,如work—works,
write
—writes。
2. 以s, x, sh,
ch结尾的动词,后加es,如guess—
guesses, mix—mix,
finish—finishes, catch—catches。
3.
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为ies,如study
—studies。
注:不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes,
do
—does等。
B. 现在分词的构成
1.
一般情况下在动词后加ing,如study—studying,
work—working。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加ing,
如write—writing,
move—moving。
3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾
的动词,
要双写末尾一个辅音字母,再加ing,如get
—getting,
begin—beginning。
4.
以ie结尾的名词,一般将ie改为y,再加ing,如
lie—lying, die—dying,
tie—tying。
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注:(A) 以l结尾的
动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如
control—controlling;尾音节不重读时,双不双
写都可
以,如travel—traveling(美) travelling(英) 。(B)
特例:
picnic—picnicking。
C. 过去式和过去分词的构成
1. 一般情况直接加ed,如ask—asked, work—worked。
2.
以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如love—loved, dance
—danced。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为ied,如try—tried,
study—studied。
4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,先双末尾一个字母,再加ed,如stop—stopped,
permit—permitted。
注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写
l,如
control—controlled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可
以,如tra
vel—traveled(美) traveled(英) 。(B) 特例:
picnic—pic
nicked。另外,还有很多动词的过去式和过
去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需要熟记。
一、什么是动词
动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示
主语是什么或怎
么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:
The boy runs
fast.(这个男孩跑得快。)runs表示主
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语的行为
He is a boy.(他是个男孩。)is与后面的表语a
boy
表示主语的状态
二、动词的分类
动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成
四类,即
行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情
态动词。
(一)行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。
它的词义完整
,可以单独作谓语。例如:I live in Beijing
with my
mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住
It has a round
face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有第二
节 及物动词与不及物动词
行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分
为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:
Give me some
ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)
If you have any
questions, you can raise your
hands.
(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。)
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2、不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可
以
加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动
词。例如:
He works
hard.(他工作努力。)
Jack runs faster than
Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快
些。)
Please look at the
blackboard and listen to me.(请
看黑板,听我说。)
He
got and “A” this time because he went over his
lessons carefully.(这次他得了个“A”,因为他仔细地
复习了功课。)
[难点解释]
1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,
例如:
Who is going to speak at the
meeting?(谁打算在会
上发言?)speak, 不及物动词
Few people
outside China speak
Chinese.(在中国
外很少人讲汉语)speak,及物动词
2、要特别注意有些动词
英汉之间的差异。某些词在英
语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相
反。例如:
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He is waiting for
you.(他在等你。)
英语wait为不及物动词,汉语“等”为及物动词。
Serve
the people.(为人民服务。)
英语serve为及物动词,汉语“服务”为不及物动词。
(二)连系动词
连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有
词义,但
不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语
一起构成合成谓语,例如:
We are in
Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年
级。)are,是
are
这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。
连系动词可具体分为三类:
1、表示“是”的动
词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和
不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,wer
e,
havehas been等要特别予以注意。例如:
He is a
teacher.(他是个教师。)
He was a soldier two years
ago.(两年前他是个士
兵。)
We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。) <
br>2、表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,
摸起来),smell(闻起
来),sound(听起来),taste
(尝起来)等,例如:
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She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。)
I
feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)
Cotton feels
soft.(棉花摸起来很软。)
The story sounds
interesting.(这个故事听起来很有
趣。)
The flowers
smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
The mixture tasted
horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)
3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become,
get, grow,
turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,例如:
She
became a college student.(她成了一名大学
生。)
He
feels sick. His face turns
white.(他感到不舒服,
他的脸色变苍白了。)
The weather gets
warmer and the days get longer
when spring
comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,
白天也变得较长些了。)
He grew
old.(他老了。)
[难点解释]
注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为
动词,又可以作为连系动词。
1、look看;看起来
He is looking at the
picture.(他正在看这图片。)行
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为动词
It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词
2、fell摸;感觉
1)I felt someone touch my
arm.(我感到有人碰我的
手臂。)行为动词
Are you felling
better today than before?(你今天比
以前感到好些了吗?)连系动词
3、smell嗅;闻起来
My little brother likes to
smell the apple before he
eats
it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为
动词
Great! The
flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香
啊!)连系动词
4、sound弄响,发音;听起来
The letter “h” in hour is
not sounded.(在hour这个
词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词
The
gun sounded much closer.(枪声听起来更近
了。)连系动词
5、taste辨味;尝起来
Please taste the
soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词
The soup tastes
terrible.(这汤尝起来味道太差了。)
连系动词
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6、get得到,获得;变
There are some
bananas on the table. Each of you
can get
one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一
个。)行为动词
7、grow生长,种植;变
Do you grow rice in your
country?(你们的国家种水
稻吗?)行为动词
It’s too late.
It’s growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗
了。)连系动词
8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变
The earth turns around
the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
行为动词
When spring comes,
the trees turn green and the
flowers come
out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿
开了。)连系动词
上述句子中的动词如grow、
get、turn等,既可以作
连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢?
有一个最简
便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中
的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不
能
替换的,就是行为动词。例如:
The trees turnare green when
spring comes.(春天
来临,树叶变绿。)
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The earth rurns around the
sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为“转动”。无
法以is替换。
(三)助动词
这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动
词一起构成谓语,
表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子
的否定和疑问,例如:
He does not
speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)
句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not
一起构成否定形式。
A
dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只
猫。)
句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在
进行时。
Did he
have any milk and bread for his breakfast
?
(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?)
句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词
have一起构成疑问。
(四)情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的
能力、说话人的
语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这
类动词有can, may, must, need,
dare, could, might
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等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)
一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:
I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会
He can’t walk
because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴
儿,不会走路。)can’t, 不必
May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)may, 可以
Exercise 1
指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词,并说明词义,
例如:
All of us study hard.(vi. 学习)
1、He began
to work at seven this morning.( )
2、I have
left the key at home.( )
3、We must take the
old woman to the hospital at
once.( )
4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad
news.
( )
5、Think it over, and you will
have a good idea.( )
6、Don’t think of
yourself;think of others.( )
7、We are
college students now, but we were at the
factory two years ago.( )
8、Mr. Black
got angry when he saw Jenny come to
school
late again.( )
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9、Please wash your hands before each meal.(
)
10、Li Ming often works for the wall-
newspaper after
school.( )
exercise 2
区别下列多组句子中的动作,指出下列划线动词是连
系动词还是行为动词,并写出词义:
1、She looks well.( )
She tried to
look at the blackboard but saw
nothing.( )
2、The students felt unhappy.( )
I
felt someone touch my back.( )
3、It was
snowing hard when he got to the city.( )
It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker.(
)
4、The teacher asked the student to turn it
over.
( )
The leaves of the trees
turn green when sping
comes.( )
5、The
young trees grow fast.( )
It began to
grow dark.( )
6、The bell sounded at 12
o’clock for lunch.( )
The music sounds
nice.( )
持续动词与瞬间动词
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英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使
用中应注意两者区别。
一、持续性动词
表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的
有study,
play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean,
slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay,
write, sit,
stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬间性动词
表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性
动词。常见的有begin,
start, finish, go, come, leave,
find, get up,
arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop,
open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend,
happen,
join, lose, renew, die, take away, put
up, set out, put
on, get onoff等。
以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性
动词。
三、用法
1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现
在为止已结束,例如:
He
has studied English for three
years.(他学英语已
有3年了。)
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He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。)
Mum isn’t
at home. She has gone to the
library.(妈
妈不在家,她去图书馆了。)
2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状
语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:
His parents talked with the teacher for half
an hour.
(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)
My mother has
lain in bed for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧
床已经三天了。)
My
parents have lived in Shanghai since
1950.(我
父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)
3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的
状语连用,通常有两种方法:
(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:
He has been in the armya
soldier for three years.
(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has
joined
She has been up for quite some
time.(她起床已有
好久了。)不能用has got up
Has your
brother been away from home for a long
time?(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不能用has left
常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:
1、go——be away
2、come——be here
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3、come
back——be back 4、leave——be away
(be not
here)
5、buy——have 6、borrow——keep
7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on
9、finish——be over 10、open——be open
11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost
13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on
15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sitbe
seated
17、join——be in(…)或be a…member
18、become——be
(2)用it
is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:
电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)
The film has been on for five minutes.
It’s five minutes since the film began.
他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)
He has been away from
Shanghai for three days.
It is three days
since he left Shanghai.
这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法)
It’s two weeks since I returned the book to
the library.
他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法)
How long
is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词
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的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:
I
haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你
了。)
Exercise 3
一、选择正确的答案:
1、Alice has
(come, been) back for a week.
2、His
grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.
3、When we got to the cinema, the film had
(begun, been
on) for a few minutes.
4、The
lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a
day.
5、Have you (bought, had) the book on
grammar for a
week? Yes, since last Sunday.
二、用since和for翻译下列句子:
1、这本书我已借了两周了。
2、她离开这儿有5分钟了吗?
3、我弟弟入团已有半年多了。
4、Joan来到我校已有两个月了。
5、他们相识有很长一段时间了。
简单句:只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语
(或并列谓语)的句子,称作简单句。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
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基本句型一: S +Vi (主+谓)
基本句型二:
S+Vt+O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型三: S+LinkV+ P
(主+谓+表)
基本句型四: S +Vt+InO +DO
(主+谓+间
宾+直宾)
基本句型五: S+Vt+O+C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
1. 主语+ 不及物动词
例:It is raining heavily.
My tooth aches.
2. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语例:They
enjoy the
play.
I met John in the street
yesterday
3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
例:He is out.
Jenny is fine.
4 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语
例:He bought her a watch.
The sun gives us
light.
注意:双宾语一个指人(即间接宾语),另一个指
物(即直接宾语)。一般
间接宾语位于直接宾语的前
面,有时它们也可交换位置,这是需要在间接宾语的
前面加上介词t
o 或for 。
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常见的双宾语结构:bring sb. sth (bring sth
to sb).
give sb. sth (give sth to sb. hand sb.
sth
(hand sth to sb.) leave sb. sth (leave
sb) lend sb. sth (lend sth to
sb) pass sb sth (pass sth to sb)
return sb. sth (return
sth to sb) send sb
sth (send sth to sb)
show sb sth (show
sth. to sb.) tell sb sth
(tell sth to sb )
write sb sth (write sth
to sb ) buy sb
sth (buy sth for sb )
do sb sth (do sth
for sb ) get sb sth
(get sth for sb )
make sb. sth (make
sth for sb) pay sb. sth
(pay sth for sb)
sing sb sth (sing
sth for sb )
5. 主语 +
及物动词 + 宾语 + 补足语
例:She found him a very
clever student.
I make it a rule to
get up early in the
morning.
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注意:当宾语意思表达不完整时,需要用不足语补
充说明宾语的
状态、性质等。用作宾语补足语的通常
有名词、形容词、动词不定式等。当谓语动词为see,
hear , watch, feel 等感官动词或者let, have , make
等使役动词时,如果不定式作宾语补足语,必须省略
to。
Exercise :
1. The sun │was shining.
1. 太阳在照耀
着。
2. The moon │rose.
2. 月亮升起了。
3. We all │breathe, eat, and
drink. 3.我们大家
都呼吸、吃和喝。
4. Who
│cares? 4. 管它呢?
5.
What he said│does not matter. 5.
他所讲的
没有什么关系。
6. They │talked for
half an hour. 6. 他们谈了
半个小时。
1. Who │knows
│the answer? 1. 谁知
道答案?
2.
She │thanked │her mother.
2. 她感
谢了她的母亲。
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3.
He │is making │a cake.
3. 他正在
做蛋糕。
4. He │enjoys
│reading. 4. 他喜欢
看书。
5.
They │ate │what was left over.
5. 他
们吃了剩饭
6. He │said │
morning.他
说:“早上好!”
7. I │want
│to have a cup of tea. 7. 我想
喝杯茶
8.
He │watches │TV.
8. 他看电视。
1. This │is
│an English-Chinese dictionary.
1. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good.
2. 午餐
的气味很好。
3. He │feels
│a little tired. 3. 他感
到有点累。
4. Everything │looks │different.
4. 一
切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing
│tall and strong. 5. 他
长得又高又壮。
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6. The trouble │is
│that they are short of money.
6. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │goes │dry.
7. 我们的
井干枯了。
8. His face │turned
│red. 8. 他的脸
红了。
1. She │is making │herself │a new
dress. 1. 她
正在给自己制作一套新衣裳。
2. She
│cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
2
. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美餐。
3. He │buys │you
│a dictionary. 3. 他给
你买了一本字典。
4. He
│passes │her │nothing. 4.
他什么
也没有传给她。
5. I │am showing │him
│my pictures. 5. 我正
把我的照片给他看。
6. I
│will give │my car │a wash. 6.
我要洗
我的汽车。
7. He │tells │us
│funny stories. 7. 他给我
们讲奇怪的故事。
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英语简单句的五种基本类型
英语句子千千万, 五
种句型把线牵。一种简单主
谓型,二种基本主谓宾。三种常见主系表,四种主谓
加双宾。五种主
谓宾补型,各种句型记心中。
一、主语+不及物动词
注意:不能直接加宾语的动词叫做不及物动词。
例如:
1. The baby
laughs. 2. The children are swimming.
二、主语+及物动词+宾语
注意:后面跟宾语意思才完整的动词是及物动词。
名词
、代词、动名词、动词不定式都可以做宾语。例
如:
1. The workers
made machines. 2. The students are
cleaning
the classroom.
三、主语+系动词+表语
注意:初中阶段常见的系动词有:get, be, turn, look,
smell,
taste, sound, become等。表语是英语中的一种特
殊成分,常跟在连系动词后面。
表语一般由名词或形
容词等充当。例如:
1. He became angry. 2.
My mother is a teacher.
四、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
注意:有些及物动词可以有两个(双)宾语,指
人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾
语,
合称为双宾语。如把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前,间
接宾语前要加介词to 或者for。
1. 与介词to 的连用的动词主要有give, bring,
lend, pass,
show, teach, tell, take, send等。例如:
He gave me
a ruler.=He gave a ruler to me.
2.
与介词for连用的动词主要有:buy, cook, do,
find, get,
leave, make, play等。例如:
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My mother bought one beautiful birthday
present
for me. =My mother bought me a
beautiful birthday
present.
注意:如果直接宾语是人称代词时,必须将其置
于间接宾语之前。
【误】I
need some salt. Pass me it, please.
【正】 I
need some salt. Pass it to me, please.
五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语,作宾语补足语
的常有以下几类词:
1.
后面一般跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:
ask, get, order, tell,
want, wish,allow等。例如:
Our teacher told us to
come early tomorrow.
2.
后面一般跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的
动词有: 四“看”:see, watch, look
at, notice;三“使
役”:let, have, make; 二“听”:hear,
listen to; 一“感
觉”:feel等。例如:
Did you see
him come in?
(一)主语+不及物动词。如:
work
every day.
2. She studies hard.
3.I
often get up at six.
(二)主语+及物动词+宾语。如:
1. I often play football after class.
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2. I like skating very
much.
(三)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
1. He
gave me some chocolate.
2. She passed him
the cheese.
3. Mother bought her a new
dress.
4. I'll make you a birthday cake.
5. Could you get us some books?
6. Mr. Lee teaches us English at school.
7. Please show me your photo.
8. Can you
sing them a song in English?
9. Father
cooked us a delicious meal.
10. Tom told
us an interesting story.
11. Grandpa drew
Tom a nice picture.
12. Tom throws me the
ball.
13. They often ask Mr. Lee
questions after class.
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14. I can't answer you this
question.
15. Tim brought us many books.
16. Mrs. Smith wrote her husband a letter
last ni
ght.
17. Can you lend me your
car?
18. Please find me my dog.
19. Liu Xiang set us a good example.
20. Can
you do me a favor?
(四)主语+系动词+表语
1.
Liu Xiang is twenty-one.
2. I was in Hong
Kong last week.
3. Father and mother were
teachers before.
4. Lucy is clever.
5. He must be away now.
6. She can't be
in Harbin.
7. We are all good students.
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8. My hobby is
playing the piano.
9. I am good at
playing basketball.
10. They will be in
Shanghai next week.
11. Eating KFC sounds
great.
12. Milk goes bad easily in hot
weather.
13. The days get longer when
spring comes.
14. Her face turned white
when she heard the ne
ws.
15.
McDonald's tastes delicious.
16. Grandma
looks old.
17. She feels tired after
running.
18. Fish and chips smell nice.
19. Yao Ming became an NBA basketball
player.
20. We should keep healthy.
(五)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
主语+及物动词+宾语+形容词
26
1. Good food keeps you
healthy.
2. Keep the child quiet.
3. Please keep the door open.
4. My job
keeps me busy.
5. That kept her warm.
6. The traffic lights keep us safe.
7. Sit down and make yourself comfortable.
8. The picnic will make me so happy.
9.
This made the street as light as day.
10.
The heavy rain made him late for school.
11. I find the boy very clever.
12. We
find her careful.
13. Our teacher finds
me strong.
14. They find the work
difficult.
15. We find her unhappy these
days.
27
主语+及物动词+宾语+名词
1. All work and no play make Jack a dull
boy.
2. She made him chairman.
3. Hard life made them men.
4. We find
Mr. Lee a kind teacher.
5. His parents
find him a clever boy.
6. He finds it an
interesting film.
7. We must keep this
matter a secret.
8. That kept him a great
man.
9. You may call me Jack.
10. They call supper dinner.
主语+及物动词+宾语+副词介词短语
1. I'm so glad I found
you in.
2. We went to her house but we
found her out.
3. The doctor kept me in
for a week.
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4.
Please make yourself at home.
5. I find
Mr. Li in Canada.
6. Mother keeps me at
home all night.
7. I find Mr. Lee away
from China.
8. Did you find Tom back from
the USA?
9. We found him at work all the
time.
10. Keep yourself in bed and have a
rest.
主语+及物动词+宾语+动词不定式
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