英语八类状语从句的用法归纳
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一、概说
状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。
按照其意义,状语从
句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语
从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、
让步状语从句等。
学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一
定
的语言环境中的意义与用法。
二、时间状语从句
壹、普通类从属连词
引导时间状语从句的普通类从属连词有when(当„„时),while(在„„期间),as
(当„„,一边„„一边„„),before(在„„之前),after(在„„之后),since(从
„„
以来),tilluntil(直到),whenever(无论何时),as soon
as(一„„就)等。
如:
When I went into the
classroom, he was reading. 当我走进教室时,他正在看书。
He
read a newspaper as he went along. 他边走边看报纸。
We
must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。
I
will tell you after they leave. 于他们走后我再告诉你。
I
told him to come back whenever he wants to.
我告诉他什么时候想回来就回来。
I waited tilluntil she was
back. 我一直等到她回来。
Once time is gone, you will
never get it back. 时间一旦失去就再也得不到了
注意:在时间状语
从句中,不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时,而要用相
应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现
在完成时来代替。
如:
I’ll telephone you as soon as
I get there.
我一到达那里就打电话给你。
She said she
would phone me as soon as she got there.
她说她一到达那里就给我电话。
Don’t get off the bus until
it has stopped. 等车停稳后才下车。
贰. 表示“当„时候”的
while, when, as 的用法区别是:
while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;
表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用
when;
当表示“一边„一边„”或“随着”时,只能用 as。
另外,用于此义的 as
所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。
如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A:
“I’m going to the
post office.”
“_____ you’re there, can you
get me some stamps?”
A. As B.
While C. Because D. If
叁、含 time的短语
可引导时间状语从句的 time 短语有every time,
each time, (the) next time, (the)
last time,
by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time
结尾的词语也可用作连词,
引导时间状语从句。
如:
Every
time I listen to music, I’ll think of it.
每当我听音乐,我就想起这事。
He didn’t tell me anything
the last time I saw him.
上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。
Each time she moved her head she let out a
moan.
她每转动一下头,就发出一声呻吟。
肆、表示“一„„就„„”
除as soon as外,还有三类:
名词型——the moment, the
minute, the second, the instant;
副词型——immediately, directly, instantly;
句式型——no sooner„than„, hardlyscarcely„when„。
如:
The moment I saw him I knew that
there was no hope.
我一看到他,就知道没有希望了。
I came
immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。
I had no
sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家就下起雨来了。
如果hardly, scarcely 或no
sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构。
如:
HardlyScarcely
had I got home when it began to rain.
No
sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
伍、对before从句的理解
before的本意为“在„„之前”,根据
具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及还没有„„
就„„,趁着还没„„就„„,不知不觉就„„,„„才„
„”等。
如:
I had not sat long before he
came back.
我没坐多久他就回来了。
He almost knocked
me down before he saw me.
他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
Before I could get in a word, he measured me.
我还来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。
I’ll water the flowers
before it gets dark.
我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。
Be a
pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生,后做先生。
Time passed quickly and three months went by
before she knew it.
时间过得飞快,她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月。
I will die before I will betray my country.
我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。
陆、对since从句的理解
1.
since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如:
I’ve been feeling
down since I lost my job.
自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。
2. since从句谓语动词延续性动词,且为现在完成时时,仍然按字面意思理解。如:
She has never come to see me since I have
lived in the city.
自从我住到城里,她就一直不来看我。
3.
since从句谓语动词延续性动词,且为一般过去时时,按与字面意思相反的意思理解。
如:
I have made great progress since I was ill.
我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
4. since前有ever,或从句谓语动词是be
且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄
的名词、形容词时,仍然按字面意思理解。如:
I
have lived here ever since I was a child.
我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。
柒、对tilluntil从句的理解
1.
主句为肯定式,主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词,且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直
延续到 until
till 从句所表示的时间为止,可译作“(直)到„„”。如:
He thought his
computer was broken until his little brother
pointed out that he
had forgotten to turn it
on.
2. 主句为否定式(包括含 no, nobody, nothing,
never, hardly, little
等否定词的
肯定句),若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词,则该动词所表示的动作在 until
till 从句
表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到„„”,后译主句,not
译成“才”,即“直到„„
才„„”。如:
His mother didn’t
leave untiltill he was asleep. 直到他睡着了,他母亲才离开。
Nobody can leave untiltill the meeting is
over. 直到散会才能离开。
3. 主句为否定式,若主句谓语动词是持续性动词,则
须根据上下文去理解untiltill
从句的含义,一般译为“直到„„才„„”或“没有到„„”。
如:
He didn’t wait untiltill I returned.
他没有等到我回来。
She didn’t sleep untiltill I
returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。
■与时间状语从句有关的时态问题
关于这个问题有两点值得注意:
(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时,时间状语从句
通常要用一般现在时表示将来
意义,而不能直接使用将来时态:
Turn off the
lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
I will tell him
as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。
以管窥豹,可见一斑:由if和as soon
as引导的从句都是“主将从现”,由此可知所
有的条件状语从句和时间状语从句都满足“主将从现”
(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态:
He
has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来,他就一直住在这儿。
Where have you been since I last saw you?
自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
【注】在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时:
It seems
like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten
anything since Tuesday.
他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。
三、条件状语从句
1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有 if,
unless, as [so] long as等。
如:
Don’t
come unless I telephone.
除非我打电话,否则你别来。
If
you watch carefully you will see how to do it.
如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。
As long as you do your
best, we’ll be happy.
只要你尽力,我们就满意了。
2. in case 也可引导条件状语从句,其意为“如果”、“万一”。如:
In
case I forget, please remind me about it.
如果我忘了,请提醒我。
四、让步状语从句
1.
引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有 although, though, however (=no
matter how),
even if(即使),
whether„or(不论„还是)等连词。
如:
The speech is
good, though it could be better.
这次演讲不错,虽然还可以再好一点。
He went out even though
it was raining.
尽管下雨,他还是出去了。
2. as
也可引导让步状语从句,但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到 as
前,若提前的是
单数可数名词,要省略 a an。如:
Teacher as he
is, he can’t know everything.
虽然是老师,他也不可能什么都懂。
3. 连词 while
有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”,引导让步状语从句。
如:
①While we
don’t agree we continue to be friends.
尽管我们意见不同,我们还是朋友。
② __________ I accept
that he is not perfect, I do actually like the
person.
A. While
B. Since
C. Before
D. Unless
答案:A
分析:考查while表示让步的用法。
1】连词while除了表示时间“当„期间、和„同时”,和表示对比“而、却”外,
2】还可表示让步“虽然、尽管”,与although相同,它引导的从句位于主句之前。
句意是:尽管我承认他并不完美,但我的确喜欢这个人。
3】此外,while还可表示条件“只要(=as long as)”:
While
there is life, there is hope.只要有生命就会有希望。
-ever系列【whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever】
,
no matter wh- 系列,
however,等引导让步状语从句。
如:
Don’t lose heart whatever you do.
不管你做什么,都不要灰心。
Whoever you are, you can’t pass
this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。
注:表示“虽然”的
though, although 不可与 but 连用,但可与 yet, still 连用。
五、原因状语从句
1.
引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, seeing (that),
now (that)
等:
Since(now
that) for
Because 、 as
_____主句_______ , because 、 as _____从句_______
即 同样是引导原因状从,但各连词放主、从句的位置不同:
①Since(now
that) 引导的原因状从,只能位于主句之前;
Since you are going, I
will go.
既然你去,我也去。
Now that we are alone,
we can speak freely.
现在我们单独在一起,可以随便谈了。
②同理,for 引导的,只能置于主句之后;
1】__________
everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any
more.
A. For
B. Even
C. Since
D. However
答案: C
解析:since 引导原因状语从句。for
引导的表原因的从句 不能 放在主句前面
2】He found it increasingly
difficult to read,for his eyesight was beginning
to fail.因为视力开始下降,他发现阅读越来越困难了。
此外,并列连词for引出理由或根据:
3】A man cannot smile
like a child,for a child smiles with his
eyes,while a
man smiles with his lips alone.
成人微笑与小孩子不一样,因为孩子是用眼睛笑,而成人只用嘴唇笑。
③而because 、 as引导的,可放主句前 或是 主句后。
They can’t
have gone out because the light’s on.
他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
2.
when有时也可引导原因状语从句,其意“既然”。
如:
I can’t tell
you when you won't listen.
既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
3. 有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点:
(1) as 与 since,
now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可
用于强调结构被强调。
(2) 当表示直接的因果关系,回答 why 时,或有 only, just, all,
partly, not, but 等
副词修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用 because。
(3) for
有时也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,对前一分句加以解释或推
断。
(4)
不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的 so 连用。
六、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where (在„的地方),
wherever(无论什么地方),
everywhere(每个„地方),
anywhere(任何„地方)。如:
I’m not living where I was.
我不在原处住了。
You can’t camp where [wherever,
anywhere] you like these days.
如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.
不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。
2. 有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见
得不多,误认为考试不会涉及,但恰恰相反,地
点状语从句却是英语考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以
下考题:
(1) When you read the book, you’d better
make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A.
at which B. at where C. the place where
D. where
(2) After the war, a new school
building was put up _____ there had once been
a theatre.
A. that B. where
C. which D. when
(3) You should make it
a rule to leave things _____ you can find them
again.
A. when B. where C. then
D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______
she lost it.
A. where B. when C.
in which D. that
以上四题均选where,其意为“在„的地方”,用以引导地点状语从句。
七、目的状语从句
1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有 in order
that, so that, in case, for fear
等。如:
I
hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
我租了一条船去钓鱼。
Take your coat in case it rains
(should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。
He studied hard in
order that he could pass the exam.
他努力学习,是为了能通过考试。
2. 引导目的状语从句的 so that
有时可省so 或 that,即单独用 so 或 that 来引导
目的状语从句。如:
Check carefully, so any mistake will be
caught.
仔细检查,以便任何错误都可检查出。
Bring it closer
that I might see it better.
拿近些,使我能看得清楚些。
八、结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有so that,
so„that, such„that等。如:
He was so angry that he
couldn't speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He shut the window
with such force that the glass broke.
他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。
注:so„that和such„that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略。