有关于月亮的诗句-六一儿童节节目串词

r 2（P31）
Unit2 Cast Irons
In order to understand the fabricating characteristics of cast irons, it is necessary to become familiar with the
characteristics of the metal and the various types and classifications that are available.为了了解铸铁的制造特性，它是要熟悉
的金属的特性和各种可用的类型和分类
One of the distinguishing features of all irons is that they have a relatively high carbon content. Steels range up to about
2% carbon. Cast irons overlap with the steels somewhat and range from about 1.5% up to 5% carbon. It is principally the form
of the carbon, with is governed by thermal conditions and alloying elements, that provides various structures that may be
classified into the following main type：gray cast iron; white cast iron; ductile(nodular) graphite irons;compacted(vermicular)
graphite iron.所有熨斗 的一个显着特点是，它们具有相对高的碳含量。钢可达至约2％的碳。铸铁重叠有所钢和范围从
约1.5 ％至5％的碳。是主要的形式的碳，是由热条件和合金元素，提供了各种结构的主要类型如下：灰铸铁，白口铸< br>铁，球墨铸铁（结节）石墨铸铁;压实可分为（蠕）石墨铸铁。
Gray cast iron. The terms gray and white cast iron refer to the appearance of the fractured area. The gray cast iron has a
grayish appearance because of the large amount of flake graphite on the surface. The dark sections show the graphite flake. The
pearlite type may be made fine by faster cooling, or coarse by slow cooling. The size of the section will also determine the
structure of the metal; the thinner the section the faster it cools. Thus a casting having large variayions in section will also have
large variations in hardness and strength unless special precautions are take to ensure uniform cooling. 灰铸铁。的条款灰色和
白色的铸铁是指裂缝区域的外观。灰口铸铁的，因为大量的鳞片状石墨的表面上有一个浅灰色的外观。暗部显示的 鳞
片石墨。珠光体类型可能被罚款降温快，缓慢冷却或粗。的部分的大小也将决定结构的金属部分较薄的 冷却速度就越
快。因此，具有大的变化部分的铸造硬度和强度也将有大的变化，除非采取特殊的预防措施 ，以确保均匀的冷却。
The basic composition of gray cast irons is often described in terms of carbon equivalent(CE). This factor gives the
relationship of the percentage of carbon and silicon in the iron to capacity to produce graphit e.灰口铸铁的基本组成中的碳当
量（CE）通常被描述。此因子给出能力生产石墨碳和硅中的铁的百分 比的关系。
CE=c1+13(% si+% p)
Where: ct=total percentage carbon The CE value may then be related to the tensile strength of the metal. Irons with a
carbon equivalent of over 4.3% are called hypereutectic and are particularly good for thermal-shock resistance, such as for
ingot molds. The higher strength gray irons. With CE less than 4.3%, are termed hyp oeutectic.其中：克拉=百分比碳的CE值
然后可将有关的金属的拉伸强度。铁杆具有4.3 ％以上的碳当量被称为过共晶和特别良好的抗热震性，如锭模。高强度
灰铸铁。随着CE小于4.3％， 被称为亚共晶。
The compressive strength of gray cast iron is to one its outstanding features. In general, it ranges from 3 to 5 times the
tensile strength. As an example, a class-20 gray cast iron which has a tensile strength of 20,000 psi has a compressive strength
of 83,000 psi. 灰铸铁的抗压强度是一个突出的特点。在一般情况下，它的范围从3至5倍的拉伸强 度。作为一个例子，
它具有的拉伸强度为20,000 psi的一类20灰铸铁的压缩强度为83,000 psi。
Gray cast iron is the most widely used of all cast metals. Typical applications are engine blocks, pipes and fittings,
agricultural implements, bathtubs, household appliances, electric motor housings, machine tools, etc. 灰口铸铁是最广泛使用
的所有铸造金属。典型的应用是发动 机缸体，管材和管件，农具，浴缸，家用电器，电机外壳，机床等。

r 2 (p46)

Unit5 Heat Treatment of Tool Steel
The purpose of heat treatment is to control the properties of a metal or alloy through the alteration of the structure of the
metal or alloy by heating it to definite （一定的、确定的）temperatures and cooling at various rates. （热处理是通过加热
确定金属或者合金的温度和不同速度冷却来改变它们的结构，以达到 控制其性能的目的。） This combination（组合） of
heating and controlled cooling determines not only the nature and distribution(分布 )of the microconstituents(微组织), which
in turn determine the properties, but also the gram(晶粒) si ze.（这种加热和冷却控制相结合的方法不仅决定了微观组织的性
质和分布，进而决定了材料的性能， 而且也决定了晶粒尺寸。）
Heat treating should improve the alloy or metal for the service intended. （热处理根据需要改变金属或者合金的性质。）
Some of the various purposes of heat treating are as follows:（热处理有以下不同的用途：）
1. To remove strains 应变after cold working.（通过冷加工去除应变）
2. 2. To remove internal stresses such as those produced by drawing, bending, or welding.（通过拉深、弯曲或者焊接等
方法去除内应力）

3. To increase the hardness of the material.（提高材料的硬度）
4. To improve machinability.（提高材料的切削性能）
5. To improve the cutting capabilities of tools.（提高刀具的切削能力）
6. To increase wear- resisting properties （提高耐磨性）
7. To soften the material, as in annealing.（用退火使材料变软）
8. To improve or change properties of a material such as corrosion resistance, heat resistance, magnetic properties, or others
as required.（改善材料的性能，例如耐腐蚀性、抗热性、电磁性或者所需的其他性能。）
Treatment of Ferrous Materials.
Iron is the major constituent in the steels used in tooling, to which carbon is added in order that the steel may harden.（铁
是工具钢中最重要的元素，在其中加入碳元素以提高钢的硬度。） Alloys are put into steel to enable it to develop properties
not possessed by plain carbon steel, such as the ability to harden in oil or air, increased wear resistance, higher toughness, and
greater safety in hardening.（在钢中加入合金是为了是其具 有普通碳素钢所不具备的特性，如：在空气或水中淬硬的性
能；提高耐磨性；更高的韧性；以及在淬火过 程中的高可靠性。）
Heat treatment of ferrous materials involves several important operations which are customarily referred to under various
headings, such as normalizing, spheroidizing, stress relieving, annealing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening.（钢的热处
理包括很多重要的操作，它们通常被冠以不同的名 字如：正火、球化处理、去应力、退火、淬火、回火和表面淬火。）
involves heating the material to a temperature of about 100~200°F (55~100 °C ) above the critical range
and cooling in still air. （正火是将材料加热到临界温度以上华氏温度 100~200度（摄氏50~100度），然后在空气中冷却。）
This is about 100°F (55°C ) over the regular hardening temperature.（这个温度通常低于淬火温度100华氏度（55摄氏
度）。）
The purpose of normalizing is usually to refine(精炼) grain structures that have been coarsened(粗糙) in forging. （正火
的目的是为了改善在锻造以后变得粗大的晶粒。）With most of the medium-carbon forging steels, alloyed and unalloyed,
normalizing is highly recommended after forging and before machining to produce more homogeneous均匀 structures, and in
most cases, improved machinability.（对于大多数中炭锻钢，不管是否是合金钢，正火通常用来作 为锻造和机加工之间的
工序以使其产生均匀的组织，在大多数情况下是为了改善钢的可加工性能。） High-alloy air-hardened steels are never
normalized, since to do so would cause them to harden and defeat the primary purpose.（空冷高合金钢不需要正火，因为这
样做会使其淬硬而达不到正火的真正目的。）
Spheroidizing. 球化处理（少一段）
Stress Relieving. This is a method of relieving the internal stresses set up in steel during forming, cold working, and cooling
after welding or machinin g.（去应力处理。这是一种消除在锻造、冷加工、焊接及加工后的冷却过程中产生的内应力的
方法）I t is the simplest heat treatment and is accomplished完成 merely by heating to 1200~1350°F (649~732 °C) followed
by air or furnace coolin g.（它是一种最简单的热处理，只需将材料加热到649~732°C，然后空冷或随炉冷却即可。）
Large dies are usually roughed out, then stress-relieved and finish-machined. （大型的锻件通常只是粗略的锻打，经过
去应力处理后进行精加工。）This will minimize change of shape not only during machining but during subsequent heat
treating as well.（这 样做不但有利于减少在机加工过程中的变形，而且减少在在后续热处理过程中的变形。）Welded
sections will also have locked-in stresses owing to a combination of differential heating and cooling cycles as well as to
changes in cross section. Such stresses will cause considerable movement in machining operations.（焊接部件由于各部分之间
的 冷热传递也会产生内应力，在机加工的过程中这些内应力会产生相当大的变形。）
Annealing. The process of annealing consists of heating the steel to an elevated temperature for a definite period of time and,
usually, cooling it slowly.（退火。退火是将材料加热至高温一段时间，然后将其缓慢冷却。）Annealing is done to produce
homogenization and to establish normal equilibrium conditions, with corresponding characteristic properties.（退火是为了建立
具有特殊性能的均匀组织和均衡的内部环境。）
Tool steel is generally purchased in the annealed condition.（工具钢通常需要采用退火处理。）Sometimes it is necessary
to rework a tool that has been hardened, and the tool must then be annealed. （有的已经变硬的工具需要再加工时，这个工
具必须要进行退火处理。）For this type of anneal, the steel is heated slightly above its critical range and then cooled very
slowly.（在这种情况下钢需要加热到略高于临界温度，然后非常缓慢冷却。）
Hardening. This is the process of heating to a temperature above the critical range, and cooling rapidly enough through the
critical range to appreciably harden the steel.（淬火。淬火是将材料加热到临界温度以上然后 使其快速冷却，冷却的速度
应足以使钢淬硬。）

Tempering. This is the process of heating quenched and hardened steels and alloys to some temperature below the lower
critical temperature to reduce internal stresses setup in h ardening.（回火。回火是将加热淬硬的钢加热到低于低临界温度以
消除在淬火过程中产生的内 应力。）
Case Hardening. The addition of carbon to the surface of steel parts and the subsequent hardening operations are important
phases in heat treating. （表面硬化。在钢制件的表面加入碳然后再进行热处理是热处理的一种很重要的形式。）The
process may involve the use of molten sodium cyanide氰化钠mixtures, pack carburizing with activated solid material such as
charcoal or coke, gas or oil carburizing, and dry cyaniding.（在 渗碳的方法包括：使用熔融的氰化钠混合物渗碳；使用象木
炭或焦炭之类的有活性炭的材料进行固体渗碳 ；用气体或油渗碳；干法渗碳。）

r 3（P52）
Unit1
Foundry Processes
（从第三段）In casting a solid is melted, heated to a proper temperature, and treated to produce a desired chemical composition.
The molten material, generally metal, is then poured into a cavity or mold which contains it In proper shape during
solidification. Thus, in a single step, simple or complex shapes can be made from any metal that can be melted, with the
resulting produce having virtually any configuration the designer for best resistance to working stresses, minimal directional
properties, and usually, a pleasing appearance.
在铸造一个坚实的融化,加热到适当温度,和治疗产生想要的化学成分 。熔融材料,一般金属,然后倒进一个洞或模具其中
包含在凝固过程中合适的形状。因此,在单个步骤中 ,简单或复杂的形状可以由任何金属可以融化,由此造成的生产在几乎
任何配置设计师最佳抗工作应力、 最小的定向属性,通常,外观美观。（p56）
Founding is one of the oldest industries in the metalworking field and dates back to approximately 400B.C. since this early
age, many methods have been employed to cast various materials. In this chapter, sand casting and its ramifications receive first
attention because they are most used; over 90% of all casting are sand casting. Sand casting is best suited for iron and steel at
their high melting temperatures but also predominates for aluminum, brass, bronze and magnesium. Other process of
commercial importance are treated, in most cases those for nonferrous metals using permanent molds.
在金属加工领域中，铸造只是最古老的行业之一，远在大约公 元前4000年就有了铸造。因为这早期的时代,许多方法已
被广泛用来铸造各种材料。在这一章,砂铸 造及其后果得到关注,因为它们最首次使用;超过90%的所有压力铸造砂型铸
造。砂铸造是最适合钢铁 在他们的高熔点的温度也主导铝、黄铜、青铜和镁。其他过程的商业重要性是治疗,在大多数
情况下,那 些为有色金属使用永久的模具。
The elements necessary for the production of sound casting are considered throughout this chapter. These include molding
materials, molding equipment, tools, patterns, melting equipment, etc. these basic ingredients must be combined in an orderly
sequence for the production of a sound casting. 为生产所必需的元素的声音被 认为是在本章铸造。这些包括成型材料、
成型设备、工具、模式、熔炼设备等这些基本成分必须结合在一 个有序序列用于生产声音铸造。
Casting have specific important engineering properties; these may be metallurgical, physical, or economic. Casting are
often cheaper than forgings or weldments, depending on the quantity, type of material, and casting of patterns as compared to
the cost of dies for forging and the cost of jigs and fixtures for weldments. Where this is the case, they are the logical choices
for engineering structures and parts.
铸造有特定的重要工程性质,这些可能是冶金、物理、或经济。铸造往往低于锻 件或焊件,这取决于数量、类型的材料,
和铸造的模式相比,模具成本伪造和工装夹具的成本为焊接件。 在这种情况下,他们是合乎逻辑的选择对工程结构和部
件。

r4(89)
Unit1Cutting Tool Dsign
Physics of metal-cutting provide the theoretical framework by which we must examine all other elements of cutting tool
design. We have workpiece materials from a very soft buttery consistency to very hard and shear resistant. Each of the
workpiece materials must be handled by itself the amount of broad information that is applicable to each workpiece material is
reduced as the distinctions between workpiece characteristics increase. Not only is there a vast diversity of workpiece materials
but there is also a variety of shapes of tools and tool compositions. 金属切割的物理学提供了理论框架我们必须借助于
这个框架检查切割刀具设计的其他所有要素。我们的工 件原材料从非常软像黄油一样黏稠的到非常硬的有抗剪力都有。
每一种工件原材料必须单独处理。庞大的 信息量里面适用于每一种工件材料的在减少因为工件之间的性能特点的差别
在增加。不仅是因为原材料广 阔的多样性也是因为有刀具有众多的形状和组成结构。

The tool designer must match the many variables to provide the best possible cutting geometry. There was a day when trial
and error was normal for this decision but today with the ever-increasing variety of tools trial and error is far too expensive.
刀具的设计者必须配合许多的可变因素来提供最好的切割形状。以前试 验和错误对这个结论来说是很正常的而现
在随着刀具的多样性前所未有的增长试验和错误是在太昂贵了。
The designer must develop expertise in applying date and making comparisons on the basis of the experience of others. For
example: tool manufactures and material salesmen will have figures their companies have developed. The figures are meant to
be guidelines however a careful examination of the literature available will provide an excellent place from which to start and
be must cheaper than trial and error. 计者必须开发应用数据和在其它经验的基础上做比较的专业技能。比如说刀具制造
者和材 料的销售商将有他们公司开发过的数据资料。这些数据就是指导原则一个细致的文献资料的调查者将提供一个出色的出发点这比试验和错误要便宜得多。
Material removal by machining involves interaction of five elements: the cutting tool the toolholding and guiding device the
workholder the workpiece and the machine. The cutting tool may have a single cutting edge or may have many cutting edges. It
may be designed for linear or rotary motion. The geometry of the cutting tool depends upon its intended function. The
toolholding device may or may not be used for guiding or locating. Toolholder selection is governed by tool design and
intended function.
材料的切削与5个因素有关刀具 刀具的夹具和导向装置工件的夹具工件和加工机器。刀具可能只有一个刀刃或者
可能有多个刀刃。它可是 是设计成直线运动的或旋转运动的。刀具的形状取决于它需要的功能。刀具的夹具可能会也
可能不会用来 导向或者定位。刀具把的选择取决于刀具设计和需要的功能。
The physical composition of the workpiece greatly influences the selection of the machining method the tool composition
and geometry the rate of material removal. The intended shape of the workpiece influences the selection of themachining
method and the choice of linear or rotary tool travel. The composition and geometry of the workpiece to a great extent
determines the workholder requirements. Workholder selection also depends upon forces produced by the tool on the workpiece.
Tool guidance may be incorporated into the workholding function.
工件的物理结构对加 工方式的选择刀具的组成和形状材料的去除率影响很大。工件需要的形状影响着加工方式的
选择及刀具是 直线运动或旋转运动。工件的组成和形状在很大程度上决定了工件夹具的需求。工件家具的选择也取决
于 刀具在工件上产生的压力。刀具的导向可以与工件的夹具功能合二为一。
Successful design of tools for the material removal processes requires above all a complete understanding of cutting tool
function and geometry. This knowledge will enable the designer to specify the correct tool for a given task. The tool in turn will
govern the selection of toolholding and guidance methods. Tool forces govern selection of the workholding device. Although
the process involves interaction of the five elements everything begins with and is based on what happens at the point of contact
between the workpiece and cutting tool.
为材料的去除工艺而成功设计的 刀具首先需求的是对工具功能和形状的彻底了解。这个理解将使设计者为指定的
工作定出正确的刀具。而 这个刀具也将决定刀具的夹具和导向方法的选择。刀具的压力决定了工件夹具的选择。虽然
这个工艺与5 个因素有关但所有的都开始于也建立在工件和刀具之间的接触点上所发生的情况。
The primary method of imparting form and dimension to a workpiece is the removal of material by the use of edged cutting
tools. An oversize mass is literally carved to its intended shape. The removal of material from a workpiece is termed generation
of form by machining or simply machining.
对一个工件最基本的说明其形式和尺寸的方法就是告知通过刀刃对材料 的除去量。一个超大型的体积可以被准确
的加工为它需要的形状。从工件上切除材料被称为机加工成型阶 段或者简称为加工。
Form and dimension may also be achieved by a number of alternative processes such as hot or cold extrusion sand casting
die casting and precision casting. Sheet metal can be formed or drawn by the application of pressure. In addition to machining
metal removal can be accomplished by chemical or electrical methods. A great variety of workpiece may be produced without
resorting to a machining operation. Economic considerations however usually dictate form generation by machining either as
the complete process or in conjunction with another process.
形式和尺寸也可以通过其它一些可选工艺来达到比如热挤出或冷挤出加工沙模铸造拉模铸造或精 密铸造。薄的金
属可以通过使用压力来成形或拉长。除了机加工以外金属的去除还可以通过化学或者电学 的方法来达到。很多种类的
工件可能不用选择机加工操作就可以做出来。然而从经济上考虑通常指定为机 加工形式或着机加工作为最后的工序或
者与其它工艺结合使用。 刀具被设计为有锋利的刀刃来使刀具和工件之间的摩擦接触最小。
Cutting tools are designed with sharp edges to minimize rubbing contact between the tool and workpiece. Variations in the
shapes of the cutting tool influence tool life surface finish of the workpiece and the amount of force required to s hear a chip

from the parent metal. The various angles on a tool compose what is often termed tool geometry. The tool signature or
nomenclature is a sequence of alpha and numeric characters representing the various angles signification dimensions special
features and the size of the nose radius. This method of identification has been standardized by the American National
Standards Institute for carbide and for high speed steel
刀具在形状上的变化影响着刀具的寿命成型工件的表面状况和从基材 上切下碎屑所需的力。刀具上构成的不同角度通
常被称为刀具的几何参数。其几何名称或专门用语是用一 系列的α和数字字符来代表不同的角度重要的尺寸特殊的特
征及刀尖半径尺寸的大小。这种识别方法已经 被美国国家标准协会标准化了适用于碳钢和高速钢。
r5 （P109) Unit1 Lathes
The oldest and most common machine tool is the lathe, which removes material by rotating the workpiece against a single-p
oint cutter. Lathes used in manufacturing can be classified as speed lathes, engine lathes, toolroom lathes, turret, automatic lathe
s, tracer lathes and numerical control turning centers. 最古老和最常见的机床是车床，通过对一个单点的切割器旋转工件移
除材料。用于制 造可分为车床，高速车床，普通车床，模具车间车床，炮塔，自动车床，示踪车床和数控车削中心。
Engine lathe. The engine lathe is so named because it was originally powered by the steam “engine” if the eighteenth and n
ineteenth century where the lathe is connected to pulley power from overhead line shafts or connected directly to the steam engi
ne.
普通车床。如此命名是因为它最初是由“发动机”的蒸汽发动机 车床车床连接滑轮电源从架空线轴或直接连接到蒸汽机，
如果十八和十九世纪。
Today lathes are equipped with electric motors. Although simple and versatile, an engine lathe requires a skilled machinist
because all controls are manipulated by hand. Consequently, it is inefficient for repetitive operations and for large production ru
ns. 今天车床配用电动机。虽然简单和通用，发动机车床 需要一个熟练的机械师，因为所有的控件都用手操纵。因此，
它是低效的重复操作和大批量生产。
“the essential components of an engine lathe(figure 5-1-1) are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, carriage ass
embly, quick-change gearbox, and the lead screw and feed rod. The bed supports all the major components of the lathe. Beds
have a large mass and are rigidly built, usually from grey or nodular cast iron. The top portion of the bed has two ways, with var
ious cross-sections, that are surface-hardened and precision-machined for wear resistance and dimensional accuracy during use.
“发动机车床（图5-1-1）的重要组成部分是床，床头柜组装，尾架组件 ，车厢总成，快速更换变速箱，丝杠和饲料杆。
床支持所有主要部件的车床。床有一个大的质量和刚性建 成，通常由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁。在床的顶部部分有两种方式，
具有各种横截面的表面经过硬化处理，并在 使用过程中的耐磨损性和尺寸精度的精密机械加工。
The headstock is fixed to be bed and is equipped with motors, pulleys and V-belts that supply power to the spindle at variou
s rotational speeds. The speeds, which are arranged in logical geometric progression, can be set through manually- controlled sel
ectors. Most headstocks are equipped range to the spindle. Headstocks have a hollow spindle to which work holding devices, su
ch as chucks and collets, are attached, and long bars or tubing can be bed though for various turning operations. The accuracy o
f a lathe depends greatly on the spindle. It carries the workholders and is mounted in accurate bearings, usually preloaded tapere
d roller or ball typers. The tailstock can be along the ways of the lathe to accommodate different lengths of stock and be clam
ped at any position. It is commonly provided wth a center that may be fixed (dead center) or may be free to rotate with the work
piece (live center). Drills and reamers can be mounted on the tailstock quill (a hollow cylindrical part with tapered hole) to drill
axial holes in the workpiece. The tailstock can be adjusted in and out with respect to the center line of the bed. This allows for
adjusting the alignment of the centers and for taper turning. 主轴 箱固定的床，并配有电机，皮带轮和V型皮带，在各种转
速主轴供电。的速度，被安排在逻辑几何级数， 可以通过设置手动控制选择器。大多数主轴箱主轴配备范围。主轴箱
有一个空心主轴夹头及夹头夹持装置 ，如工作，执着，和长条或管床虽然各种车削操作。车床的精度在很大程度上取
决于在主轴上。它承载着 夹具的安装在准确方位，通常预紧的圆锥滚子或球typers的。可以沿办法车床尾座，以适应
不同长 度的股票，并在任何位置被夹住。它通常被设置相机连的中心，可以是固定的（死点），或者可以是自由旋转与< br>工件（活顶尖）。钻孔和铰刀可安装在尾座套筒（与锥形孔的中空圆筒形部分），在工件上钻轴向孔。可以 调整的，在
床的中心线相对于尾座。这使得调整的中心对齐，锥度车削。
The lead screw is a long, carefully threaded shaft located slightly below and parallel to the bed ways extending from the h
eadstock to the tailstock. It is geared to the headstock and its rotation may be reversed; it is fitted to the carriage assembly and
may be engaged or released from the carriage during cutting operations. The lead screw is for cutting threads and disengaged w
hen not in use to preserve its accuracy. Below the lead screw is a feed road, which transmits power from the quick change box t
o drive the apron mechanism for cross and longitudinal power feed. changing the speed of the lead screw or feed rod is done at t
he change gear box located at the headstock end of the lathe.

导螺杆是一个长期的，仔细螺纹轴，位于稍下方且平行于床的方式， 从主轴轴向延伸的尾座。齿轮的启闭可以颠倒其
转动，它被安装到滑架组件，并且可以在切割操作过程中 从滑架接合或释放。导螺杆为切割螺纹和脱离，在不使用时
保持其准确性。下面的丝杠是饲料的道路，它 从快速变化中传递动力驱动围裙机制的交叉和纵向供电。改变导螺杆的
速度或供料杆完成上面的变化在车 床的头架端位于齿轮箱。
The carriage assembly includes the compound rest, tool saddle and apron. Since it supports and guides the cutting tool, the
carriage assembly must be rigid and constructed with accuracy. Workholding devices are important in machine tools. In a lath
e, one end of the workpiece is clamped to be spindle by a chuck, collect, face plate, or mandrel or between centers. A chuck is
usually equipped with three or four jaws.托架组件，包括复合休息，工具马鞍和停机坪。由于它支持 和引导刀具，马车组
件必须是刚性构造与准确性。机床的工件夹持装置是很重要的。在车床的工件的一端 钳位到主轴的卡盘，收集，面盘，
或心轴或中心之间。夹头通常配有三个或四个卡爪。

r 6（P141）
Unit1 Manufacturing processes
Process of product. Manufacturing is the utilization and management of materials, people, equipment, and money to
produce products. For successful and economical manufacturing to be achieved, planning must start at the design stage and
continue through the selection of materials, processes, equipment, and the scheduling of production. These related processes
constitute the so-called production process.生产 工艺。制造就是对材料、人力、设备和资金的利用和组织以生产出产品。
为了进行成功而且经济的制造， 规划必须从设计阶段开始并且贯穿材料选择、工序、设备和生产计划的全过程，这些
相关联的步骤构成了 所谓的生产工艺。
It is usually completed by the co- ordinated work of different factories or workshops. To do so can take advantage of
specialized manufacturing processes and make production simple. It also has the effect of raising production efficiency,
guaranteeing the quality of products and reducing the cost. Many products, such as sewing machine and autombiles, invlove
specialized manufacturing. 它通常由不同的工厂或车间协调工作完成。这样做，能够发挥专业化制造工艺的优点，简化
生产过程。同 样也有提高生产效率、保证产品质量和降低费用的作用。
Process of part. The process by which the shape, dimensions and performance of raw material or rough casting are
changed directly by mechanical manufacturing into desired parts is called component manufactured part production, or process
route②. When parts are assembled into a product, it is called the assembly process.零（部）件工艺 。通过机械加工方法，直
接使原材料或铸件的形状、尺寸和性能变为所需要（合格）零件的全部过程，被 称为零部件生产，即机械加工工艺过
程。当零件装配成产品时，就称为装配工艺。
Part production. Part production consists of one or several operations in sequence. A rough casting can be turned into a
finished or semi-finished product by the operations.零件生产。零件生产包括一步或多步有顺序的操作。通 过这个操作，一
个粗糙的铸件可被车削成一个精加工或半精加工的产品。
Operations. The term operation is defined as when one operator (or a group of operators) works in a definite position (one
machine tool or clipping table) to achieve the continuous manufacturing of one or several parts simultaneously. An operation is
the basic element of process procedure as well as of the production schedule and of cost estimation.工序。工序这个 术语的定
义是：一个（或一组操作者）在一个固定地点（一台机床或一个钳工台）对一个或多个零件连续 完成加工。工序是加
工工艺、生产计划和成本预算的最基本单元。
Figure6-1-1is the engineering drawing of a shaft. If the number of the parts in a batch is small, the manufacturing process
can be completed through 4 operations, which are shown in table6-1-1. The stock shown in figure6-1-1 (a) will be turned into
the shaft shown is figure6-1-1 (b) through the five operations sequentially. 图6-1-1是一个轴的工程图。如果这个零件的数
量很少，制造过程可 以通过4个工序来完成，如表6-1-1所示。如图6-1-1（a）所示的毛坯将通过5个连续的工序被车削成如图6-1-1（b）所示的轴
For the manufacturing of the same part as figure6-1-1, if the number of parts is large, the operation in table6-1-1 can be
divided into 2 operation, facing and centering one end in an engine lathe by one operator, and then transferring to another
engine lathe for facing and centering the another end by another operator. As the two ends and center holes are not
manufactured at the same time, by the same operator or in the same machine tool, the operation 1 has now become two
operations according to be the definition of an operation. 对和 图6-1-1类似零件的加工，如果零件批量很大，表6-1-1中的
工序（1）可以划分为2个工序， 一端的端面加工和钻中心孔在一台卧式车床上加工，然后传送到另一台由另一个操作
者完成另一端的端面 加工和钻中心孔。由于这两个端面和中心孔不是同时加工的、由同一个操作者或在同一台机床上，
根据工 序的定义，工序1现在变成了2个工序

Operation step. An operation step is the basic element of any operation. One operation step is defined as an operation that
is completed under the condition when the surface to be manufactured, the cutting parameters (including cutting speed and
feed ) and cutting tool remain the same. When any of the cutting parameters is changed, it will become another operation step.
When several surfaces of a part are manufactured simultaneously, it is called a composite operation step.工步。工步是工序的
基本单元，是被加工表面、切削参数（包括切削速度和进给量）、刀具保 持不变的那部分工序。当任何一个切削参数改
变时，就变成另一个工步。当多个表面或零件同时被加工， 叫做复合工步。
The purpose of classifying an operation into steps is to make a complex operation more convenient and easy to analyze
and describe, and to make it more efficient to organize the manufacturing and calculate the operation time. 把工序划分为工步
是为了更方便、容易地分析和描述一个复杂的工序，更有效地组织生产和计算工时。
Cutting pass. When the amount of metal to be removed is large, several cutting passes may need to be carried out. A
cutting pass is a kind of operation step that is completed by a single type of tool to cut the same surface under the same cutting
parameters走刀。当需要去除的金属量很大，需要进行多次走刀。走刀是一 种刀具在相同切削参数下加工同一个表面所
完成的工步。
Setup. Before the part can be machined, it must have a proper position relative to the cutting tool, and be clamped by a
fixture in the machine tool. This procedure is called the fixturing. The operation completed through one fixturing is called
single setup. Setup is one part of the process. Each operation may have either single setup or several setups. In the same
operation, the number of setups should be arranged to be as few as possible, which not only can the production efficiency be
raised, but also the production error caused by setups can be reduced安装。在零件被加工以前，应相对于刀具有一个合适的
位置并被机床夹具夹住，这个过程 称为夹紧。通过一次夹紧完成的工序称为一次安装。安装是工艺的一部分。每个工
序都有一次安装或者多 次安装。在相同工序内，安装的次数应尽可能少，这样不仅使生产效率提高，而且还能够减少
由于安装引 起的加工误差。
Operation position. In order to reduce the number of setups, a rotational worktable or fixture is usually used to make
sequential machining in different positions possible from a single setup. The job performed in one position is called one
operation position. 工位。为了减少安装的次数，常采 用回转工作台或夹具使得在一次安装中获得不同位置进行顺序加
工。在每个位置完成的工作称为一个工位 。

r 7 (P158) Unit1 CAD CAM
Since the advent of computer technology , manufacturing professionals have wanted to automate design process and use
the database developed therein for automating manufacturing processes. Computer-aided designcomputer-aided manufacturing
( CADCAM ), when successfully implemented, should remove the “wall ” that has traditionally existed between the design and
manufacturing component.由于计算机技术的问世，制造的专业人才一直想设 计过程自动化，并使用其中的自动化制造工
艺开发的数据库。计算机辅助设计计算机辅助制造（CAD CAM），成功实施时，应删除“墙”的设计和制造组件之间
历来存在。
CADCAM means using computer in the design and manufacturing processes. Since the advent of CADCAM, other terms
have developed:CAD CAM是指在设计和制造过程中使用计算机。问世以来的CAD CAM，其他条款：
( 1 ) Computer graphics ( CG ) （1）计算机图形学（CG）
( 2 ) Computer–aided engineering ( CAE )（2），计算机辅助工程（CAE）
( 3 ) Computer-aided design and drafting ( CADD )（3）电脑辅助设计及绘图（CADD）
( 4 ) Computer-aided process planning ( CADD )（4）计算机辅助工艺规划（CADD）
These spin-off terms all refer to specific aspects of the CADCAM concept. CADCAM itself is a broader, more inclusive
term. It is at the heart of automated and integrated manufacturing.所有这些分拆条款CAD CAM的概念具体方面。 CAD
CAM本身是一个更广泛，更具包容性的术语。这是在自动化和集成制造的心脏。
A key goal of CADCAM is to produce data that can be used in manufacturing a product while developing the database for
the design of that product. When successfully implemented, CADCAM involves the sharing of a common database between
the manufacturing components of a CAM的一个主要目标是生产可用于制造产 品，同时开发设计该产品的
数据库中的数据。如能顺利实施，CAD CAM涉及的公司之间的元件制造业的一个共同的数据库的共享。
Interactive computer graphic ( ICG ) plays an important role in CADCAM. Though the use of ICG, designers develop a
graphic image of the product being designed while storing the data that electronically make up the graphic image②. The
graphic image can be presented in a two- dimensional ( 2-D ), three-dimensional ( 3-D ), or solids format. Once created,these
images can be easily edited and manipulated in a variety of ways including enlargements, reductions, rotations and movements.

交互式计算机图形（ICG）在CAD CAM中起着 重要的作用。虽然使用全球导航卫星系统国际委员会，设计师的产品
开发图形图像设计，而存储数据的电 子图形图像。可呈现在一个两维（2-D），三维（3-D），或固体的格式的图形图像。
建立后，这些 图像可以很容易地编辑和放大，减少旋转和运动的方式，包括在各种操作。
An ICG system has three main components: hardware, which consists of the computer and various peripheral devices;
softw, which consists of the computer programs and technical manuals for the system ( the popular ICG software used in
CADCAM at present includes AUTOCAD, CADKEY, ProE, UG, I-DEAS, CATIA, etc. ); and the human designer,the most
important of the three computers.一个ICG系统有 三个主要组成部分：硬件，其中包括计算机和各种外围设备，软体系统
（计算机程序和技术手册，其中包 括目前流行的ICG在CAD CAM软件包括AutoCAD，CADKEY时，Pro E，UG，
I-DEAS，CATIA，等），人的设计师，最重要的三个计算机。
A typical hardware configuration for an ICG system includes a computer, a display terminal, a disk drive unit for floppy
diskettes, a hard disk, or both; and inputoutput devices such as a keyboard, plotter. These devices, along with the software, are
the tools modern designers use to develop and document their designs.一个典型的硬件配置为IC G的系统包括一台计算机，
显示终端，软盘，硬盘，或两者的磁盘驱动器单元，用于和输入输出设备，如 键盘，绘图仪。这些设备，与软件一起，
是现代设计师使用的工具制定和记录他们的设计。