天河学院-二手房买卖协议

医学类的英语学术格式写作规范
1、TITLE标题
既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以
下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方
法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自
显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher
thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto
Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane
弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机
会越多。
有些杂志,某些作者除采用正标题之外,还采用副标题,这种
情况在国外刊物上的各类中可谓 俯拾即是。采用副标题,一般是
在正标题过于简单、笼统的情况下,起到补充和系统说明正题等
的作用,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者注意等
等。Ultra-Low- Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date
Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据分析(补充正题)。Medical
News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with
Involved Nodes医学新闻:辅助性化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的
奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less
LungCancer?尚未解决的问题 :吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们注意
吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。
有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of
LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron
HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长 效甲状腺刺
激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性

的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成
若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Fa ctors Influ-encing one s Ability to
Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素
(1)CARE保健;(2)TE CHNOLOGY技术学;(3)FAMILY
RELATION- SHIPS家庭关系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展
水平(研究标准);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价
值和信仰。
2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)
这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。
常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined
investigated,determined,found ,reported,interviewed,measured,docu
mented,cons idered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,
所采用 的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见
不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… Patients
with…were followed up for+时间;It is showed that… It is
concluded that… Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用
的表达方法有:The results
indicate(show,state,suggest,demon- strate,conclude,express…)that…
;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The
find-ings have general significance in that… This possibilityis
strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the
detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human
serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it
seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic
fluid,the highest in cord dy is decreasing for anormal

level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that
antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain
significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA对
正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中 的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了
测定。其结果有一定规律:抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达
高峰,而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方
克汀病之诊断有一定意义。
3、INTRODUCTION引言
本项除课题意义外,主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研
究的目的,后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:
3.1、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的,例如:REVIEW OF
LITER- ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引
述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(过
去的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果,否则会喧
宾夺主。句式常有 (reported,gave,car-ried out
experiment on… Sb found(showed…)that… .还有若干不同的其它
表达方法,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… The present
study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that
suggest… ,Ourresults supported… The distribution has reported
by… Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… This
article(paper)documents… We trace(evi- dence)…This model
extends… Our findings demon-strate… We reasoned that… The
effect…were evalu-ated by means of… The present results add
some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of

aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring
bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA
pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting
platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might
be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that
might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一 项研究分析了
乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我
们发现,同样剂量 的ASA均可延长出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比
对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制 更具敏
感性。这可能是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。
3.2、OBJECTIVES目的
这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),
有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独 立列为一
项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语
有:The(major
goal,aim…)of
study(research,article,paper, project,experiment),were(was)…
main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose
this
;The
study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article
was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the
methods for differen- tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and
hyperthyroi- dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和
甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。
4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND
TEST(EX- PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、设备和试验程序
这一部分内容须视的类别而有所不 同,但就该题目而论,则
多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND

EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料
及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过
程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述 ),或者只写
PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb
or Sth was(were)tested at… Sb or Sth participated in this study;或
者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed
from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects
participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a
medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with
anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性
10 人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24～69岁… …。
The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete
with temperature measuring trans- ducers and recording equipment.
所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的小柜组成。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION结果和讨论
这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约 占整个文章的一半或三
分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论,其中
包括曲线 、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用
语有:The test(experi- mental)results
presented(obtained)show(indicate,con- firm)…that… It should be
noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection
iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的结
果已经说明,T细胞缺失对预防GVHD有效。
6、CONCLUSION结论
其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY
CON- CLUSIONS(小结及结论
AND
),CONCLUSIONS

ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论 与建议)。常
用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol- lowing conclusions
can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The
be
following
made(PUT recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may
FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made
for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这
类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…
7、ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感谢
这项的常用语是:We acknowledge with… Thisstudy was
supported by… ,We thank…for… Thisstudy was supported grants
from…。例:We wish tothank profeor for his valuable
suggestionsand thank also for
herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better
wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以
人和单位,而前者多用于人,后者 多用于单位。有时,在这一项之后
还有一行内容:Correspondence should be addresed toL.S.F MRC
Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills
Road,Cambridge CB22 QH这是表示致函的地点和单位。
8、REFERENCES
参考文献的写法有多种,但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种,
前 后要一致。众所周知,列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章
叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是 在中的引用部分按出
现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书
目要包拓以 下几个内容:作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、
页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号,而按作者姓 氏的字母顺
序排列,而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:

文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli- ances
ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair
conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air
conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins
and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not
practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of
sensitivity to loadchanges。
如上所述,我们把参考的文献 ,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,
写在下面:se,A.D(1978)Modern
Michael Wallace,et Refrigeration andAir
al.(eds)New Developments in dge University
,Max(1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern
Air-conditioning
University

Industrial
Engineering( baum).Oxford
of
～
,C.W(1972a)Principles
Science,May1972,PP.52
York:McGra- wHill(1972)Commercialand
68,(1972b)ibid,PP.72～ 74注意:(1)若文章选自一本集,则先写作者
姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及 文集名称。
如不另起一句,中间要用逗号。ed,eds分别为editor和editors的缩写。(2)作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间
用句号分开。每条书目的最后用 逗号,也可不用。(3)出版年份指
的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。
(4)P、PP分别是page和pages的缩写,ibid意为“同上”。(5)若多
次引出同一 篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书
籍的出版年份,并注上页次,前后用括号括上,如< br>(Nelson,1972,P.123)。如果出现引用同一作者,同一年份的几本着

< br>
作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示区别,如(Nels
on,1972a,P.123),(Nelson,1972b,PP.52～68)。
9、APPENDIX附录、补遗
这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符
号及定义表),NOME NCLATURE(技术术语表),等。如何 用英语撰
写医学,笔者认为,对很多作者来说,耗时最多的工作不是本文所
谈及的,而应是扎扎 实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读;加强文学
修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工 作,
用英语撰写医学,并且撰写较高水平的问题便会迎刃而解。