钢笔的自述-英语专业出国留学

初中英语语法讲义－
句子的种类

姓 名______

句子的分类：⑪按使用目的和交际功能分类: 句子可分为_______、_______、_______、_______。
⑫按语法结构分类:简单句、并列句、_______。本次只讨论按第一种分类的句子。
一 陈述句
陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为_______陈述句和_____ __陈述句两种。
a．陈述句的肯定形式。Eg ：
They are students. I have already posted the photos. I must go now . He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
I am a student . She has just come back . He is watching TV now .
b．陈述句的否定形式。分以下几种情况：
（1）谓语动词是系动词_____, 助动词_______，_______, _______, be 或情态动词，只须在其后面加_______
构成否定句。be 用作助动词，用于 be doingbe _______ be done等时态或被动语态中,表示为：
主语+be +not+v-ing或p.p+其他。Eg : She isn’t a student . He hasn’t been to the Great Wall .
I can’t swim You won’t go there tomorrow. They aren’t sleeping .
They weren’t classmates last year .She hasn’t been to China. He couldn’t ride a bike when he is small .
They don’t go to school , it is Sunday . He isn’t doing his homework now , he is playing.
(06 江苏) The singer and dancer ______ yet. A. don't 't come C. didn't 't come < br>（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上_______，第三人称单数现在时用_______ ，过去时用
_________。 Eg . He hasn’t sent me an invitation yesterday. She doesn’t like to play football. He didn’t receive
your letter until now .
(05 河北)I went to the cinema yesterday. But he _______ (没去)there.
(05 济南)He ______ say_________.
A. don't, something 't,anything C. doesn't, something D. don't, anything
（3）由具有否定含义的词_______, nobody, _______, little, dislike, _______, few, _______ neither of... no
one等构成的否定句,则不必再加任何否定词,它本身就是含有否定意义的句子.
Eg : Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
I have never been to America .Nobody want to go there .
She can hardly believe his ears . There is little water in the cup .
He dislikes to go out . They seldom go abroad .
There were few people came to the meeting .You are too to young to do that work .
Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.
(03 重庆) Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night, _____?
A. don't they B. didn't they they D. do they
(06 太原) ---You haven't been to Beijing,_______? --- But I want to go there this summer.
A. do you you C. have you D. did you
二 疑问句
疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
⑪．一般疑问句：一般疑问句是询问事物或某情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定或否定回答, 读时用升调. 以
一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始.通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。
（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：
①Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+ _______+表语„？Eg:Is he your classmate?
Am I not a new student ? Were you at school yesterday? Was she here just now ?
②Have动词(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主语+宾语„？Eg: Have you an apple?
Has he been to China ? Had you been there when I went to the cinema ?
③情态动词(can, may, must等)+ _______+行为动词或be…? Eg: Can you help me ?
_______I speak to him ? _______ I come to your birthday party ?
④助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词…Eg: Do you know her ? Does he go to school on foot ?

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Did you receive her letter yesterday ?
(04黑龙江)---_______ you _____ TV at the moment?--- No, you can turn it off.
watch B. Are watching watch watched
(04黑龙江)---_______ you _____ TV at the moment?--- No, you can turn it off.
watch B. Are watching watch watched
⑤助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词…Eg: Shall we go to the park ?
（2）否定形式的一般疑问句，通常把系动词或助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：
Eg: ①Aren’t you a student? _______ .(不，我是) No, _______.(对，我不是)
②Doesn’t she often visit you ? Yes , _______ . (不，她是) No , _______. (对，他不是)
③Don’t you go to school by bus . _____, I do . (不，我是) _____ , I don’t .（ 对，我不是)
④Won’ t you come with me ? Yes, ______.(不，我是) No , _______. (对，我不是)
⑤Haven’t you been to America ? Yes, I have . (不，我去过) No , I haven’t . .(对，我没有)
⑫．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。（1）
如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。
Eg . Who is on duty today ? Which book is yours .？
（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“_______＋一般疑问句”形式。
Eg . have you been ?
2 I want some onions --- How many do you want? ---Two kilos.
And how much is a kilo? ---One yuan a kilo.
3 Which is your maths teacher? ----The one in red.
4. How often is ----Every week.
5. What colour do you like best? ----Orange, because orange can bring me success.
(06四川)--___do you have a sports meeting? --Twice a year. A. how soon B. How often long.
(06 桂林)_____ is the population of China? much many C. How long D. What
(05 重庆)---______ is the Confucian Temple (孔庙)from here? --- It's about 10 minutes' walk.
A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How far
(05 临沂) --- _____ have you lived in China? --- I have lived here for a whole year.
When I _____ with my family to this country, it seemed to me that everything was new.
A. How often ; traveled B. How long; traveled C. How long; moved D How often; moved
⑬．选择疑问句: 提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答.
语调一般是前升后降. 选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句.
①疑问句＋选择成分1＋_______＋选择成分2？
Eg. Do you want coffee or cocoa ? Are you an Englishman or an American ?
(06北京海淀区,31)Would you like something to drink, ___ or coffee ---Coffee, please.
A tea B fruit C bread D meat
②特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
(05 南通) --- _______ Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine? ---_______.
A. Yes, a dictionary B. No , a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes, both
⑭．反意疑问句：反意疑问句是在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问. 疑问部分与陈述部分
用逗号隔开,句末用问号.陈述部分＋提问部分。
①前肯后否，前否后 肯。前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。肯定回答用Yes,否定回答用
No .如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问
句应该用肯定式。
eg. He's flown to Qingdao for summer holiday, hasn't he?
Tom has never been to the Great Wall, has he?
(06 济南)Your sister was cooking when you got home, ______?

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A. was she B. is she C. wasn't she D. isn't she
(05 宁夏) --- Mary hasn't paid for the school things, has she? --- . Her mother will pay for her.
A. Yes, she has B. No, she hasn't C. Yes, she did D. No, she didn't
（04 杭州）There is nothing wrong with your car,____? A. are you B. isn't it C. aren't you there.
(04 北京) He's put up some pictures in his bedroom, ____ he? A. is B. doesn't C. hasn't D. isn't
②陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody someone, everybody everyone
时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t didn’t, will, they等。
eg .My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?
③陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。
eg He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?
(06 昆明)your sister was cooking when you got home, ________?
A. was she B. is she C. wasn't she D. does she
④在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?
(06 深圳)I don't think the girl is right,______? I B. is she C. isn't she D. does he
⑤在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若_______表示推测，疑问用must后面的动词。若m ust表示有必要时，
用_______。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用_______。
eg. He must be tired, isn’t he? You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t you?
You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?
⑥陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用______you(表请求)。注：let’s 用_____we（包括说话人），let us 用
______ you（不包括说话人）。eg. Have a cup of tea, _______? Let’s go now, _______?
Let us go now, _______？ Let's go to the library, _______?
The film is on at the movies. Let's go to see it, _______? OK. Let's go.
⑦陈述部分主语为指人的不定代词somebody, anybody, _______等时，疑问部分用he或they,但不可用it.
Somebody wants to see you, doesn't he (don't they)?
⑧陈述部分是结构时，疑问部分用“_______”。
There is a tree in front of the building, ______________?
⑨陈述部分主语为指事物的不定代词something _______, everything等时，疑问部分用_______.
Something is wrong with your computer, isn't it?
⑩陈述部分为结构时，疑问部分用“aren't I？”。 I am a student, _______？
三 祈使句：
可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等.动词用原形）读降调.祈使句分为肯定的祈使句和否定的祈使句.
（1）let + 第一人称，第三人称＋（_______）动词原形。Let me try again . Let us not go there .
（2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
(05 泰州) ______ your books, Tom. Don't leave your things here and there.
A. Put on B. put off C. put away D. put down
（3）Don’t (never)+动词原形＋其他成分。否定祈使句的反意疑问句为will you.
Don’t look out of the window .________ ?(反意疑问)
(04 长春) --- _______Don't forget to give Polly some food, ______? --- All right.
A. shall we B. do you C. don't you D. will you
(05 青岛)______ late. It's your first day to work. You see, well begun is half done.A. Don't to be B. Don't be C.
Not be D Be not
（4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
eg. .Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ? Don’t close the door .
Please don't forget to take part in our club party tomorrow.

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Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time, did he?
四 感叹句: 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。读降调; 多用what 或how引导.What 修饰名词，
how 修饰形容词、副词。如何判断用what还是how 方法一: 凡是有a, an开头的,多用what; 方法二: 凡是
形容词直接加名词多用what; 方法三: 其他一般用how.
（1）How + _______ 副词。 ①. How + 形容词_______+ 主 + _______+ … ！
eg. How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is ! How fast she runs !
How hard the girls are working !
（06 河北）________ cold it is today! a a
②. How + 形容词 + a an + 名词 + 主 + 谓 +… ！
eg How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + _______词。①. What + a an+ 形容词 + 可数名词单数+ _______ + 谓 + …！
Eg . What a fine day it is today ! What an honest man his father is !
(05 扬州)--- Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoist(相扑手)。 --- Wow, ______!
A. How a fat man B. What a fat man C. How fat man D. What fat man
(05 徐州) --- I lost my wallet on my way to school this morning. --- _______!
You must be careful next time. A. Take care B. You're welcome C. What a pity D. Excuse me
②. What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 +主 + 谓 +…！
Eg . What tall trees they are ! What good students the boys are !
③. What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主 + 谓 +…！
What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
(04 太原) _______ thick ice! Would you like to go skating? B. How C. What a D. How a
④. How+ 主语+谓语！How time flies! 时间过得真快啊！
Eg. 1.: How useful work they have done!
2. Dad, do you like my picture? How wonderful! It's the nicest one I've seen!
3. What lovely weather! Let's go on a picnic.
4. How lovely the weather today. Let's go to the beach.
5 (06宁夏) _____ it's blowing! strong B. How strong C. How strongly strongly
6 (06济南) ________Mrs Smith is!
A. How kind woman B. What a kind woman kind woman D. How a kind woman












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