高考英语 状语从句的类别、用法介绍及练习 新人教版
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状语从句
状语从句又称为副词性从句,包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、
原因状语从句、让步状语从句、
目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句等
一.时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有很多,现将分类用法如下:
1.从属连词when,while与as
when
从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。可以指时间的某个点,也
指一段时间。
当……时候;
When they heard the news,they all
jumped with joy.
I owed Jack $$ 100 when I was
in London.
as
从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。可以指时间的某个点,也指一段时间。
随着……;一边……,一边……;当……时候
The students sang as
they walked.
As he stood up,he dropped the
glass,breaking it into pieces.
while
从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,强调一段时间。从句中常用过去进行时态或一般
过去时态。
当……时候;在……期间
While I was reading,he came
in.
I made some foreign friends while I was in
London.
注: 1)when还可作并列连词,其意义为“那时,这时”,相当于and at
thisthat time。常用于
下列句式:
doing
...某人正在干某事就在这时……
about to going to do
...某人正打算干某事就在这时……
just done ...某人刚干了某事就在这时……
2)when还表示原因“既然”。如:
It was foolish of you
to take a taxi when you could easily walk here in
five minutes.既然你可以
步行五分钟就能到这儿,坐出租车来真是愚蠢。
3)while作为并列连词,意为“而,却”,表示对比。
He likes pop
music,while I am fond of folk music.
他喜欢流行音乐,而我却喜欢民间音乐。
4)如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动
词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行
的动作时,when,while与as可互换使用。如:
WhenWhileAs I was walking down the street,I
came across an old friend of
mine.我在街道上
走的时候,见到了我的一个老朋友。
2.从属连词:as soon
as,immediately,the moment,the minute,no
sooner...than...,
hardlyscarcely...
when...,once
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生
,意为“一……
就……”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。如:
Once you
remember it,you’ll never forget it.一旦你记住它,就永远不会忘记。
The moment I heard the voice,I knew father was
coming.
我一听到声音,就知道是父亲来了。
No sooner
had we arrived at the station than the train left.
我们一到达车站,车就开了。
注:no sooner...than...;
hardlyscarcely...when...这一结构的时态搭配:no sooner与
ha
rdlyscarcely引导的主句谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when的从句中谓语应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardlyscarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
我一到家,天就开始下雨了。
I had hardly got home when
it began to rain.
→Hardly had I got home when
it began to rain.
,until
(not...untiltill...直到……才)
tilluntil 主语和从句都用肯定式
主句的动词为连续性动词
一直到……为止
I’ll stay here
tilluntil the rain stops.
not...tilluntil
主句用否定形式,从句用肯定形式 主句的动词为非连续性动词
直到……才
He
didn’t go home tilluntil he finished his homework.
注:1) till不可以置于句首,而until可以置于句首。如:
Until you
told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我对此事才有所了解。
2)如果将“not until...”结构放在句首,那么主句要写成倒装句。如:
Not until we pointed out their fault to them
did they realize it.
直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误,他们才意识到。
time,each time,next
time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当……,每
次……,下次……”。如:
EveryEach time I was in trouble,he would come
to help me out.
每次我遇到麻烦,他总会来帮我。
Next time
you come,do remember to bring your son here.
下次你来的时候,一定要记得把你儿子带来。
5.从属连词:before(在……之前),
after(在……之后),since(自从……以来)。如:
Please remember
to turn off all the lights before you leave the
classroom.
离开教室前,请记得把所有的灯都关上。
注:1)上述三个连词,既是从属连词,也是介词。
2)若表达“还未……就……”“不到…
…就……”“……才……”“趁……,还没来得及”时,需用
连词before。如:
We
had sailed four days and four nights before we saw
land.
我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。
We hadn’t run a mile
before he felt tired.
我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。
Please write it down before you forget it.
趁你现在没忘把它记下来。
二.地点状语从句
1.常用的引导词有wh
ere(在……地方),wherever(无论在什么地方)等。指具体地点时,
从句可用于主句之前
或之后,表示抽象条件时,从句须放在主句之前。如:
They are planting
trees where there is plenty of water and sunlight.
他们在阳光雨水充分的地方植树。
Where there is a
will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
2.注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。
你最好在有问题的地方作个标记。
You’d better make a mark where you have any
questions.(状语从句)
You’d better make a mark at
the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)
三、条件状语从句
1.常用的引导词有if(如果,假如),unless(除非,要不……就不),as long
as(只要),so long
as(只要),provided
(that)(只要),supposesupposing(假设),on condition
(that)(如果)
等。如:
I may not come to see you
recently unless I can complete the project ahead
of time.
除非我能提前完成那个项目,否则我最近不会来看你了。
We can
surely attain our goal as long as we are united as
one.
只要我们团结一致,我们肯定能实现我们的目标。
They promised
to let us have a meeting in their office on
condition(that)we could keep it clean.
如果我们能保持清洁,他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会
四、原因状语从句
1.常用的引导词有because因为;as由于;since既然,由于;now
that既然,由于;not that...but
that不是因为……而是因为……;seeing that,considering
that等。如:
He can’t deliver his lectures today
because he has got a bad cold.
他今天不能去讲课了,因为他患了重感冒。
2.要点提示:
1)
从属连词用法区别
why 能否被强调
because因为 主句前或后 直接因果关系
强 能 能
as由于 主句前或后
sincenow that 既然 主句前
双方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能
主句前ifwhen 主句前或后
2)关于since和now that
这两个词在表示原因的时候是近义词,都表示“既然”。但其不同之处在于:now that只能以<
br>“新发生的情况”作为某事发生的原因;而since在表示“既然”时,就没有这种限制。如:
Now that the rain is going to stop,we’d better
get ready for the afternoon’s match.
既然雨要停
了,我们最好为下午的比赛作好准备。
(此句中,now that引出的从句显
然是表示“新出现的情况”,在句子中作“主句动作发生的
原因”。也就是说,只有在这种情况下才可以
用now that引导从句,表示“既然”。)
Since you’re so
interested in English,why not have a try in the
English Speech
既然你对英语这么有兴趣,为什么不试一试参加英语演讲比赛?
3)其他表示原因的方式
除了状语从句外,一些介词短语同样可以表示原因,这样的短语有because of;
thanks to; due
to; owing to等。
五、让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though(虽然),although(虽然),even
if(即使),even though
(即使),as(尽管),while(虽然),whethe
r...or...(无论……还是……),no matter+疑问词(无论)。
或although引导让状语从句。
although与though两者
意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但
不能和bu
t连用。如:
He is unhappy thoughalthough he has a
lot of money.
虽然他有许多钱,但他并不幸福。
AlthoughThough it was raining hard,yet they
went on playing football.
尽管雨下的很大,但他们仍在继续踢足球。
注:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。如:
He said
he would come;he didn’t though.他说他会来,可是他没有来。
2
.当as作“尽管,虽然”的意思讲引导让步状语从句时,从句往往放在主句的前面,而且用作
让步的部
分(表语、状语或动词原形)总是提前到句首。若表语是名词,前置时要省略冠
词。如:
Child as he is,he knows a lot.
尽管他是孩子,他却懂得很多。
Old as he is,he is still
energetic.
尽管他老了,却依然精力充沛。(表语作为让步的内容,因此提前了。)
Try as he might,he couldn’t solve the problem.
尽管他很努力了,但还是无法解决这个问题。(谓语提前了)
Much as you
suspected him,you couldn’t provide powerful
evidence.
虽然你非常怀疑他,但是你却无法提供有力的证据。(状语作为让步的内容,因此提前了。)
r...or(不管……)
疑问词+ ever与no matter+疑问词(不管……
,无论……)。however(不管怎样),whatever
(无论什么),whoever(无论
谁)。no matter when(how,what,who,where,which)无论何时(怎<
br>样,什么,谁,何地,哪个)等。如:
No matter where you go on
the earth,you will feel the gravity.
无论你走到地球的什么地方,你都会感觉到地引力。
We’ll start our
meeting on time whether he comes or not.
无论他来不来,我们将准时开会
注:whoever,whatever,whomever
,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。如:
You can take whatever
you like.你可以拿任何你所喜欢的东西。
六、方式状语从句
常用的引导词有as(如同,按照),as if(似乎,仿佛),as
though(似乎,仿佛)等。如:
He speaks English almost as
a native speaker does.
他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。
He speaks English as if he were a native
speaker.
他讲英文的样子似乎像说英语母语的人。
She looked
unwell as though she got a bad
cold.她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。
要点提示:as if或as though引导的方
式状语从句中,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;
如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气。关于这一点
也取决于说话人的态度、看法。如:
It gets darker and darker in
the sky as if it’s going to rain.
天越来越暗了似乎要下雨了。(表示真实情况,是直陈语气)
She speaks as
if she knew everything in the world.
她说话的样子仿佛似她懂得天下事。(表示非真实情况,是虚拟语气)
七、目的状语从句
常用的引导词有so that(以便,为了),in order
that(为了),lest(以免,以防),in case(以
免,以防),for
fear(以免,以防)等。如:
We should do our utmost in
order that we may be able to over fulfill the
task.
为了超额完成任务,我们应该全力以赴。
You’d better
leave your phone number,so that I can call you
before I come next time.
你最好将电话号码留给我,以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。
Batteries
must be kept in dry places for fear that
electricity leaks away.
电池应该放在干燥的地方,以免漏电。
要点提示:
在目的状语从句中,我们可以将这些引导目的状语从句的连词so
that,in order that,lest,in
case,for
fear分作为两大部分:
表示肯定——so that,in order
that是“为了使……发生(目的是……,为的是……)”。
表示否定——lest,in
case,for fear是“为了使……不发生(以免,以防)”。
另外,在表示否定的目的状语
从句中,谓语动词往往用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”两
种虚拟句式。如:
He took his umbrella with him lest it should
rain.他带了雨伞,以防下雨。
I’ll keep a seat for you in
case you should change your mind.
我给你留个座,没准你会改变主意。
八、结果状语从句
1.常用的引导词有that(结果,以至),so that(结果,以至),so...that(
如此……以至),such...that
(如此……以至)等。如:
The
temperature is increased so that the volume of gas
becomes greater.
温度升高了气体的体积就增大了。
The
mountain is so high that she can’t climb it up to
the top.
那座山太高了,她无法登上山顶。
It is such a
lovely day that everybody feels happy and gay.
天气这么好,人人都感到高兴、快乐。
注:1)so...that和such...tha
t都是引导结果状语从句的从属连词,它们都表示“如此……以至”,
但其要求的句型结构不一样。
如:He ran so fast that his brother couldn’t
catch up with him.
他跑得太快了,他弟弟赶不上他。
He is
such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in
his neighborhood.
他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎
2)当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。如:
So clever was
he that he was able to work out all the difficult
problems.
他是如此聪明以至于他能解出所有的难题。
2.除结果状语从句外,too...to...(太……而不能……),enough
to...(能够……),so...as
to...(那
么……以至于……)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。如:
他起床晚了,结果误了车。
He didn’t get up early enough
to catch the bus.
=He got up too late to catch
the bus.
=He got up so late as to miss the
bus.
九、比较状语从句
常用的引导词有than(比……),as...as(如……一样……),“the
+比较级...,the+比较级...”
(越……越……)等。如:
He
is taller than his brother.他比他弟弟个高一些。
The more
they discover about the brain,the more questions
they can’t answer in that
area.他们越
多地发现有关人脑的情况,他们就有越多的问题无法回答。
十、状语从句中的省略
1.若从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,同时从句中又含有系动词be
,则通常省去从句的主语
和系动词be而保留其余部分。如:
While (she
was) very young,she began to study English.
她很小的时候就开始学英语。
2.若从句主语是it,动词是系动词be,则通常省去主语it及系动词be而保留其余部分。如:
Everything went on better than (it had been)
expected.一切进展得比预料的要好。
3.若从句中部分内容与主句中的部分内容相同,可将从句中的此部分内容省略。如:
She
has no (she has) any,she will give us.
她没钱,如果有的话,她会给我们的。
练习
is almost five
years ______ we saw each other last time.
were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she
had wiped her hands.
were told we should follow the main road
_____ we reached the central railway station.
er er
can
eat food free in my restaurant _____ you like.
er er er r
were
swimming in the lake _____ suddenly the storm
started.
should try to get a good night’s sleep _____
much work you have to do.
r matter
gh er
7.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes
early _____ I can have time for a cup of tea.
soon as a result case that
ists say it may be five or six years _____ it
is possible to test this medicine on human
patients.
9.—Dad,I’ve finished my assignment.
—Good,
and _____ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t
disturb me.
er r er
matter
shut everybody out of the kitchen
_____ he could prepare his grand surprise for the
party.
that if
11._____ I explained on the phone, your
request will be considered at the next meeting.
12.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,39) our manage
objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept
him as a
member.
A. Until B.
Unless C. If D. After
13.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,34) you may have, you
should gather your courage to face the challenge.
A. However a serious problem B.
What a serious problem
C. However serious a
problem D. What serious a problem
14.(2010高考英语重庆卷,32)Today, we will begin _ we
stopped yesterday so that no point will be left
out.
A. when B. where C. how D. what
15.(2010高考英语四川卷,20)Because of the heavy
traffic,it was already time for lunch break
she got to her
office.
A.since
B.that C.when D.until
16.(2010高考英语上海春季卷,32) some people come
here for a short break , others have decided to
stay
forever.
A.Because B.If
C.Once D.While
17.(2010高考英语山东卷,28)The
school rules state that no child shall be allowed
out of the school during the
day,
accompanied by an adult.
A. once B.
when C. if D. unless