初升高英语衔接语法专题:句子的成分、结构、种类

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2020年08月15日 05:45
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句子的成分和基本句型

句子成分:
组成句子的各个部分叫作句子 成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同,可分为:主语,谓
语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾 语补语。
一、主语——表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”,主语常用名词、代词或相当于 名词的词或
短语充当。例如:
Lily likes her new bike.(名词) 莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。
He gets up early every day.(代词) 他每天都起得很早。
To learn English well is not easy.(不定式短语)学好英语不容易。
二、谓语——说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,英语中谓语只能用动词充当。例如:
..
We work hard.我们努力工作。
The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。
He is my father. 他是我父亲。
They all look fine. 他们都很好。
谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如:
I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.
三、宾语——宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语 充当,和及物动
词一起构成谓语,说明主语“做什么”。例如:
Tom bought a story-book.(名词)汤姆买了一本故事书。
I saw him yesterday. (代词)昨天我看到他了。
He wanted to have a cup of tea. (不定式短语)他想要一杯茶。
直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一 个指物,指人的叫作间接宾语,
指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如:
He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。
间接宾语 直接宾语
Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。
间接宾语 直接宾语
四、表语——说明主语“是什 么”或“怎么样”,与连系动词一起构成谓语,表语由名词、形容词、或相
当于名词或形容词的词或短语 等充当。例如:
My sister is a nurse.(名词)我的姐姐是一名护士。
They were at home.(介词短语)他们在家里。
She got angry. (形容词)她生气了。
Her grandfather is over eighty years old.(数词)她的祖父八十多岁了。
五、定语——定语是修饰名词或 代词的,可以作定语的除形容词外,还有名词、代词、数词、介词短
语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例 如:
This is a green cup.(形容词)这是一个绿色的杯子。
Are these students your classmates? (代词)这些学生是你班的吗?
Winter is the coldest season of the year.(介词短语)冬天是一年中最冷的季节。
I have something important to tell you.(不定式)我有重要的事情要告诉你。
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The people here are very friendly.(副词)这里的人们非常友好。
注意:形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。 而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在
被修饰的词之后。
六、状语——状语是修饰 动词、形容词、或副词的,有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词
短语或相当于副词的词或短语 等。例如:
You are quite right .(副词) 你非常正确。
comes to the school by bike. (介词短语) 吴老师骑自行车上学校。
She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. (介词短语)她将于星期一到达北京。
He stopped to have a look. (不定式短语)他停下来看了看。
七、宾语补足语——有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语, 意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补
足语构成复合宾语。例如:
We call her Xiao Li.
宾语 宾语补足语
You must keep the room clean and tidy.
宾语 宾语补足语
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
宾语 宾语补足语
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
宾语 宾语补足语
We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now.
宾语 宾语补足语
句子成分巧记歌诀
主谓宾表定状补, 七种成分记清楚。
句子主干主谓宾(表),枝叶成分定状补。
定语修饰主宾表, 宾语之后常有补。
主谓人称数一致, 状语位置最灵活。

Exercises:
指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。
1.We all study hard at English.
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语
2.Betty likes her new bike very much.
A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
3.My brother is a policeman.
A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语
4.Were you at home last night?
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
5.Winter is the coldest season of the year.
A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
6.He often walks in the park.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语
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7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
8.He bought me a nice present last week.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
9.His parents are doctors.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语
10.I’ll get you some tea now.
A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
11.My mother told us an interesting story last night.
A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补
12.He has read the book twice.
A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语
13.They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.
A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语
14.Do you have something to eat ?
A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补
15.We made him our monitor.
A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补

简单句的基本句型:
由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子 叫简单句。根据句子的基本结
构,简单句分为5种基本句型:
1.S+V;(主语 + 不及物动词)
I can swim. 我会游泳。
主语 谓语(不及物动词)
Everything changes. 万物都在变。
主语 谓语
The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。
主语 谓语
2.S+V+O;(主语++及物动词+宾语)
I like English. 我喜欢英语。
主语 谓语 宾语
They are reading books . 他们在看书。
主语. 谓语 宾语
He bought a computer last week. 他上周买了台电脑。
主语 谓语 宾语
3.S+V+P;(主语+连系动词+表语)
My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。
主语 谓语 表语
She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。
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主语 谓语 表语
The food tastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。
主语 谓语 表语
4.S+V+IO+DO;(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗?
谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
Will you tell us something about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活,好吗?
谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
5.S+V+O+Oc;(主语+及物动词+宾语+补语)
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible. 我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀:
英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。
句型种类看动词,后接成分是关键。
系词之后接表语,不及物后无需连。
及物又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见。
还有宾语补足语,各种搭配记心间。

Exercises:
指出下列句子的基本类型
1.They are listening.
2.My mother is fifty now.
3.I have bought three books.
4.My friend gave me a birthday present.
5.I painted the wall white.
6.The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.
7.They arrived at six o’clock.
8.The map is on the wall
9.Children often sing this song.
10.Mr Wu teaches us English.
11.She showed her friends all her pictures.
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12.I find him a lovely boy.

请朗读以下句子,划分下列句子的成分,并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。
1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.
2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.
3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.
4. The new rule came out.
5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.
6. They can stop using plastic bags.
7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.


















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句子的种类

英语句子按结构可分为三类:简单句,并列句和复合句:
1、 简单句Simple Sentences
含有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

2、
Tom and Mike are American boys.
并列句Compound Sentences
包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词andbut等或用分号连接。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.

3、
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
复合句Complex Sentences
包含一个主句和一 个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子,且从句用从属连词引导。定语从句,状
语从句,名词性从句都是复 合句。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

按照句子的功能,简单句可分为4类:陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,和感叹句。

一、陈述句——用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法。
1.肯定式:主语+谓语+……
I came here last night. 我是昨晚到这儿的。
The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
We have many friends. 我们有很多朋友。
Zhang Hong likes dancing. 张红喜欢跳舞。
2.否定式:如果句子的谓语动词是be/have或有助动词和 情态动词,在它们之后加not构成否定式。
China is not a developed country. 中国不是一个发达国家。
He hasn’t been to Hangzhou. 他没去过杭州。
We can’t live without air. 没有空气,我们就不能生存。
They will not (won’t) go there. 他们将不去那里。
如果句子的谓语是行为动词,而又没有助动词或情态动词时,在谓语动词前加助动词 do(第三人称单
数用does,过去式用did)再加not构成否定式。
I don’t want to go. 他不想去。
He doesn’t like English. 他不喜欢英语。
She didn’t go to the party last night. 昨晚她没有去参加晚会。

二、 疑问句——英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
1. 一般疑问句——用yes或no来回答的疑问句。
Are you from England? 你是英格兰人吗?
Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗?
Will you be free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗?
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2. 特殊疑问句——用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子,不用yes或no回答。
Whose bike is the newest? 谁的自行车最新?
Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语?
Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?
When will the meeting begin? 会议将在什么时候开始?
Why didn’t you tell me earlier? 你为什么不早点告诉我呢?
3. 选择疑问句——提出两个或两个以上的情况让对方选择。
选择疑问句由“一般疑问句+or+一般疑问 句”构成,其中后一个问句中与前一个句中的相同部分被省略。
不用yes或no回答,要用完整的句子 回答。
Is Kate’s hair long or short? It’s long. 凯特的头发是长还是短? 是长的。
Shall we go by bus or walk? By bus. 我们是乘车去还是步行呢? 乘车去
4. 反意疑问句——前一部分陈述一件事实,后一部分对前面的陈述提出相反的疑问。即前一部分如果 是肯
定结构,后一部分用否定结构;如果前一部分是否定结构,后一部分用肯定结构。
You are from England, aren’t you? 你是英格兰人,对吗?
He can swim, can’t he ? 他会游泳,对吗?
Jim will go to England, won’t he? 吉姆将去英国,是吗?
Tom tells you about it, doesn’t he? 汤姆告诉你那件事的,对吗?
Jenny didn’t come to school yesterday, did she? 珍妮昨天没来上学,对吗?
They haven’t been to the Great Wall, have they? 他们没有去过万里长城,是吗?
It’s not very cold today, is it? 今天天气不很冷, 是吗?

Exercises:
1. The teacher had a word with you,_______?
A. didn’t he B. hadn’t he C. didn’t have he D. did not he
2. You won’t take back what you said,________?
A. didn’t you B. will you C. aren’t you D. were you
3. Let’s go to watch the football match,________?
A. do we B. don’t we C. shall we D. will you
4. Your family has no colour TV set,________?
A. hasn’t it B. doesn’t it C. is it D. does it
5. Miss Liu doesn’t like dancing, does she? ------_________
A. No, she does B. No, she do C. Yes, she does D. Yes, she is
6. There’s something wrong with the radio, ______?
A. hasn’t there B. doesn’t there C. isn’t there D. is there

三.祈使句——表示命令,请求或建议,主语通常省略
说话对象是第二人称时,主语you一般省略。
肯定式:谓语是动词原形(+宾语)
否定式:Don’tNever+动词原形+……例如:
Be quiet,please. 请安静
Please come in. 请进
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Don’t be afraid. 别害怕
说话对象式第一第三人称时, 用“Let+宾语+动词原形”,否定式用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形”,也可以
“Don’t +let +宾语+动词原形”。例如:
Let’s go to school. 我们去上学吧
Let him not come in.===Don’t let him come in. 别让他进来

四.感叹句——表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情
感叹句有what和how 开头的两种形式。What修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,句末用感叹
号。例如:
1.What+(a)+名词!
What fun!多么有趣
What+(a)+形容词+名词主语+谓语!
What a beautiful picture it is!这是多么美的一幅画啊!
口语中,常省略主语和谓语。例如:
What a good idea!多好的主意啊!
2.How+形容词副词+主语+谓语!
How interesting the film is!这电影真有趣!
3.How+主语+谓语!
How she works!她工作多努力啊!
How I wanted to see you!我多么想见到你啊!

Exercises:
1._______clever boy he is!
A. How B. What C. How a D. What a
2._______beautiful the Daming Lake looks!
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
3._______ wonderful film it is !
A. What B. How C. What a D. So
4._______ happy life we are living today !
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
5.________all these dustmen are working!
A. How hard B. What hard C. How hardly D. What hardly

Exercises★:
指出下列句子的种类。
1. I’m from London. 2. Don’t speak to me now.
3. Lucy likes bananas. 4. Do you like cooking?
5. What about you? 6.Is it Lucy or Lily?
7. Nice to meet you! 8. This way, please.
9. He doesn’t work on a farm. 10. What a fine day it is!

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