Integrated Writing 的基本类型
清代皇帝表-药厂实习日记
Integrated Writing 的基本类型
转折关系
Lecture驳斥Reading
Lecture 提出Reading未提及的不良方面或问题
延续关系
Lecture支持Reading
Lecture解释Reading 的原因和结果
延续+转折
Integrated Writing 的评分标准
The specific ideas, explanations, and
arguments in the lecture that oppose or support
points in the reading. ---Points in the
listening
A clear coherent structure
that enables the reader to understand what points
in the lecture
relate to what points in the
reading. ---Structure of your response
Coherent and accurate presentations of
each point you make---language you use should
accurately reflect ideas in the lecture and
the reading. ---Grammar and vocabulary
What is the Key Points?
In
Reading
Main idea --- 核心态度
Explanation information --- 主要理由
阅读的文章看出基本结构和主要支持信息
In Listening
main idea --- 核心态度
explanation
information --- 主要理由
supporting examples
--- 细节例子
听力材料听得越多越好
Practice:
OG-250
Key points in Reading:
Team: certain project
Advantages of team work
A
wider range of knowledge, expertise, skills--work
more quickly
Creative solutions---spread
the responsibility
Rewarding for team
members
Feel better about the work
decided by themselves
Member to shine---
results are far reaching
Key Points in
Listening:
Some didn’t contribute +
Some who worked well and provide insight can not
be
recognized---members shine
Contributors feel bad---feel
better
Projects didn’t move quickly
(agreements)---work quickly because resources
Influencers have too much influence
(Never work-drop creative-accepted) ---not
included
project failed, blame all---
spread responsibility
Practice:
OG-282
Key points in Reading:
Altruism-gain nothing
Humans:
sharing food, donate organs, little rewards
Animals: Meerkat
①
A sentinel –
alarm alerting others
②
Gain nothing-
without food while others eat
③
Danger-
flee alone
Key Points in Listening:
Meercat
eat before stand guard
---gain nothing, without food
likely to
escape, near burrow, but others danger---danger
flee alone
alarm (cause others to move-
draw attention)---alerting others
Human
appreciation, self-worth (non-
material rewards)---little rewards from donating
organs
Practice: Delta-378
Key points in Reading:
Irrigation—sources many forms and types
Surface irrigation
Flooding
field---widely used (low cost and tradition)
Furrow irrigation---U V
Surface-pipe irrigation
Border
irrigation
Basin irrigation
Key
Points in Listening:
Agriculture
is in high use of water by irrigation. Afterwards
can not be used for other
purposes. ---not
included
Some irrigation more
efficiently. Surface method no efficient. ---not
included
A lot of water to flood the
field----not included
Water in ponds
evaporate down to ground---not included
Better ones: sprinkler system drip
one—even distribution-----However, also surface
irrigation---evaporate ---not included
结构安排
先我后他结构
Introduction:
Listening
-------------------------Reading
Development:
L1 ----------------------------------- R1
L2 ----------------------------------- R2
L3 ----------------------------------- R3
先他后我结构
Introduction:
Reading-------------------------------
Listening
Development:
R1
---------------------------------------- L1
R2
---------------------------------------- L2
R3
---------------------------------------- L3
Writing Sample: OG-284
The
lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said
in the lecture that, the perceived acts
of
altruism are nothing more than sneaky methods of
gaining advantage for one’s self.
------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
----L
Contrary to the belief in the
passage that sentinels risk their lives for the
cause of the
whole group, the professor says
that the meerkat sentinels are in fact less prone
to threats.
The alarm sentinels give off
causes to group to move rashly which draw the
predators’
attention towards them, thus
drawing away the attention from the sentinels.
-------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------R+L
The lecture refutes the
fact that these meerkats are altruistic in the
sense that they gain
nothing in
exchange of their services. In fact, researches
have shown that they have a full
stomach as
they perform this altruism duty and have a better
chance of escaping from
danger because they
witness it first. --------------------------------
---------------------------------R+L
Professor also offers a different underlying
motivation that causes people to believe that
acts such as donating an organ or sharing food
with someone in need are altruistic. She
says
that people gain appreciation as a results of such
acts, which may be deemed by
some much more
important than materialistic gains.
----------
----------------------------------R+L
Writing
Sample: OG-255
The lecturer talks about
research conducted by a firm that used the group
system to
handle their work. He says that the
theory stated in the passage was very different
and
somewhat inaccurate when compared to what
happened for real. --------------------------L+R
First, some members got free rides. That
is some didn’t work hard but got recognition for
the success nonetheless. This also indicates
that people who worked hard was not given
recognition they should have got. In other
words, they weren't give the opportunity to
shine . This directly contradicts what the
passage indicates.
---------------------------------L+R
Second, groups were slow in progress. The
passage says that groups are more
responsive
than individuals because of the number of people
involved and their
aggregated resources.
However, the speaker talks about how the firm
found out that
groups were slower than
individuals in decision making. Groups needed more
time for
meetings, which are necessary
procedures in decision making. This was another
part
where experience contradicted theory. ---
--------------------------------------------------
--------L+R
Third, influential people
might emerge, and lead the group towards glory or
failure. If the
influent people are going in
the right direction there would be no problem. But
in cases
where they go in the wrong direction,
there is nobody that has enough influence to
counter
the decision made. In other words, the
group might turn into a dictatorship, with the
influential party as the leader, and might be
less flexible in thinking. They might become
one-sided, and this fails to succeed. --------
--------------------------------------------------
-----------L
常用词
听力材料：Lecture, Listening material,
listening
阅读材料：Reading, passage, reading
passage
讲话人：Lecturer, professor, speaker
文章作者：author
陈述：state,
indicate, believe, suggest, discuss, talk about,
make the point that, say…
驳斥： refute,
disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose,
conflict with, deny the
statement of,
contradict
支持：support, enhance, uphold,
justify…
转折：in contrast, however, on the
other hand, but…
列举：first, second,
third, first of all, secondly, also, finally
句子转化练习
The
lecturer
The
speaker
The
professor
disagrees
with
denies
totally
the view
made in the
reading.
completely
the idea
the
statement
made in the
passage.
entirely
challenges
made by the author.
This
, which
This
directly
contradicts
directly denies
directly challenges
what the
passage
what the author
what the
reading
passage
indicates.
states.
believes.
In
the
lecture,
In the
lecture
In the
listening
the
speaker
the
professor
the
lecturer
has totally different
ideas on the topic
has completely
different ideas
on the topic
has
entirely different ideas on
the topic
made in the
reading.
made in the
passage
made in the
reading
passage
万能套用句：
先他后我 ---
其间以转折词过渡
ReadingPoint, but
ListeningPoint.
Contrary to Reading
Points, Listening Points
先我后他 ---
其间以驳斥动词过渡
ListeningPoint, which oppose
ReadingPoint
ListeningPoint. This
opposes ReadingPoint
万能套用句的转化
先他后我
Reading Points 表达
The reading
passage
contends that…
According to
the
reading passage, …
In the reading
passage, the author
believes that …
转折词
，but
; however
;
on the other
hand
Listening Points
表达
the lecturer argues that ….
the
professor in the listening
argues that…
the lecturer holds the opposite
opinion
and believe that…
; in contrast
Contrary to the point in the reading
that…,
Different from the opinion in
the reading
that …
先我后他
The
speaker states that…
The professor in the
lecture
argues that…
Listening Points
表达
In the listening, the
professor
says that…
the speaker in the
listening argues that…
According to
the
lecturer, …
The lecturer believes
that …
According to the
professor
in the
lecture，...
驳斥v + Reading
points 表达
This directly contradicts what
the reading passage
indicates, because …
This point disagrees with statement
demonstrated
in the reading that…
，which refutes the point that … in the
reading.
，which casts doubt on the
author’s point that …
，which differs from
the reading in that the reading
states.....
课堂练习
Reading：
Chimpanzee shares some common traits
with human beings when learning language.
Memorize words and signals
Use
simple grammar to unify words, like children
Conversation
Listening:
Chimps differ from human beings when
learning language
Have to be taught
again and again to learn even one simple signal.
In the experiment, the
chimpanzee has been
taught for hours to learn the word “apple”.
Can use only very simple grammar;
but children can use more complex grammars when
they grow
Can only respond instead
of making a conversation. For example, in a
communication
between Dr. Walter and Chimp, it
can only answer the questions.
练习：尝试转化以下支持性句型
In fact, the
examples used by the professor support the idea
that…
The professor bolsters the reading by
stating that...
The professor claims
that.....This point agrees with the reading, which
contends that.....
The professor states that,
in support of the reading, ...
This perfectly
reinforced what the reading passage indicates
because…