英语构词法详细讲解
流动资金贷款管理暂行办法-考驾照体检什么
构 词 法
一、转化法（兼类词）：指在不同的语境中，名词动用，动词名用等。
如： was the first to map (v.)the east
coast.(库克是第一个画西部海岸地图的人)
house can house
(v.)many people.(这房子可以住下好多人)
二、合成词：英语中的合成词有合成形
容词、合成名词、合成动词、合成副词、合成动词、
合成代词等，
如：合成形容词：well-known, warm-hearted, easy-going
合成名词：raincoat, earthquake,
waterfall，blackboard, classroom, motherland
合成动词：underline, overcome，
合成副词：maybe,
wherever, however, therefore
合成代词：himself,
everyone, nobody
三、派生法(词缀法或缀合法)，这种词是最为活跃的一种，大约
三分之二的英语单词是用这
种方法构成的。因此，掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词
和在阅读中猜
词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。在英语的派生词中，词根决定词的根本意义，前缀改变词义
，
后缀引起词类的的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）
1.名词后缀
-er：writer, teacher, manager, worker, employer,
interviewer
-ee: employee, interviewee
-or：actor, sailor, editor, beggar, operator
-ian：librarian, American, physician
-ist：scientist, physicist, artist, cyclist,
typist, biologist, geologist
-ese：Chinese,
Japanese
(-er, -ee,-or, -ian, -ist, -ese:
表示“从事某种职业或来自------的人” )
-ism：Marxism,
socialism, nationalism, communism (-ism表示----主义)
-ess：actress, waitress, hostess (-ess表示性别)
-ness：happiness, illness, coldness,
carelessness, sickness
-ment：movement,
agreement, achievement, appointment, adjustment
-ship：friendship, hardship(困苦、苦难、艰难困苦)
-ion：education, decision, communication,
impression, description, collection
-ity：reality, purity, responsibility, possibility
-ance(ence)：performance, independence,
science , violence, reference, appearance
-ure：failure, departure(分离，分开)
-al：arrival，survival, signal
-hood：childhood, boyhood, neighborhood, livelihood
-th: truth, depth,
（-ism, -ess, -ness,
-ment, -ship, -ion, -ity, -ance(ence), -ure, -al,
-hood, -th: 表示“行为的过程、
状态或性质”）
2.形容词后缀
-less: hopeless, endless, careless, helpless,
(表“否定”)
-ful: useful, careful, hopeful,
grateful, powerful
-ous：dangerous,
humorous, cautious, infectious
-able：enjoyable, comfortable, considerable,
admirable, unforgettable
-y：snowy, dirty,
greedy, rainy, sunny, guilty
-ent(-ant)：different, independent, confident,
violent, efficient, distant
-tic:
optimistic, pessimistic, enthusiastic,
characteristic
-ary: necessary,
revolutionary, imaginary
-(c)al: historical,
unusual, professional, magical, physical,
universal, classical, logical,
informal
-some：handsome，troublesome
-en：woolen,
golden,
-an：African, American
-ive：active, attractive, creative
（-ful,
-ous, -able, -y, -ent, -some, -en, -an, -ive
:表示“属性、倾向、相像”）
3.副词后缀
-ly：really, nearly,
differently, finally, fluently, gradually
-wise: (表示“方向、样子、状态、在------方面”)likewise,
otherwise
-ward(s): upward, downward, inward,
outward, backward, forward, afterwards
4.动词后缀
-ize(-ise): organize, apologize, specialize
-en：harden, fasten（使固定、使牢固）, soften
-fy:
beautify, simplify, classify
-ate: separate,
operate
(-ize(-ise), -en, -fy, -ate:
表示“使成为、处理、作用”)
5.反义词前缀
un-: unfair,
unknown, unlike, unwilling, unfit, unnecessary,
unlikely, unkind
dis-: dislike, disappear,
disadvantage
im-: impossible, immoral,
impatient, impractical, improper
in-:
incorrect, inappropriate, informal
non-:
nonsmoker, nonsense,non -drinker
(un-, dis-,
im-, in-, non-: 表示“无、不、非”)
mis-: mistake,
mislead, misunderstand
mal-:malfunction(发生故障；不起作用)
(mis-, mal:
表示“反动作”)
6.其他表示空间、位置、方向、关系、程度的前缀
(1) a- ,
up-, over-, sur-, super- : 表示“在------之上”
aboard, uphill, overlook, surface, supermarket,
superstar
(2)extra-, ex-, out- :表示“在-----之外”
：extraordinary, export, outside, outdoors
(3)under-, sub-, vice- :表示“在----
之下”：underground, subway, vice-president
(4)inter-: 表示“两者间”：internet, international,
interpersonal
(5)co-, con-, col-, com-:
表示“相同、相等合作”
coexist(共存，和平共处), connect,
collect, combine
(6)trans-:表示“移动” translate,
transform, transmit(传输信号等)，transfer(转让、转移)
(7)anti-反，抗，阻： anti-black, antibody, anti-
depressant(抗抑郁的)
(8)re-再，又：rebuild, rewrite,
retell
(9)micro-microbiology, microcomputer,
microscope, microwave(微波)
(10)tele-:远距离的，远的：telephone, television,
telescope, teleprinter(电传打印机)
四、缩略词
缩略：为了称说方便，使事物称谓中的成分进行有
规律的节缩
或者省略叫做缩略。
缩略词：有的缩略形式形成了紧密结构，凝固成为
一个能自由运用的语言单位，叫做缩略词。
英语缩略词方法：
1、拿掉所有元音：MKT: market MGR:
manager
MSG: message STD: standard RCV:
receive
2、保留前几个字母：
INFO: information
INS: insurance
EXCH: exchange
I owe
you: IOU Instead of: IO
3、保留开头和结尾个发音字母：
WK: week RM: room PL: people
4、根据发音：
R: are THO: though THRU: through
较长单词的处理办法：
-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm
-tion 简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化)
stdn
-cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo
-ing
简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销)
MKTg
RCV:
Receive REF: Reference
REGL: Regular
REP: Representative
RESN: Reservation
RPT: Repeat
RESPON: Responsible SEC:
Section
SITN: Situation STD: Standard
TEL: Telephone TEMP: Temporary
TGM: Telegraph THO: Though
TKS:
Thanks TRD: Trade
TRF: Traffic
TTL: Total
U: You UR: Your
WK: Week WL: Will
WT: Weight
XL: Extra large
表示否定，消除等概念：cross out,
eliminate,
etc.
常用英文缩略词
e.g.=for
example no.=number i.e.=that is
etc.=et
cetera 1st=first 2nd=second
∴=therefore
∵=because △=replace
education=edu air-conditioner=ac
1. Ad
(advertisement) 广告
2. Lab (laboratory)
实验室
3. Gym (gymnasium) 健身室，体育馆
4.
Disco (discotheque)迪斯科
5. Exam
(examination) 考试
6. Math (mathematics)
数学
7. Pop (popular music) 流行乐
8.
Fan (fanatic) 粉丝，狂热者
9. Memo (memorandum)
备忘录
10. Pub (public house) 酒吧
11.
Hippo (hippopotamus) 河马
12. Vet
(veterinarysurgeonveteran) 兽医老兵
13. Doc
(doctor) .医生
14. Gas (gasoline) 汽油
15. Fax (facsimile) 传真
16. Phone
(telephone) .电话
17. Burger (hamburger)
汉堡包
18. Coon (raccoon) 浣熊
19. Gator
(alligator) 短吻鳄
20. Fridge (refrigerator)
冰箱
1. 表示各种组织或机构的缩略词
APEC (Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation) 亚太
经贸合作组织
IOC
(International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林
匹克委员会
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) 国际标准化组织
OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries) 欧佩克，石油输出国组织
WTO (World Trade
Organization) 世界贸易组织
2. 表示各种系统的缩略词
BBS
(Bulletin Board System) 电子布告栏系统或
(Bulletin
Board Service)电子布告服务
GPS (Global Position
System) 全球定位系统
GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications)
全球移动通信系统
CIMS
(Computer Integrated Manufacturing
System)
计算机集成制造系统
DOS (Disc Operating System)
磁盘操作系统
ITS (Intelligent Transportation
System) 智能交通
系统
NMD (National Missile
Defense) 国家导弹防御系
统
TMDE (Test, Measure
and Diagnostic Equipment)
试验、测量与诊断设备
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotation)
纳斯达克，<美>全
国证券交易商自动报价系统协会
3. 有关职务或学位的缩略词
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官
CFO (Chief Finance
Officer) 首席财务官 PT (Particular Transfer) 特别转让
CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官 SOHO
(Small Office Home Office) 小型家居办公
COO (Chief
Operating Officer) 首席运行官 室
CTO (Chief
Technology Officer)首席技术官 SOS (Save Our Souls;
radio signal once used
CPA (Certified Public
Accountant) 注册会计师 universally to appeal for
help esp. by a ship or boat;
MBA (Master of
Business Administration) 工商管
理硕士
MPA
(Master of Public Administration) 公共管理
硕士
4. 有关金融方面的缩略词
ATM (Automated Teller
Machine) 自动取款(出纳)
机
CBD (Central
Business District) 中央商务区
GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) 国内生产总值
GNP (Gross National
Product) 国民生产总值
5. 有关考试方面的缩略词
CET
(College English Test) 大学英语等级考试
GRE
(Graduate Record Examination) 美国研究生
入学考试
PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级
考试
6. 其他方面的缩略词
AIDS (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome )
获得性免疫功能丧失综合症，即艾滋病
AM (Amplitude Modulation) 调幅
APC
(aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound
aspirin; heat-relieving and pain-killing
medicine
consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and
caffeine) 复
方阿斯匹林
API (Air Pollution
Index) 空气污染指数
CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access) 码分多址，
一种无线电发射和接受方式
CD (Compact
Disc) 激光唱盘
CIP (Cataloguing in
Publication)预编目录
DIY (Do It
Yourself)指自己动手装电脑，缝制衣服，
做贺卡等
DVD
(Digital Video Disc) 数字化视频光盘
EMS (Express
Mail Service) 邮政特快专递
EQ (Emotional
Quotient) 情商
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商
IT (Information Technology) 信息技术
OA
(Office Automation) 办公自动化
OEM (Original
Equipment Manufacturer) 原始设
备制造商
PC
(Personal Computer)个人计算机
urgent request for
help from sb. in trouble)
国际上
曾通用的紧急呼救信号，也用于一般的求救或求助
ST (Special
Treatment) 特别处理
VIP (Very Important Person)
重要人物
VOD (Video on Demand) 视频点播
WWW
(World Wide Web) 万维网
网络聊天常用英语缩略词
ASAP As
soon as possible尽快
BF Boyfriend 男朋友
BTW By the way 随便说一下
BBL Be back later
稍后回来
BRB Be right back 很快回来
CU See
you 再见
CUL See you later 下次再会
DIIK
Damned if I known 我真的不知道
DS Dunce smiley 笨伯
FE For example 举例
FTF Face to face 面对面
FYI For your information 供参考
GF
girlfriend 女朋友
IAE In any event无论如何
IC I see 我明白
ILY I love you 我爱你
IMHO In my humble opinion 依愚人之见
IMO In
my opinion 依我所见
IOW In other words 换句话说
LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑
NRN No
reply necessary 不必回信
OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道
PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件
RSVP
Reply if you please 请答复
TIA Thanks in
advance 十分感谢
TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲
TY Thank you 谢谢
VG very good 很好