英语句子成分很详细的分析
园林景观设计专业-新郎发言
英语语法——英语句子成分分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成
的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和
谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的
主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成
分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。
如:
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are
friends.(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语。
2)
谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。
如:
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are
friends. (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,stud
y叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓
语。
3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:
They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)
I play
with him. (我和他一起玩。)
这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。
4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词
放
在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:
This is a red
sun.(这是个红太阳.)
He is a tall
boy.(他是个高个子男孩。)
这两句话中单词red和
tall都是形容词,它们作定语。
5)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成
分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词
之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们
之前。如:
The students study hard.
(这些学生学习努力。)
I often write to him.
(我常给他写信。)
The bag is too heavy.
(这个书包太重了。)
这三句话中单词hard
和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状
语。
6)表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is
long. (这
个桌子是长的。)
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语
前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的
成分分布如下:
(定语)
主语 (状语) 谓语 (定语) 宾语 (状语)
如:(The tall) boy
(often) go (to the big) zoo.
(The happy)
child --- went (his) home yesterday.
请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分
1)I
have two elder sisters. (我有两个姐姐。)
2) They
don't swim very well.(他们游泳不太好。)
3) Do you
go to school every day? (你每天去上学吗?)
4) I
really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。)
5)
Miss Smith teaches English very
well.(史密斯先生教英语非常好。)
语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕,其实里面有很多趣味。
第一讲
英语句子成分
WARM-UP:1)The teacher in the
classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced
happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living
in the country. 5)All the books on
the desk
over there.
以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。
英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)
英语句子成分歌
英语句子八呀八大块,
主谓宾表真呀真实在;
补语跟着宾语表语跑,
定语同位(语)专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在,
忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少,
前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)
I.八大成分的概念和构成
1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。
If you
want the rainbow you have to put up with the
rain.
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
The secret of
success is to start from scratch and keep on
scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。
充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词
短语(少见)
形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。
I have a
dream.
You don’t always want what you
need, or need what you want.
所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。
谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)
3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。
You don’t find
opportunities…you make them.
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t
hear opportunity knock if your television is
always on.
如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式
形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)
Time is
money.
Three o’clock is always too late or
too early for anything you want to do.
你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。
构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4
)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词
短语10)小品词11)名词从句
5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3
)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)
副词小品词10)名词从
句
主语补语
Tom was made monitor.
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor.
表语补语
I am sure to succeed.
6.
定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。
7. This is beautiful
music.
There are only two kinds of
music…good and bad.
自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。
构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9
)
副词10)关系从句
8.
同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。
Puff, the magic
dragon, lived by the sea.
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句
9. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。
1)修饰性
状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,
原因,目的,
比较等)。
Can you feel the love tonight?
Home never looks so good as when you come back
from getting away from it.
只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。
2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。
First comes spring, then summer.
I’ve
never been to America, therefore I don’t know much
about it.
3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is
not very good.
II.成分关系
1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的
句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes
us happy…to love ourselves makes us
lonely.(宾补)
We are made happy to love
others…we are made lonely to love
ourselves.(主补)
爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。
2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:
定语,同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best
teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)
They are going to
Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern
Australia.(同位语所修
饰的形式为名词)
3.谓语动词由状语修饰
When you reach for the
stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t
come up
with a handful of sand either.
你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。
1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The
painter painted a very nice picture.
(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) They fought against
SARS
bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) To see is to believe.
(耳听为虚眼见为实).
Helping animals is to help
people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It
is very
comfortable to have a Class A seat
during the long journey.
(在长途旅行中能有个甲等
座位简直太舒服了。) Eating too much is bad
for your health.(=It is bad for your
health
eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing.
((那)没有什么。) (It) doesn’t matter.
((那)没有关系。)
(I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks
worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上
去很着急不是吗?) Tigers
are dangerous animals, aren’t they?
(老虎是危险的动物不是
吗?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards
clean, children.
(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) You
go there and fetch me a glass of water.
(你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there
be句型主语在动词之后。如:
Computers are made in this
factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) Where are they?
(他
们在哪儿?) Does the boy like staying home?
(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,
而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor
Rose has
passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) The Chinese
people are
a hardworking and brave people.
(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语:
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系
动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或
“怎么样”。如:
He
travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)
Who teaches you
English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)
The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变
坏。)
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动
词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构
成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:
I am sorry I
am making so much noise but I have to.
(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是
只能这样。) He can’t have finished
reading the 800-page-long novel.
(他不可能读
完了那本长达800页的小说。) Something must be done
to stop the fowl flu from
spreading out.
(该采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1
+ 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the
lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)
②shall will
would+原形动词。如:They should have been there
once.(他们应该去
过那儿。)
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What
are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)
Many
trees have been cut down since
1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
④have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down
since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:dodoesdid+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy
himself very
much.(他日子过的不好。) Did any of you
see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋
吗?)
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made
up his mind
to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。) Feeling
good about yourself is essential to
feeling
good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。) They wake up the
other family
members, calling,“Merry
Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!) The
kings
of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for
themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人
给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;
复数形式的动词
有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式
单数形式
复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词;
现在某些时态和语态的助动词be
am
(单一); are (单二); is (单三);
are
一般过去时be(是)动词;
过去某些时态和语态的助动词be
was (单一); were (单二);
was;(单三)
were
一般现在时have(有)动词;
现在完成时态的助动词have
have (单一); have (单二); has
(单三);
have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do
do
(单一、单二); does (单三)
do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)
原形动词(单一、单二);
动词+s es (单三)
原形动词
其他各时态语态的谓语动词
单复数形式相同
记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词
作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问
题:”) Air and water is
necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6
)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词
(be,wil
l,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every
other year, isn’t it?
----Yes, it
is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)
3、宾语:
(1) 由
名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”
或
者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told
him the same
thing.(那
个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)
He told me
that the company could not afford
to pay him so much
money.(他告诉我说公司付不
起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) They enjoy
watching football games so much that
they
often forget their
lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词
作宾语) I
think to be a children’s doctor is very
rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很
值得的。)(从句作宾语)
(2)
只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加
合适
的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) Can
you hear anything
exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)
(3) 宾语一般放在及
物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介
词的宾语如果是疑问
词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看见了什么?)
What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?)
With what does he write a
letter?
(他用什么写的信?)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放
在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the
shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) Please put away the
shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。)
Please put them away.
(请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help.
(他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy,
borrow时,介
词用for.如: Please make me a kite.
(请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6)
在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将
实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult.
(我发觉这个工作相当难做。)
I found it rather difficult to
do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词
、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。
如:He became a doctor after
he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) The
rubber
wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) He does not feel
like eating
anything today because he has
caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重
感冒。) Who
is it?(谁呀?)
(2)
表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn
get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进
行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s
me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,
asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested
等等。He was
terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)
Please
make no noise here; the baby is
asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) I am only
interested
in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at
all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴
趣。) I am not alone in
thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)
(5)
表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
(1) 修
饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短
语、
不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top
drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) France and Switzerland
are European countries.
(法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) His
mother and father are both college
teachers.(他的父母
都是大学教师。) This is the day that I
can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘
的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词
物代
年龄形状
大小温度
色彩
来源
质地
材料
目的
用途
被修饰的名词(中心词)
a
the
my
his
…
old,young,…
red,
yellow,
blue,
…
Chinese,
English,
American,
…
wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…
meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…
box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small,
little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)
、地点副词
(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰
的名词后面。如:I could not find my
way out, so I
stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage
was caught
yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered
everything unusual. (他记
得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6)
定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7)
注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形
容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不
定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not
born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。) For
many of
these families a college education was something
new.(对其中的许多家庭
来说,大学教育是件新事物。) He woke up to find
his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)
You cannot
leave until your work is
finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活
;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;
从句作状语.
(3)
多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf
of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night
and then disappeared into the
dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)
(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结
果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语:
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容
词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现
在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him
Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) I tried my
best to
make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) Ask her to come to
dinner
tomorrow. (请他明天来。) He let the smaller
animals bring food to him. (他让小动
物们给他带食物来。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I
tell you! (我跟你说,
让他进来!) Please put it away.
(请把它收起来。)
(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语