过去完成时、主谓一致与语定语从句的详细讲解
高考技巧-优秀毕业生申请书
过去完成时
1、概述
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或
动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作
发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用b
y, before等构成的短语，
也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。
His eyes shone brightly when he finally
received the magazine he had long expected.
当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。
By the time he
was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by
himself.12岁时，爱
迪生就开始自己谋生。
2、构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下
表：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(we)
You had
read it.
He(She, They) I(We)
You had
not read it
He(She ,They) you
Had
they read it?
he
注意：had
not 常简略为hadn't。
They asked me to have a drink
with them and said it was at least ten years since
I had
enjoyed a good drink.
他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少
十年了。
We had
learnt 30 lessons by the end of last
month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了
30课。
He said we hadn’t
seen each other since I left
Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没
见过面。
3、过去完成时的用法
过去
完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到
了过去某一时间之前，与现在
无关。
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去
的时间
状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。
Helen
had left her keys in the office so she had to wait
until her husband came home.
海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。
When we got to
the cinema, the film had already
begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影
已经开始了。
He told me that
he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2
goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，
1
他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。
When Jack
arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost
an hour.杰克到达后得
知玛丽走了近一个小时了。
（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之
前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还
可能继续下去的动作，常和for,
since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no
surprise to me. I had known for some time that the
factory was
going to shut down.
听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知
道了。
By the time
I left the school, he had taught the class for 3
years.到我毕业时，他已经
教那个班三年了。
He said he had
made great progress since he came
here.他说自从他来这里他已经取
得了很大进步。
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相
反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have
asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，
他就会问你这件事了。
I
should have called you if I had known your
telephone number.假如我过去知道你的
电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
He described the scene as if he had been
there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。
Had I known that you
wanted the book, I would have sent
it.如果我知道你要这本
书，我会送来的。
（4）表示假设的宾语从句
放在像s
aid，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些
动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had
passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
He asked me
whether I had seen the film the night
before.他问我头一天晚上是否看
过那部电影。
She wondered who
had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。
（5）用在 „time
that„”句型中
在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in
thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见
面。
It was
the first time we had spoken together.
这是我们第一次在一起说话。
（6）intend, mean, hope, want,
plan, suppose, expect,
think等动词的过去完成时可
以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事
这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had
intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an
unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打
算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。
We had meant to tell her the news but found
that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息
告诉她的，但发现她不在家。
（7）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely „ when,
no sooner„ than
等副词的句子里。
She hardly had
gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。
No
sooner had they left the building than a bomb
exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗
2
炸弹就爆炸了。
（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导
的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由
于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个
动作均可用一般
过去时表示。
We had breakfast after we
did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。
The train
started to move just before we reached the
station.我们到车站时火车刚开
动。
As soon as they got
there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。
定语从句
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事
物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，
that在从句中作宾语时常可省略
关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而
且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词
”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要
丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原
来的位置
2.
which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之
间的介词不能丢
3.
代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词
包括all,
anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导
的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作
宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以
作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time
一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不
用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have
stayed there for two weeks.
I still
remember the first time I met her.
Each
time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of
living necessities, such as towers,
soap,
toothbrush etc.
7.
whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,
something,
3
anything,
everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定
语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说
明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿
掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.
which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.
在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for
which或at
which
Attitudes towards
daydreaming are changing in much the same way
that(in which)
attitudes towards night
dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，
这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for
which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜
欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they
left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who,
whom代表人，用which代
表事物
在英文中，有两种定语从句：
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语
从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰
的作用。如果将其去掉
，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。
例如：
Rainforests
are being cleared for valuable timber and other
resources to speed up the
economic growth of
the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们
各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源
正为人们所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the
lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
They explained the reason to us why they had
hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
<
br>非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有
一个逗点，隔开；
它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作
用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即
使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。
由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定
语从句。另
外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把
4
它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the
Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but
they presented it in the form of a flattened
disc rather than a sphere , which was the
form
adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a
sphere进行补充、说明。）
更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平
盘状而不是托
勒密所采用的球体状。
The combination of
satellites, which transmit information , computers
, which store
information , and television ,
which displays information , will change every
home
into an education and entertainment
center .
（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，
computers和
television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么
句子可简
化为：
The combination of satellites ,
computers and television will change every home
into
an education and entertainment center .）卫
星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电
视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱
乐的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes
it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限
定性定语从句是
对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成一件事情）。太
阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可
能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army
.（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行
词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只
有一个儿子。
如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a
son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那
么，限定
性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达
的信息就变成了：这位老人有一
个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的
工作。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作
三、初中定语从句的讲解与练习
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在
句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的
名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之
后，由关系词（关系
代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom,
whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当
主语、宾语、定
语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行
词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the
man whothat wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（whothat在从句中作主语）
He is the man
whom that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whomthat在从句中作宾语）
2)
Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例
如：
5
They rushed over to
help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都
跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book
whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A
prosperity which that had never been seen before
appears in the countryside.
农村
出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which that在句中作宾语）
The
package (which that) you are carrying is about to
come unwrapped. 你拿的包
快散了。(which that在句中作宾语
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when,
where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+
which结构，因此常常和介词+
which结构交替使用，例如：
There
are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时
候。
Beijing is the place where
(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the
reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的
理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where,
why和
介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His
father died the year (that when in which) he was
born. 他父亲在他出生那年
逝世了。
He is unlikely to
find the place (that where in which) he lived
forty years ago. 他
不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，
就必须要求用
关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain
village where I stayed last year.
I'll never
forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I
visited last year.
（错） I will never forget
the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对）
This is the mountain village (which) I visited
last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days
(which) I spent in the countryside.
语法讲解：主谓一致
6
在
英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，
这就叫主谓一致。
寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一
致和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓
语动词一般用单数形式；主
语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is
working on the
farm. To study English well is not easy. What he
said is very
important for us all. The
children were in the classroom two hours ago.
Reading in
the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但
若表语是复数或what从
句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词
用复数形式。如：What I bought
were three English books. What I say and do is
（are） helpful to you.
2. 由连接词and或both
„„ and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式
的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily
are twins. She and I are classmates. The boy and
the girl were surprised when they heard the
news. Both she and he are Young
Pioneers.
注意：（1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词
就应用
单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.
（2）由and连接的并列单
数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more
than a （an） ， many a
（an）修
饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every
teacher was in the
room. No boy and no girl
likes it.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，
together with， except， but，
like， as well as，
rather than， more than， no less than， besides， inc
luding
等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：
M
r. Green， together with his wife and children， has
come to China. Nobody but
Jim and Mike was on
the playground. She， like you and Tom， is very
tall.
4. either， neither， each， every 或no
+单数名词和由some， any， no，
every
构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new
book. Everything
around us is matter.
注意：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作
主语时
，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are）
interesting. （2）
若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单
数；若它后面的名
词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has
（have） been
to America.
5.
在定语从句时，关系代词that， who，
which等作主语时，其谓语动词
的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of
my friends who are working hard.
He is the
only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的
成员，其谓语动词就用复数
形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee，
population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the
third floor. Class Four are unable
to agree
upon a monitor.
注意：people， police，
cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are
7
looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of，
the majority of + 名词”
构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作
主语，其谓语动词的数
要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of
people in the classroom.
The rest of the
lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our
class are girls.
注意：a number
of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number
of“„„的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus.
On the wall are many pictures. Such is the
result. Such are the facts.
二、逻辑意义一致原则
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为
单数，但意
义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1. what， who， which，
any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复
数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which
is your bag？ Which are your bags？ All is
going well. All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词
通常用单数形式，这是由于
作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes
is enough for
the work.
3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其
谓语
动词通常用单数形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an
interesting story-book.
4. 表数量的短语“one and
a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用
单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and
a half apples is （are） left on the table.
5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形
式。如：Twelve
plus eight is twenty. Fifty-six divided by eight
is seven.
6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics
结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以
及news， wo
rks等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们
作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式
。如：The paper works was built in 1990. I
think
physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers，
glasses， clothes， shoes，
等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如
果这些名词前有a （the） pair
of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses
are broken. The
pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8.
“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
三、就近一致原则
在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1.
当两个主语由either „„ or， neither „„ nor， whether „„
or „„， not only „„ but
also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either
the teacher or
the students are our friends. Neither they nor he
is wholly right. Is
neither he nor they
wholly right？
2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语
。如果其后是由and连接的
两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are
two chairs and a desk
in the room.
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
8