最后一课读后感-年度总结怎么写

英语作文写作技巧：英语说明文的写作方法

就“说明对象”来说，英语说 明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的
说明和对“主观抽象观点”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激
光）”、“Computer Problem of Year 2000（计算机2000年问题）”
等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful
Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English
Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）” 等是对主观抽象观 点的说
明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前
者，即解释客观具体 事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明
“主观抽象观点”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些 类似汉语中的
议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观
点”的阐述， 英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分
一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说 ，文章想要阐述、
说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对
文章的主 题实行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳
总结。从英语说明文的结构能够看出，要写好 英语说明文的关键在于
第二部分如何对文章主题实行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开
文章 主题的方法有下列几种：

1.罗列法（listing）

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，
second，…and final ly加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导
性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成 的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way.
First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh
air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning.
Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning
exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn
more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember
what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能够） us to plan the
work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan.
Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，
so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready
for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat
our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit
of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so.
As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise，
makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们能够注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a
foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And
finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several
good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…
等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法（examples）

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for
example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。
下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take
enough recreation （娱乐）。 The mind， too， needs change to
make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth
in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull
boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after
their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis，
and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，
fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and
reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a
kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉）
with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open
air and do manual work （体力活） should adopt （采纳）
reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，
but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too
much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a
pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight
in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is
much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too
long. A good brisk （轻松） walk is one of the finest forms
of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-
playing is another excellent form of recreation.

能够看出，举例法和罗列法有时能够结合使用：即用罗列法来列
出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法（comparison and contrast）

比较法是对两个对象实行比较，从而实行说明的写作 手法。比较
法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （长度）， the
paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结
构）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic
sentence （主题句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic
sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the
topic focus （主题所在） Next， the sentences in the body of
a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body
of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss
and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的）
paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） ——
whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends
the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph
which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although
there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written
expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in
structure.

能够看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，
in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American
football， the two games show several major differences.
European football， sometimes called association football or
soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most
widely played sport in the world. American football， on the

other hand， is popular only in North America （the United
States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with
a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in
somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is
played with an elongated （拉长的） round ball. Soccer has
little body contact （接触） between players and therefore
needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which
players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a
running ball- carrier and his teammates， needs special
protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward
the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶） it with the head.
In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed
from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the
opponent's （对手） goal. These are just a few of the
features which distinguish （区别） association and American
football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中能够看出：
however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等
表示 转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法（definition）

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物
概念实行说明时经常使用。 定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见
定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

能够看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night
and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a
bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的 英文解释就是定义法的典
型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的 定义是很
有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of
education or training. A teacher is a person who gives
knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。

5.顺序法（sequence of time， space and process）

顺序法是指按时间、空间或 过程的顺序实行说明的一种写作手法。
比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开 发
西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （经受） many changes before it became the
bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use.
During ancient times （在上古时代）， when the earth enjoyed
a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large
forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed
and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers
of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand
and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer
beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees
and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （几世纪后）， as the
ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and
clay was again deposited （积聚） above the layers already
formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the
peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle
substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as
above stated. It is an important industrial material and is
chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial
world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine
（煤矿）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the
north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province
for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法（classification）

分 类法是将写作对象实行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：的英
国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》
（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed，
and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books
are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not
curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with
diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by
deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would
be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort
of books…

参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化 。换
言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时
须全神贯注，孜孜不倦 。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题
材较次或价值不高者……

——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）

可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文
章增添无穷的魅力。

除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有
因果法、归 纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6
种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是： 在一篇文章中往往是
以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写
作手法 混用而不分主次。所以，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开
主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明 文。