英语“书面表达”应注意的几个问题
一件难忘的事600字-老港中学
英语“书面表达”应注意的几个问题
邱佼贵
英语科考试说明中对“书面表达”做了这样的规定:要求考生“根据所给情景,写<
br>一篇100单词左右的书面材料,情景包括目的、对象、时地、内容、长度等;提供情景
的形式有
图画、图表、提纲、短文等。‘书面表达’的要求是: (1) 切中题意;(2)语
言准确、得当;(
3)条理清楚”。根据《说明》中的规定,目前NMET中的“书面表达”
仍采用了提示作文(guid
ed writing)的形式。它只要求考生按照提示表达完整。既不必
节外生枝,自由发挥,也不必
把提示逐句翻译。因此,它不像命题作文那样要自行立意、
谋篇布局,又比翻译有较大的灵活性。考生可
以扬长避短,用自己最熟悉的句型、词汇
把提示内容表达出来。“书面表达”在高考中英语科的分值已占
到20%(30分),“书面
表达”的好坏,会直接影响高考中的英语成绩。可是有许多考生,受汉语负
迁移的影响,
在做此题时,往往会用一些汉语式的英语(Chi-English),所写句子辞不达意
的句子,
影响了整个的“书面表达”。下面就谈谈同学们在做“书面表达”时容易出错的几个问
题:
1、
句不成句。
同学们在写“书面表达”的时候,往往根据汉语意思
把有关的单词堆积在一起,而
不考虑它们的词性、句法功能、位置顺序等一系列问题,结果写出来的文章
只有那些学
过英语的中国人才能明白。请看下面的例子:
Mixed: By taking
a No. 10 bus is one way to get to Tian An Men.
Revised: You can get to Tian An Men by taking
a No. 10 bus.
英语中最基本的句型有五个:
1)主语+谓语(Vi.)
e.g. The sun rises.
2)主语+谓语(Vt.)+宾语
e.g. She can speak English.
3)主语+谓语(Vt.)+双宾语(间宾+直宾/直宾+间宾)
e.g. My
aunt sent me a presenta present to me.
(间接宾语指人
,直接宾语指物。若把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前时,通常在间接宾语
前加介词“to”或“for”.
to表示“对象”,for表示“为…….”、“替……”)
4)主语+谓语(Vt.)+复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
e.g. We made
him our monitor.
5)主语+连系动词+表语
e.g. The
weather is getting warm.
以上五个基本句型可变为无数个其它句子。 <
br>作主语的词有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式(疑问词+不定式)以及连词、连
接代(副)词t
hat、wether、who、what、which、when、where、how、why等引导的主<
br>语从句;作谓语的词只能是动词。在要表达一个句子的谓语时,我们要考虑动词的人称、
数、时态
、语态、语气等的变化;作宾语的词有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式(疑
问词+不定式)以及连词、
连接代(副)词that、wether、if、who、what、which、when、
wher
e、how、why等引导的宾语从句;作宾语补足语的词,根据谓语动词的不同,可
以
有名词(或相当于名词的短语)、动名词、动词不定式、形容词、副词,介词短语等
等;能作宾语补足语
的所有词都可在句子中可作表语,连词、连接代(副)词that、wether、
as if、who
、what、which、when、where、how、why、bcause等引导的从句也可作表语;<
br>另外,名(代)词还可以有自己的前(后)置定语,作定语的大多数是形容词、名词、
介词短语、
动名词、动词不定式及关系代(副)词that、which、who、whom、whose、
as、
when、where、why等引导的定语从句;在必要情况下,还可以有状语,作状语的
词有副词、
介词短语、动词不定式、分词及从属连词when、whenver、while、after、before、
since、as soon as、until(till)、every(each)
time、where、wherever、though、although、even
if(though)、however、no matter how、whoever、no
matter who、whatever、no matter
what、
as、because、since、if、unless、on condition
that、so that、in order
that、so…that、such…that、
as
if(though)、as…as、so…as等引导的状语从句。
(引导宾语从句的连词that
可能省略,而引导其它名词性从句的连词that是不可以省略
的。)
2、
误用连词:
一篇文章,连词的运用是必不可少的。如果误用或不用会影
响意义的表达,甚至会
使自己的句子成为“不知所云”的句子。汉语中有一些关联连词例如“虽然……,
但
是……”,“因为……,所以……”等,而在英语中只能有其一,即有although(thoug
h),
再不能有but;反之亦然,请对比下面的句子:
Faulty: It was
raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
Correct: It was raining so hard that they
could not work in the fields.
Because
it was raining hard, they could not work in the
fields.
It was raining hard, so they
could not work in the fields.
As it
was raining hard, they could not work in the
fields.
It was raining hard. They
could not work in the fields.
为了同学们写作方便,我把一些常用的连词罗列出来,以供大家参考。
并列连词:and,
but, or, nor, for etc.
关联连词:either…or…,
neither…nor…, not…but…, not only…but also…,
both…and…
etc.
(关联连词必须引导两个平行结构。)
试比较下面的句子:
Faulty parallelism: We thought
she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable
young
woman.
Revised: We thought she was
charming, intelligent, and very capable .
We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and
very capable young woman.
Faulty parallelism:
She can not only speak English but also French.
Revised: She can speak not only English but
also French.
She can speak English as
well as French.
另外,为了使文章行文简洁,过渡自然,还可适当地运用一些过渡词
(连词或副词)。
常用的有:
表示解释、说明方面的有:in
addition、furthermore、in
fact、for、because、since、as、
moreover、for
instance、such as、thus、such、namely、that is to say
etc.
表示补充方面的有:in
addition、then、again、also、besides、further
more、first、moreover、
next、second、finally、last
etc.
表示转折、让步方面的有:but、however、although、t
hough、yet、except for、even
though、
nevertheless、generally speaking etc.
表示强调方面的有:certainly、indeed、surely、most
important、especially、actually、in
fact、after
all etc.
表示相似、对比方面的有:like、too、in a same
way(manner)、simlarly、equally
important、
unlike、in contrast、on the
contrary、rather than、on the other
hand、whereas、instead、
but etc.
表示结果方面的有:therefore、as a result、then、thus、for
this reason、because of、finally、
at last、in
summary、in other words、in a word、in short etc.
3、
指代不明:
在一篇短文中,使用代词是必不可少的,但是滥用代词,就
会出现指代不明的情况,
使读者不明就里。比较下面的句子:
Ambiguous:
She told my sister that she was wrong.
Clear:
“I am wrong.” she said to my sister.
She
admitted that she was wrong and said so to my
sister.
“You’re wrong.” she said to my
sister.
My sister was told that she was
wrong.
Obscure: He was knocked down by a
bicycle, but it was not serious.
Clear: He
was knocked down by a bicycle but was not
seriously hurt.
所以使用必要的代词能使文章简洁,但前提必须指代明确。另外,在
一个主从复合句里,
同时有名词,有代词,应该把名词放在主句,代词放在从句,而不考虑主句、从句那
个
在前、那个在后。
4、
悬垂修饰:
有好多同学在使用修饰语的
时候,由于误用或位置误放,使一些修饰语成为没有修
饰对象或成为修饰别的成份的东西,以致产生错误
或一些不该有的误会。试比较下列句
子:
Dangling: To get up
early, the clock was set at six.
Revised: To
get up early, he set the clock at six.
(动词不定式、
分词、介词短语作状语,逻辑主语都是句子主语。但有一些用作独立成
份的插入语例外:e.g. to
be frank, to be honest, generally speaking etc.)
Confusing: Nanjing University has many well-
known professors at home and abroad.
Clear:
Nanjing University has many professors (who
are)well-known at home and abroad.
(作定语的介词短语一般
放在所修饰名词之后,而作状语的介词短语可放在句首,也可
放在句尾,或放在最靠近它所修饰的词;另
外在书面语中,限定修饰词例如:almost、
nearly、only、just、ever、ha
rdly、scarcely、simply等只能放在它所修饰词的前面)。试
比较下面几个句子:
Only Lin told me about the accident today.
(Nobody but Lin told me about the accident
today.)
Lin only told me about the accident
today.
(Lin told me about the accident today
but do nothing else.)
Lin told me today only
about the accident. Lin told me today about the
accident only.
(Lin told me about the accident
today but nothing else.)
Lin told me
about the accident only today.
(Lin told me
about the accident today and at no other time.)
以上可见,修饰语的位置不同,句子表达的意义是绝对不一样的。
5、
结构混乱:
有部分同学在写作时,不考虑英语特有的语法,随意捏造、
堆积,以致出现一些貌
似正确,而实际上是一些结构混乱的错句子。请看下列例句:
Confusing: Students who wishes to borrow books
is asked to sign his name on a sheet of
paper.
Consistent: Students who wish to borrow books
are asked to sign their names on a sheet
of
paper.
Confusing: He left the library when his
paper is written.
Consistent: He left the
library when he had written paper.
Vague: My
hometown is closer to Nanjing than Shanghai.
Clear: My hometown is closer to Nanjing than
to Shanghai.
“书面表达”是一个系统、复杂的工程,它旨在考察学生综合运用语言的能
力。一篇
好的“书面表达”,要求做到时:准确(sincerity);清楚(clarity);简
洁(brevity);灵
活多变(variety)。所以要写好一篇“书面表达”,除了上述所提到
的问题之外,还有工
整的书写、大小写的运用、准确的表达、自然的过渡、书面语的运用、符合其英美习
惯
的表达等等一系列问题。这就要求同学们在平时学英语的过程中,除了掌握好书本知识
之外,
还应养成用英语写作的习惯。只有这样,点点滴滴、日积月累,到考试时才能写
出比较令人满意的“书面
表达”。
(此文在宁夏《招生简讯》九七年第六期上发表;并在97年度全国煤
炭系统教育教研论
文评比中荣获一等奖。)