高考英语使用被动语态应注意的问题
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使用被动语态应注意的问题
一、当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时, 谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词beget+过去分词构成,时态通过beget表现出来。例如:
1)一般现在时:“isamare + 过去分词”构成 You are required to
do this.
2)一般过去时:“waswere + 过去分词”构成 The story
was told by her.
3)一般将来时:“willshall be +
过去分词”构成 The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4)现在进行时:“isamare being + 过去分词”构成
The
question is being discussed in the meeting room.
5)过去进行时:“waswere being + 过去分词”构成 The new road
was being made.
6)现在完成时:“hashave been +
过去分词”构成 The novel has been read.
7)过去完成时:“had
been + 过去分词”构成 He said that the work had been
finished.
8) 过去将来时:“wouldshould be + 过去分词”构成
He said that the trees would be planted soon.
二、一些特殊的被动结构
1)带情态动词的被动结构:“情态动词+ be +
过去分词”构成
The problem must be solved soon.
2)带不定式的被动结构:
The homework needs to be done
with care.
Their homework is said to have been
finished.
3)短语动词的被动结构:
例1)The baby is
looked after carefully.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待。这类结构有以下几种:
①(不及物)动词+介词:agree to, ask for, call for, laugh
at, listen to, look after, operate
on, send
for, talk about, think of等。
②(及物)动词+副词:bring
about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make
out, pass on,
point out, put away, put off,
take up, think over, turn down, turn out, wipe
out, work out等。
③动词+副词+介词:do away with, face
up to(勇敢面对), give in to, look down upon, make up
for, put up with等。
例 2) Attention must be
paid to your pronunciation.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词+名词+介词”这一结构。如:catch sight
of, keep an
eye on, make use of, make a fool
of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire
light to, take
care of, take hold of, take
notice of等。
例 2与例1的不同点在于,它们用于被动时态能有两种形式。第一种形式是
把“动词+名词+介词”作
为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词+名词”作为“动词+宾语”的结
构处理。
4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语,宾语补足语保
留在谓语
后面。例如:We always keep the classroom
clean.(比较:The classroom is always kept clean.)
但是,不带to的动词不定式要变成带to 的动词不定式。例如:I heard him go
out just now. → He
was heard to go out just
now. 这类动词有12个。它们是:
二听、五看、一感觉,使役动词有三个,help可带,可不带(to) ,所以把它排在外。
二听:hear, listen to 五看:see, watch, notice,
observe, look at 一感觉:feel 三个使役动
词:have, let,
make
5)有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的和well,
easily等副词连用的不及物动
词sell, wash, write, read,
clean, cook等。例如:
The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这枝笔很好用。
6)下列情况主动句不能改成被动句:
①谓语是及物动词leave, enter,
reach, suit, benefit, lack等。
②谓语是不可拆开的短语动词take
place, lose heart, belong to, consist of等。
③宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,动名词,抽象名词等。
I bought
myself a book yesterday.
We often help each
other with English.
Liu Hulan died a glorious
death.
I want to be a good teacher.
He
finished reading the book.
7)汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。例如:
据说…… It
is said that …
希望… … It is hoped that …
据推测说… … It is supposed that …
必须承认… … It
must be admitted that …
必须指出… … It must be
pointed out that …
众所周知… … It is well known
that …
有人会说… … It will be said that …
大家认为… … It is generally considered that …
有人相信… … It is believed that …
注意:这种结构可改为“SbSth + be + pp + 动词不定式” 。例如:
It is said that Tom has got the first place in
the exam.=Tom is said to have got the first
place in the exam.
It was reported that
her mother died of SARS.=Her mother was reported
to have died of SARS.
三、主动表示被动含义
主动表示被动含义的
句子的主语通常是表示物的词(指人的极少),而且这种物都具有某种内在的特点,
能够促进动词所表示
的动作得以实现或难以实现。这时的动词一般是不及物动词。例如:
Your speech
reads well.
The dinner is cooking.
The cloth has worn thin.
The door won’t
lock.
The windows blew open.
The
food tastes sweet.
比较: The girl does not
photograph well.(强调女孩的特点,不上照。)
The girl has
not been photographed well.(与女孩本人无关,在于摄影师没有照好。) 四、被动语态由“助动词beget+及物动词的过去分词”构成,助动词beget必须和主语的人称和数
保持一致。
专项训练:
I.单项填空
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The
president _____ a cool reception when he visited
London.
A. gave B. was given C. had
given D. had been given
2. A red sky in the
morning _____ to be a sign of bad weather.
A. says B. is saying C. has said D. is
said
3. If you go there alone after
dark you might get _____.
A. attacked and
robbed B. attacking and robbing
C. to
attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed
4. What I wanted to know was when and where
the meeting ______.
A. was holding B. had
held C. was to hold D. was to be held
5.
New medicines and instruments ______ every day to
extend life.
A. develop B. are being
developed C. are developing D. have developed
6. I’ll come after the meeting if time ______.
A. permits B. is permitting C. is
permitted D. has permitted
7. The students
_____ £50 a year to cover the cost of books and
stationery.
A. give B. are given C.
have given D. to give
8. With the
development of science, more new technology
_______ to the fields of IT.
A. has
introduced B. is being introduced C. is
introduced D. was introduced
9.“How
about the dishes, Dear?” “The beef didn’t taste
very good. It ______ too long.”
A. cooked
B. had been cooked C. was cooked D. had
cooked
10. He kept a little notebook, in which
______ the names and addresses of his friends.
A. wrote B. was writing C. was written
D. were written
11. “Look! Everything here is
under construction.” “What is the small building
that ______for?”
A. is being building
B. has been built C. is built D. is being
built
12. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the
factory closes.
A. lose B. will be lost
C. are lost D. will lose
13. New medicines
and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop B. are being developed C. are
developing D. have developed
答案与解析
1.
选B.一方面语意要求要被动语态,另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。
2.
选D.此句也可说成 It is said that a red sky in the morning
is a sign of bad weather.
3. 选A,“get +
过去分词”表被动。
4. 选D,从逻辑上说,“会议”应是被开,故用被动式。
5.
选B.从语境上看,develop 不仅要用被动语态,而且要用进行时态。
6.
选A,该用法中的 permit 为不及物动词,不用被动语态。其中if time permits
也可换成 time
permitting.
7. 选B.谓语为 give sb
sth 结构的被动语态形式。
8.
选B.技术应该是“被”引进,故用被动语态;根据语境句子应用现在进行时。
9.
选B.从句意上看,“牛肉”应该是“被”煮,故句子要用被动语态;从时间上看,由于句中有 didn’t
taste
very good,所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前,故用过去完成时。
10. 选D. in which were written the names and
addresses…为倒装句式,其正常表达为 the names and
addresses
of his friends were written in the notebook.
11. 选D.因为 building 应该是“被建”,故用被动语态;再根据前文的 look,
under construction 等
信息词可知,此处应用现在进行时态。
12.
选B. jobs与lose应为被动关系,故用被动语态;再根据条件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用<
br>一般将来时为宜。
13.
选B.因为“新的药物和器械”与“开发”之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。
2013年高考题
1.(2013北京)23Shakespeare’s play Hamlet
into at least ten different films over the past
years.
A. had been made B. was
made C. has been made D. would be made
2.(2013北京)25--- Do you think Mom and Dad
late?
--- No, Swiss Air is usually on time.
A. were B. will be C. would be D. have been
3.(2013北京)28 Hurry up! Mark and Carl
us.
A. expect B. are expecting C. have
expected D. will expect
4.(2013北京)32--- So
what is the procedure?
--- All the applicants
before a final decision is made by the authority.
A. interview B. are interviewing C. are
interviewed D. are being interviewed
5.(2013全国大纲)27. We very early so we
packed the night before.
A. leave B. had
left C. were leaving D. have left
6.(2013福建) girl has a great interest in sport
and ____ badminton classes twice a week
over
the last three years.
A. took B. is taking
C. takes D. has been taking
7.(2013安徽)24.
I’m calling about the apartment you the other
day. Could you tell me more
about it?
A.
advertised B. had advertised C. are
advertising D. will advertise
8.(2013湖南)22.
“What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford.
“Oh, I ________ president,”
said the boy, with
a smile.
A. have been B. am C. was D.
will be
9.(2013湖南)24. Around two o’clock every
night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It
somewhat
_____us.
A. bothers B. had
bothered C. would bother D. bothered
10.(2013湖南)26. If nothing ________, the oceans
will turn into fish deserts.
A. does B.
had been done C. will do D. is done
11.(2013湖南)27. — Have you heard about the
recent election?
— Sure, it ________ the only
thing on the news for the last three days.
A. would be B. is C. has been D. will be
12.(2013湖南)34. — I don’t understand why you
didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I’m so I my homework.
done B.
was doing C. would do D. am doing
13.(2013江苏)25. —Could I use your car tomorrow
morning?
—Sure. I a report at home.
A. will be writing B. will have written C.
have written D. have been writing
14.(2013江苏)34. —What about your self-drive
trip yesterday?
—Tiring! The road is being
widened, and we a rough ride.
A. had
B. have C. would have D. have had
15.(2013江西)35. I ________ to visit you later
that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
A.
come B. came C. am coming D. was coming
16.(2013辽宁)22. He was unhappy when he sold his
guitar. After all, he _________if for a very
long time.
A. has had. B. had had C.
has D. had
17.(2013辽宁)30. We are
confident that the environment ______by our
further efforts to reduce
pollution.
A.
had been improved B. will be improved C. is
improved D. was improved
18.(2013山东)24. I
didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it
_____ pretty good.
A. has been B. was
C. had been D. would be
19.(2013山东)27. —
Oh no! We’re too late. The train _______.
—
That’s Ok. We’ll catch the next train to London.
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left
D. has been
leaving
20.(2013陕西)11. On
Monday mornings it usually me an hours to
drive to work although the
actual distance is
only 20 miles.
A. takes B. is taking
C. took D. will take
21.(2013陕西)17. Jim
a late night film at home when, right in the
middle of a thrilling
scene, the television
went blank.
A. watched B. had watched
C. was watching D. would be watching
22.(2013四川)3. Hurry up, kids! The school bus
_______ for us!
A. waits B. was
waiting C. waited D. is waiting
23.(2013天津)13. The water supply has been cut
off temporarily because the workers one of
the main pipes.
A. had repaired
B. have repaired C. repaired D.
are repairing
24.(2013新课标Ⅰ)24. If we
now to protect the environment, we’ll live to
regret it.
A. hadn't acted B. haven't acted
C. don't act D. won't act
25.(2013新课标Ⅰ) I
first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I my
mind.
A. have changed B. change C. had
changed D. would change
26.(2013重庆)21. 1 felt
very tired when I got home. and I straight to
bed.
A. go B. went C. had gone
D. have gone
27.(2013重庆)33. A Midsummer
Night's Dream at the Theatre Royal on 19th
June. and then tours
throughout Scotland
A. opens opened C. will open
be opened
28.(2013浙江)10. During the last three
decades, the number of people participating in
physical
fitness programs ______ sharply.
A was increasing B has increased C had
increased D will be increasing
答案:1-5CBBCC
6-10DADAD 11-15CBAAD 16-20BBBCA 21-25CDDCA
26-28BAB
练习
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. He was made ________ . A. go B. gone
C. going D. to go
2. He was too excited
________ .
A. speak B. to speak C.
not to speak D. speaking
3. Coal can
_______ to produce electricity for agriculture and
industry.
A. have used B. be used C.
use D. used
4. You can see the house
________ for years.
A. isn't painted
B. hasn't painted
C. hasn't been painted
D. hadn't painted
5. Some new oilfields
________ since 1976.
A. were opened
up B. has opened up C. have been opened up D. had
been opened up
6. The article _______
Chinese by Comrade Li.
A. is going to
translate into B. is going to be translated into
C. was going to be translated with D. will
translate in
7. Both my brothers work at the
power station that ________ in my home town.
A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up
D. is set up
8. Doctors _______ in every part
of the world.
A. need B. are needing
C. are needed D. will need
9. Great
changes ________ in the city,and a lot of
factories ________.
A. have been taken
place; have been set up B. have taken place; have
been set up
C. have taken place; have set
up D. were taken place; were set up
10. I
promise that the matter will ________ .
A.
be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care
D. take care of
11. No permission has
________ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given B. given C. to give
D. be giving
12. That suit ________ over 60
dollars last year.
A. had costed B.
costed C. is costed
13. I
________ ten minutes to decide whether I should
reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given
C. was giving D. had given
14.
-Have you moved into the new house?
-Not
yet. The rooms _________ .
A. are being
painted B. are painting
C. are painted
D. are being painting
15. If city noises
_________ from increasing,people _________ shout
to be heard even at the dinner
table 20 years
from now.
A. are not kept; will have to
B. are not kept; have
C. do not keep; will
have to D. do not keep; have to
16. -
________ the sports meet might be put off.
-Yes,it all depends on the weather.
A.
I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D. I
told
17. These lessons have _______ before
you go to bed.
A. to go over B. gone
over C. been to go over D. to be gone over
18. Don't get that ink on your shirt,for it
________.
A. won't wash out B.
hasn’t washed away
C. isn't washing out
D. doesn't wash away
19. The boy is ill. He
_________ absent from school for at least a week.
A. has to B. is to C. will have to
D. will have to be
20. The book was received
so eagerly that it _________ on the first day.
A. sold up B. was sold up C. was sold out
D. sold out
21. Text books ________ to come
in time.
A. require B. required C. are
required D. are requiring
22. Even though
success is impossible now,we shall work on until
we __________ to stop.
A. are told B. shall
be told C. are to be told D. had been told
23. “The Tower is the tallest building in the
city.”
“ ________ from here?”
A. Can it seen B. Can see it C. Can it be seen
D. Can it being seen
24. The boy whom you
lent the bike to __________ by a car.
A.
hit B. be hit C. having been hit D. was
hit
25. The thief ________ while climbing
over the garden wall.
A. has caught B.
was caught C. caught D. being caught
1-5DBBCC 6-10BCCBB 11-15ADBAA
16-20ADADC 21-25CACDB