1.1“如果”“假如’
If and whenever
In the event of that(从句中的谓语可用一般现在时) 和in case
“如果”“在什么情形下”
Where
Should从句—只有假设的是违背当事人意志的不利情况时候采用到
Provided (that) providing ( that)，On the conditions that均
表示实现某结果的前提条件，一般用于句末
In so far as (insofar as)“只要”“如若”替代普通英语中的as long
as
1.2 何物仍归谁所有或何物所有权归谁 sth is (shall remain) the
property of sb.
1.3 “除外条款”“但书”在合同中成为 ‘saving clause”
表现句型一般有save that句型和save as 句型两种，表示“„除外”
1.4 “一„„就„„”upon„.. 一般不用ASAP
1.5 除非另有规定 unless otherwise stipulatedrequiredstated,
except as otherwise provided两种基本句型
1.6 so agreed
So agreed, this____th day of (month), 2001 另一种表达方式为：
Inwitness whereof, the parties set their hands and seals hereunto
as of the date hereinabove mentioned.
2. 合同的五个部分的例句与用词
2.1 协议当事人parties、叙述recital、正文habendum、附录schedu le、
证明attestation.
叙述部分由WHERERAS加双方愿望等订立合同的基础。
5

开头句式
2.1.1 this agreement is made the___ th day of __ between___, a
company incorporated in____(country) and having its registered
officepricipal place of businesshead office at___(domicile)
(hereinafter called “ XX company) of the one party and __(ID
No.:____) of __( domicile) (hereinafter called “YY Manager”) of
the other party
2.1.2 An agreement for service made the 1st day of sep,2008
between__of__(add) (hereinafter referred to as XX company) as one
part and Mr. __of ___(add)(hereinafter referred to as the
contractor ) of the other part.
2.1.3 This contract is made by and entered into on March 1st, 2008,
by and between____LTD.(hereinafter referred to as “PARTY A”) and
__LTD. （hereinafter referred to as PARTY B）.
2.2协议正文的表达有主动和被动两种谓语经常用agree或agree加
covenant包括下列表达：
2.2.1 NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
2.2.2 NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as follows:
2.2.3 WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED as follows:
2.2.4 NOW， THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promies and
covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
2.2.5 For and in consideration of the mutual covenants and promises
herein contained, the Parties herein agree to consitute themselves
as joint venturers, henceforth, “ venturers” for the purposes
before mentioned.
2.2.6 NOW THEREFORE, the parties herby covenant and agree as
follows:
2.27 It is understood and expressively agreed that„
2.3证明部分“双方签字盖章，特此为证”
IN WITNESS WHEREOF IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF+主动语态句型或被动语
态句型
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hands the
day and the year first above written.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein
has been executed effective as of the date first above written
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this agreement
6

to be executed by their respective duly officers as of the date
first hereinabovewritten.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF this deed has been entered into on the date
stated at the beginning
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, we have hereunto signed and sealed this
contract on the day and year first written above.
3. 合同一般条款的例句与用词
3.1 定义。定义的句型常用：
Shall refer to
Means
Shall mean
Shall be constructed as
3.2 通知特快专递常用express courier, express delivery service.
等词加前置by或via表达，文中一般要用shall表示送达方的义务
3.3保险条款 under term of CIF, by the buyers, against
3.4 保证赔偿方面一般会用到shall indemnify and hold sb harmless
offromfor短语
Company shall indimnify and hold sales representitive harmless of
and from any and all libility attributable soley to the negligent,
intentional or other acts of company or its employees.
公司应赔偿因其公司或某职员的单方过失、故意或其他行为而致的所有
责任，并保证销售代表免于承担上述责任。
3.5 争议的解决
All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the
execution thereof should be settled amicably through negotiations.
In case no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall
then be submitted for arbitration in__. The abitration award shall
be accepted as final and binding upon both parties.
Any controversy or claim aring out of or related to this agreement,
or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in
accordance with the commercial arbitration rules of the
Arbitration association, and judgement upon the award rendered by
the arbitratior(s) may be entered in any court having
juurisdication thereof.
3.6 争议的法律适用方面 governing law
This agreement is governed by and shall be constructed in
7

accordance with the laws of the PRC.
3.7 文字效力方面
This contract is made in two originals in english, both being
equally valid and authentic.
3.8股权转让 transfer of equity interestsshares. 文中多用shall,
may not, shall not等义务性或禁止性规定。
The bags shall be sound and suitable for ocean transportation


Wittent consent书面同意
Bear all costs承担费用
Bebound unto In the sum of
Save as 除了„„之外。
In witness
Be liable for
Standby letters of credit备用信用证
Forth with 立刻，不犹豫
In conformity with
Dead freight空仓费
Demurrage滞港费
本文转自-山东人在北京 客城-：
http:?ThreadID=30145



引子 :鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译
愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨, 势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今
以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大 家共同
提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守 的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应
体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些 法
律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中
使用的词无可争议的 程度。

一.hereby
8

英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需
要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.

例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in
consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the
remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum
as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the
time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证 在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支
付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为 本工程施工、竣工及
修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n.
legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the
Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing
statement is true and correct and all available information and
data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide
documentary proof upon your request.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
9

（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据 我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部
现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具 证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.
(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter
referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on
the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable
consultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互
利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方， 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在
平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中
国 （地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by
and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A)
and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本
协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make,
conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特
点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方

二 hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
10

用法:在表示上文已提及 的“本合同的、本文件的„„”时，使用该词。
例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and
provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如
表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示
“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the
terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the
Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。


例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not,
the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night,
including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply
and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods
shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage
incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注释：
（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause
or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether„ or not：不论„„
是否
（2） the owner of the goods：货方
（3） without interruption：无间断地
（4） carrier：承运人
（5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：
of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假
日（如承运人需要），无 间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所
引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance
with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other
organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释：
11

（1） foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规
定
（4） legal entity：法人
（5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活
动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的
法人和其他组织。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company
limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions
of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions
hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company
limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with
the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall
not be registered as a limited liability company or a company
limited by shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限 责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本
法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者 股份有限公司；不符合本法
规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator
fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator
shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or
appointed.
注释：
（1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者
其它原因
12

（2） arbitrator：仲裁员
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规
定
（4） be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选
定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration
formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law
and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注释：
（1） conflict：相抵触
（2） prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3） the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：
of this Law
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in
Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is are confirmed, the
organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation
in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of
one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16
hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the
confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a
complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim,
shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory
obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall
apply to in the procedures of compensation.
注释：
（1） the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务
机关
（2） shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿
13

（3） the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4） Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条
hereof：of this Law
（5） shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉
（6） claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7） apply to in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally
here. That argument does not apply in this case. That applies
to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. These remarks
apply to every town in this kingdom. The rules of safe driving
apply to everyone.
参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，
应当给予赔偿。 赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要
求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请 求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应
当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条 、第十
二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item
4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified
in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall,
in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and
responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name
of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释：
（1） arbitrator：仲裁员
（2） Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law
（3） bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任
（4） the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5） remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list
of arbitrators：将其除名
参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第 三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法
第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法 律责任，仲裁委员会
应当将其除名。
例8
14

If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with
the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application
as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company
registration authorities fail to register a company whose
application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question
may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring
an administrative suit.
注释：
（1） the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of
approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2） meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条
件
（3） the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管
部门
（4） the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law
（5） apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6） bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼
参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予
批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门 不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议
或者提起行政诉讼。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article
9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of
enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies
limited by shares.
注释：
（1） the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2） against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有
本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision
参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条 、第十条、
第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date
of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative
15

regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard
Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion
on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible
department of the State Council, continue to exist.
Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this
Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements
hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be
set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注释：
（1） companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2） the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：
《有限责任公司规范意见》
（3） the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：
《股份有限公司规范意见》
（4） the relevant responsible department of the State Council
国务院有关主管部门
（5） in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国
务院另行规定
参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应 依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和
国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有 限公
司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规
定的期限内达到本 法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such
business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a
result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other
business operators, and disturbing the socio- economic order.
注释：
（1） unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2） business operators：经营者
（3） contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the
provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law
（4） the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5） disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
16

本法所称的不 正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的
合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

三 hereto
英文释义: to this
中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的„„本文件的„„”时，使 用该
词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里
hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用
“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同 前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，
hereto强调的是“to this”。

例1
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall,
through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.
Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case
in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China
International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing
and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The
award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties
hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party
unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.
注释：
（1） the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2） through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双
方
（4） shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5） the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration
Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6） the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则
（7） the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8） unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：
仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
17

参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决 ，如
协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北
京），依据其仲裁规 则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束
力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁 定的除外。

例2
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications
for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired
in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right
to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the
effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the
world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture
of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1） patented technology：专利技术
（2） patent：专利
（3） application for the patent：专利申请
（4） may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5） permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the
world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6） Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同
双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方 目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能
有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让 的，适用于
或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3
“Technical Documents” means the data and the information
specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing
and original information relating to the manufacture and
maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings,
blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs,
photostats and general data, and design and their specifications
relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided
18

that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as
is only available to Party B and applicable to the business
operation of Party A under this Contract.
注释：
（1） technical documents：技术资料
（2） the data and the information：资料
（3） engineering：工程
（4） manufacturing：制造
（5） original information：原始资料
（6） blueprint：蓝本
（7） design sheets：设计图表
（8） material specifications：材料规格
（9） photostats：影印资料
（10） general data：一般资料
（11） design and their specifications relating to manufacturing
euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设
计及其说明书
参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造
及原始资料，包括与制造设备、 工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图
表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等， 但上
述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。

例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall,
within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party
A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater
in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing
accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注释：
（1） audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2） Sub- Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3） the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：
其具体的查帐内容和程序
（4） Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
参考译文：
19

乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规 定
开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本
合同附件4。

例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall,
immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such
matters comprising an improvement, modification, further
invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make
or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed
Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in
question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application
for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect
the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party
in question. The other Party may, during the effective period
hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement,
modification, further invention or design (whether patented or
un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner
consistent with this agreement.
注释：
（1） either Party hereto：本协议各方 （不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2） improvement, modification, further invention or design：
改进、修正、更新本发明或设计
（3） discover, make or develop：开发
（4） manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or
components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件
（5） file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6） take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其
它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent
（7） any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利
（8） consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾
参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改
进 、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方
可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利 或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，
20

由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在 本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与
本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或
设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。

例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM
certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing
Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded
between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix
2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance
Agreement”).
注释：
（1） certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing
Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2） the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3） Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
参考译文： < br>本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，
FCAM和Y将订立技术 服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服
务协议”）。

例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to
the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required
by Y for such data on management and financial information as are
given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare
and keep accounting and financial records and books available for
inspection or audit by either Party hereto.
注释：
（1） to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最
大限度地
（2） data on management and financial information：管理和财务
信息材料
（3） prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：
建好会计和财务帐目
（4） available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：
21

以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party hereto：either Party to
this Agreement本协议双方 inspection：检查 audit：审计
参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM 将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格
式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料； 并且FCAM应建
好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。

例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors
authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM
shall be responsible for approving the overall business management
plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in
question. Provided that the business management plan in question
shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.
注释：
（1） Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协
议双方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreement
（2） to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行
政管理 manage：业务管理
（3） the overall business management plan of the company：公司
整体经营计划
（4） monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划
的执行
（5） review and approval：审阅和批准
参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管 理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监
督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批 准。

例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree,
that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such
specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through
mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective
utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under
the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms
and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.
22

注释：
（1） specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备 equipment：
（单数形式）设备
（2） determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3） the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效
使用技术诀窍
（4） terms and conditions：条件
（5） (such„) as：作关系代词，意为which, that
参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCA M同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过
Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据 技术服务协议由Y向FCAM
提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。

例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the
outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties
hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the
debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding
debts to the creditor.
注释：
（1） the termination of this Contract：本合同期满
（2） outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务
（3） debtor：债务人
（4） creditor：债权人
参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人
应向债权人继续支付未了 债务。

四 herein
英文释义:in this
中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的„„，本法（中）的„„” 等
时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair
competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；
表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein
表示“in this Agreement”。
23

语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.

例1
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of
business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a
result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other
business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons,
other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the
trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goods
including services).
注释：
（1） unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2） mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3） refer to：是指
（4） contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5） damage the lawful rights and interests of other business
operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6） disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7） business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者
herein：in this Law
（8） engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：
从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指 经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的
合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经 营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包
括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

例2
This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the
foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the
healthy development of the socialist market economy.
Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export
of goods, technology and the international trade in services.
注释：
24

（1） this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法
（2） maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序
（3） promote the healthy development of the socialist market
economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4） foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：
in this Law
（5） the international trade in services：国际服务贸易
参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护 对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康
发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、 技术进出口
和国际服务贸易。

例3
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited
liability company or such a company limited by shares as are
established within the territory of China in accordance with this
Law.
注释：
（1） mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称
（2） limited liability company：有限责任公司
（3） company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（4） within the territory of China：在中国境内
参考译文：
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限
公司。

例4
Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall,
if any, be confiscated. Where those commit crimes against the
provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a
fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation
assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the
payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for
the civil compensation.
注释：
（1） illegal gains：违法所得
25

（2） shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3） the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本
决定规定
（4） illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得
（5） a fine imposed on：判处罚金
（6） property forfeited：没收财产
（7） a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处 罚金、没收财产、承担民事
责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。

例5
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the
“International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”
(INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce
(ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
注释：
（1） （1）“FOB”（free on board）(„Named port of shipment)：
船上交货（„<指定装运港>）
（2） （2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(„Named port of destination)：
成本加运费（„<指定目的港>）
（3） （3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(„Named port of
destination)：成本、保险费加运费（„„<指定目的港>）
（4） （4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade
Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》
参考译文：
除非 本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制
定的《国际贸易术语解释通 则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。

例6
Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes,
controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the
execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any
breach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not
limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued
26

existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration
Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies
or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.
注释：
（1） unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有
明确表示 herein：in this Agreement
（2） dispute：争议
（3） controversy：纠纷
（4） difference：歧意
（5） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双
方
（6） any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约
及过失
（7） including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8） the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性
arbitration clause 仲裁条款
参考译文：
除非另有明确表示 ，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双
方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（ 包括，但不限于有
关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方
式解 决，则提交仲裁。

例7
The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions
specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds
received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under
Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.
注释：
（1） the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行
（2） pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：
按照本合同规定的条件 herein：in this Contract
（3） on the Disbursement Date：在付款日
（4） credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金
（5） the Borrower：借款人
参考译文：
代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根
27

据2.2款指定的帐户。

例8
All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall be
cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers,
privileges or remedies provided for by laws.
注释：
（1） cumulative：累加的
（2） shall not be exclusive of：并不排除
（3） privilege：特权
（4） remedy：补救方法
（5） provided for by laws：法律规定的
参考译文：
本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、
特权或补救方法。

例9
Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made
by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the
contents herein as follows:
注释：
（1） Now Therefore：据此
（2） the consideration ：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回
报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物，乙 方同意付给甲方一
定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（offer）与
承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同，
得到法律的保护和执 行。
（3） the contents herein：本协议内容 herein：in this Agreement
参考译文：
据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：

例10
The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the
obligations of making all payments. All the reimbursements to the
Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from
all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will
28

not be subject to taxes. The Borrower shall, under this Agreement,
pay all taxes as provided for herein.
注释：
（1） the obligations of making all payments：支付义务
（2） reimbursement：偿付
（3） be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用
（4） exempt from all taxes：是免税的
（5） pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定
的税务 herein：in this Agreement
参考译文：
借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附
带 其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。
借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规 定的税务。


五 hereinafter
英文释义:later in the same Contract
中文译词:以下,在下文
语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于
这些词组前面，与之紧邻。

例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on
Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by
and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A)
and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of
association hereby is formulated and prepared.
注释：
（1） in accordance with：under 根据
（2） Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign
Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
（3） Hereinafter：以下
（4） articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）
（5） hereby：特此
（6） formulate：prepare 制订
参考译文：
29

根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由 公司（以下称甲
方）与 公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章
程。

例2
Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these
Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are
established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with
the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of
China:
(1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head
offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);
(2) branches of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred to as
foreign bank branches);
(3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial
institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture
banks);
(4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head
offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign finance
companies); and
(5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese
financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity
joint-venture finance companies).
注释：
(1) financial institution：金融机构
(2) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head
offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行 。在中译英时，
这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为
subsi diary banks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少有一家
外国银行把 自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常
的。
(3) hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下简称外资银行。
(4) hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下简称
外资银行分行。
(5) finance company：财 务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业
银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为 会计事务所，
30

则要译成：accounting firm
(6) hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下
简称外资财务公司
(7) hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance
companies：以下简称合资财务公司
参考译文：
本条例所称外资金融机构 ，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的
规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：
（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）
（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）
（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以
下简称合资银行）
（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公
司）
（五）外 国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公
司（以下简称合资财务公司）

例3
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,
Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly
foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as
“enterprises with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize
themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment
shall have a record of making profits for the recent three
consecutive years.
注释：
(1) existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中
外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业
(2) Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业
(3) wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
(4) hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign
investment”：以下简称外商投资企业
(5) shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录
参考译文：
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为
外 商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。
31

例4
To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the
investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to
as MOFTEC) for examination and approval after the examination and
consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation
authorities of the related province, autonomous region,
municipalities directly under the Central Government or the
municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State
Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.
注释：
（1） the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简
称外经贸部）
（2） the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：
外经贸部门
（3） municipalities directly under the Central Government：直
辖市
（4） the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the
State Economic Plan：计划单列市
参考译文：
申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公 司所在地的省、
自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济
合作部（ 以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。

例5
These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with
the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter
referred to as the Company Law) in order to affirm the
qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and
standardize the registration activities of companies.
注释：
（1） these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例
prepare：制定
（2） the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华
32

人民共和国公司法》
（3） hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公
司法》
（4） to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of
companies：确认公司的企业法人资格
（5） standardize the registration activities of companies：规
范公司登记行为
参考译文：
为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共
和 国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。

例6
In order to further expand international economic co- operation and
technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to
promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or
individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders) and
Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations
(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders) may, within the
territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit,
incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with
foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as the Company).
注释：
（1） to further expand international economic co-operation and
technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流
（2） to absorb foreign investment：引进外资
（3） to promote the development of socialist market economy：
促进社会主义市场经济的发展
（4） hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称
外国股东 foreign shareholders：外国股东
（5） hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下简称
中国股东
（6） within the territory of China：在中国境内
（7） a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商
投资股份有限公司
参考译文：
33

为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场
经济的发展，外国的公 司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国
股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或 其他经济组织（以
下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简
称公司 ）。

例7
In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce
foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign
investors are permitted to establish investment companies
(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”) in China in
accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign
investment and these Regulations.
注释：
（1） to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial
expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验
（2） to establish investment company：设立投资公司
（3） hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简
称投资公司
（4） the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign
investment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规
参考译文： 为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外
国投资者根据中国有关外国投 资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投
资公司（以下简称投资公司）。

例8
These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative
offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of
China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents,
contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies,
investment companies, leasing companies and other economic
entities (hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).
注释：
（1） these Detailed Rules：本实施细则
（2） apply （to）：vi. 适用于 More Examples：The rules of safe
34

driving apply to everyone. That applies to at least nine-tenths
of the people we see about. That argument does not apply in this
case. The comment applies equally here.
（3） the resident representative offices：常驻代表机构
（4） shipping agents：货运代理商
（5） consultant company：咨询公司
（6） advertising agency：广告公司
（7） leasing company：租赁公司
（8） hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下简称外国
企业
参考译文：
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询
公 司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称
外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设 立的常驻代表机构。

例9
A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident
representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic
of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for
Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (hereinafter called the
“Examination-Approval Authorities) of the provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and
the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State
Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry
and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and
Commerce (hereinafter called the “registration authorities) of
the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under
the Central Government and the municipalities specifically
(separately) listed in the State Economic Plan.
注释：
（1） its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic
Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
（2） hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：
以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关
（3） register with：办理登记手续
35

（4） the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家
工商行政管理局
（5） its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：
其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局
参考译文：
外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易
经 济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸
易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关 ）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工
商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行 政
管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。


六 therein
英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respect
中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同 中的„„，工程中的„„”等时使用。
例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects
therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的
材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation
therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1
“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other
than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the
execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any
defects therein.
注释：
(1) Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工
程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用 ，按国际FIDIC合同条件规
定，应由承包人负责。
(2) Defects：缺陷，表示 工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，
而不是因业主使用不当造成的。
(3) the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying
of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中 任何缺陷。建
造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，
36

修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表
示建造 工程的两个阶段。
参考译文：
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要 或与上述
工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。

例2
The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer,
assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest
therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:
注释：
（1） the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：
consent只有单数形式，表示同意
（2） assign：转让
（3） therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract
（4） otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise
specified in the following circumstances:
参考译文：
没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中
或 合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：

例3
This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is
entitled to all the benefits provided therein. This refers to the
rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and
acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.
注释：
（1） Note：期票，即借据，票据
（2） loan agreement：贷款协议
（3） be entitled to all the benefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全
部利益
（4） advance payment：预付
（5） default：违约
（6） in the event of default：因违约
参考译文：
本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指
37

贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。

例4
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with
the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified
therein.
注释：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书
（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：
in Appendix 4
参考译文：
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。

例5
If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such
present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local
authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities
thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect
of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver
to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the
exemption in question.
注释：
（1） exemption：免征税款
（2） local authorities：地方当局
（3） any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构
（4） taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局
therein：in local authorities
（5） under the Contract：根据合同规定
（6） shall be due：应予以征收的
（7） the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：
证明上述免税文件 in question：上述
参考译文：
任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据
合 同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，
凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理 行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副
38

本。

例6
Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the
promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of
China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign
Enterprises (hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in
question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.
注释：
（1） the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for
Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中
华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。
（2） at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：
in the Tax Law
参考译文：
在《中华人民共和国 外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）
公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业 应按税法规定的税率
缴纳所得税。

例7
Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this
Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note
and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and
therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and
necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.
注释：
（1） the Borrower：借款人
（2） to make the borrowings：借贷资金
（3） to execute and deliver the Note：签署票据
（4） to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and
therein：承担由此产生的义务 therein：in the Note
（5） all the actions in question：上述全部行为
（6） legal person：法人
参考译文：
借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产
39

生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。

例8
The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good
condition. Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the
breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to
lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.
注释：
（1） leasee：承租人
（2） keep the commodity in good condition：维持商品的良好状况
（3） provided that：除非，表示进一步规定
（4） leasor：出租人
（5） to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出赔偿
（6） any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in
the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障
参考译文：
承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障
负 责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。

例9
When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents
and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for
the following items, such as, the persons (drawers) by whom the
documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or
data content thereof. If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the
data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate
to the goods and or services referred to in the credit, banks will
accept such documents as presented.
注释：
（1） documents：shipping documents货运单据
（2） transport documents：运输单据
（3） insurance documents：insurance policies保险单据
（4） commercial invoice：商业发票
（5） the credit：the letter of credit 信用证
（6） drawer：出单人
（7） the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞
40

（8） data content thereof：data content of the documents 项目
内容
（9） referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的
参考译文：
当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应
规 定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提
交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用 证中所述的货物及或服务有关联，
则银行将予接受。

例10
If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof,
or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period
for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from
any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause
20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or
damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with
the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
注释：
（1） loss or damage：损失与损坏 注：loss与damage同义，同义词
连用是合同文件语言特点之一。
（2） any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部
分 thereof：of the Works
（3） for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的
for incorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而不能
译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中
（4） at one’s own cost：自费
（5） rectify：弥补，纠正
（6） Permanent Works：永久工程
（7） to the satisfaction of the Engineer：达到工程师满意的程度
参考译文：
在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程
中 的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失
或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类 损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均
符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。

七. thereof
41

英文释义: of that, of it
中文译词:由此,其
用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的„„”时，为避免重复， 可使用该词，
比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and
provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表
示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof
表示“of the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1：
When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified
period and or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question
shall give the Seller the notice thereof.
注释：
（1） be entitled to determine：有权确定
（2） the time within a specified period and or the place of taking
delivery：提取货物的时间和或地点
（3） the notice thereof：有关这方面的通知 thereof：of the
above- mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking
delivery.
参考译文：
买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和或地点时，应给卖方有关
这方面的通知。

例2
The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction,
exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid
shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be
implemented. Provided that if the State Council is authorized by
the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the
regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and
complied with.
注释：
（1） the collection of tax：税收的开征
（2） the cessation thereof：税收的停征 thereof：of tax
（3） the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the
42

payment of tax unpaid：减税、免税、退税、补税
（4） the State Council：国务院
（5） to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the
regulations：制定的行政法规规定 prepare：制定
参考译文：
税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法 律的规定执行；
法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。

例3
The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration
commission the arbitration agreement, the application for
arbitration and the copies thereof.
注释：
（1） the Party applying for arbitration：当事人申请仲裁（是指
申请仲裁的当事人）
（2） arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（3） arbitration agreement：仲裁协议
（4） application for arbitration：仲裁申请书
（5） the copies thereof：the copies of the application for
arbitration 仲裁申请书副本
参考译文：
当事人申请仲裁，应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。

例4
“Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract
or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor
as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over
the Works or any section or part thereof.
注释：
（1） Tests on Completion：竣工检验
（2） otherwise agreed：另行商定
（3） Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程
（4） any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：
of the Works
参考译文：
竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验
43

是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。

例5
The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding
the protest (or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof),
in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.
In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned
with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest
(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof) when the banks
in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.
Any charges and or expenses incurred by the banks in connection
with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the
principal.
注释：
（1） the collection order：托收指示
（2） the protest：拒绝证书
（3） in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest
（4） non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款
（5） the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银
行
（6） experience non-acceptance and non- payment：遭到拒绝承兑或
拒绝付款
（7） the principal：委托人
参考译文：
托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书
（ 或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。
如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或 拒绝承兑时，
并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。
银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由
委托人负担。

例6
If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the
Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time
within which the Buyer may make a different specification. If,
after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails
44

to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by
the Seller shall be binding.
注释:
（1） makes the specification：订明规格
（2） the details thereof：the details of the specification规格
的细节
（3） the communication in question：该通知
（4） shall be binding：应具有约束力
参考译文：
如果卖方自己制订规格，他必须将所制订的规格 的细节通知买方，而且
必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格。
如 果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，则卖方所订的规格
应具有约束力。

例7
This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign
investment. Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino- foreign
equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint
venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the
provisions thereof shall apply to them.
注释：
（1） apply to (sb.)：适用
（2） limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商
投资的有限责任公司
（3） Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合资经
营企业
（4） Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外
合作经营企业
（5） wholly foreign- owned enterprise：外资企业
参考译文：
外商投资的有限责任公司适用本 法，有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作
经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的，适用其规定。

例8
“Time for Completion” means such time for completing the
execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the
45

Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract
from the Commencement Date.
注释：
（1） time for completion：竣工时间
（2） the execution of the Works：施工
（3） any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或区段，thereof：
of the Works
参考译文：
竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段
施 工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。

例9
The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of
the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on
hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by
the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from
the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor
shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.
注释：
（1） make available to the Contractor„.：向承包人提供„„
（2） data on hydrological and subsurface conditions：水文地质
资料
（3） his own interpretation thereof：自己对上述资料的解释
thereof：of the data
参考译文：
在承包人提交投标书之前， 业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据
对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料，但是承包人应对他 自己对上
述资料的解释负责。

例10
If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such
drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other
manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party
A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party
A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products
or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.
46

注释：
（1） this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止
（2） transparency：图片
（3） specifications：规格
（4） any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它
全部生产和操作资料
（5） the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品
参考译文：
如 本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及
其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部 复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方
应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。


八. thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1) thereafter: after that此后；之后
2）thereto: to that 随附；附之
3）therewith: with that 与此；与之
4）therefor: for that 因之；为此
5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是
“that ”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith
和hereof等。
语法：紧接所修饰词之后。

例1：
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final,
and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under
the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court
having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith,
comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.

注释：
（1） decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭
的仲裁决定或裁决
47

（2） the judgment：司法判决
（3） any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院
jurisdiction：管辖权
（4） the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract
（5） in good faith：以良好诚信的态度

参考译文： < br>仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的
法院对此作出司法判决。双 方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。

例2：
Technology” means such letters patent, and application
therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party
B and or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant
license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in
any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may
be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.

注释：
（1） patented technology：专利技术
（2） letters patent：专利证，专利
（3） application therefore：专利申请
（4） grant license thereof：许可转让
（5） during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有
效期间
（6） are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of
this Contract Products：适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品

参考译文：
“专利技术 ”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和或有权或可能有权
控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家 许可转让的，适用于或可
能适用于制造本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3：
“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2
to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications
48

thereof or developments with respect thereto.

注释：
（1） Contract Products：合同产品
（2） Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2
（3） together with all improvements and modifications thereof
or developments with respect thereto：及其改进发展的产品 thereof：
of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products

参考译文：
“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。

例4：
“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included
in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition
thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer.

注释：
（1） specifications：规范
（2） any modification thereof or addition thereto：对规范的
任何修改或增补 thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the
Specifications
（3） under Clause 95：根据第95条规定

参考译文：
规范是指合同中包括的工程规范，以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提
出并经工程师批准的对 规范的任何修改或增补。

例5：
The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28
days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be
issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods
become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent
Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant
to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the
49

satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate
therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.

注释：
（1） the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书
（2） the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷
责任期终止
（3） different defects liability periods become applicable to
different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责
任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分
（4） any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程

参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证 书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内
颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段 或部分时，
则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程
已完成并达 到工程师满意之后尽快签发。

例6：
The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment
fee of one half of one percent (0.5%) per annum on the Total Loan
Commitment. The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the
conclusion of the Contract (inclusive) to the earlier day of the
Disbursement Date and the Termination Date (but excluding the day
in question). The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the
date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the
Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.

注释：
（1） commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协 议签定生效后，如
借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承
诺费或 承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两
期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。 如果在前段承诺期已使用全部
承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，< br>其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。
（2） the Disbursement Date：贷款发放日
（3） the Termination Date：贷款终止日
50

（4） from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3
个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

参考译文：
借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合
同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包
括该日在内）为止，从其后第 3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与
终止日中较早之日。

例7：
If one or more of the following events of default (hereinafter
called “Event of Defaultoccurs or occur or continues or
continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies
specified in Sub- Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.
(a) The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and
when such amount shall become payable.

注释：
（1） events of default：违约事件
（2） continues or continue：正在继续
（3） the remedies：补救方法
（4） fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根
据该协议规定应付的款项 thereunder：under the Contract

参考译文：
如 果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件（以下称违约事件），或该违约事
件正在继续，代理行以及各行应行 使第11.2款规定的救济方法。
（1）借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。

九. whereas

释义: considering that, 鉴于，就......而论（法律用语）
用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的
理由或依据。
语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。

51

例1：
Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights
to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented
Technology;
Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party
B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;
The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have,
through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract
under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:

注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell
the Contract Products of Patented Technology：将专利技术的合同
产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方
（3） the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this
Contract：双方授权代表
（4） under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as
follows：就以下条款

参考译文：
鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权
授予甲方；
鉴 于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代
表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订 本合同：

例2：
Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information
including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and
other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain
products; and
Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use
the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of
manufacturing, using and selling such products; and
Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by
Party A.
52

Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents
of the agreement as follows:

注释：
（1） proprietary technical information：专有技术信息
（2） designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and
other data：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料
（3） the right and licence：许可权利
（4） technical assistance：技术协助
（5） trademarks：商标

参考译文：
鉴于甲方拥有 合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技
术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；
鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助
的许可权利；
鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；
双方兹就下列内容达成一致：

例3：
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the
Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower,
an aggregate amount of $$50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby
made and concluded this Agreement as follows:

注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地
（3） an aggregate amount：总额
（4） the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this
Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下

参考译文：
鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总
额为$$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：

53

例4：
Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the
Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US
Dollars (US $$1,000,000) under the terms, conditions and provisions
of this Agreement; and
Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the
Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this
Agreement;
Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained
herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the
agreement as follows:

注释：
（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） a term loan：定期贷款
（3） the principal amount：本金
（4） under the terms, conditions and provisions of this
Agreement：根据本协议规定的条件和款项
（5） in consideration of the mutual promises：以双方相互承
诺为对价 consideration：对价

参考译文：
鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供
一 笔本金为100万美元（US$$ 1,000,000）的定期贷款；
鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期
贷款；
据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。

例5：
Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality
and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to
jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China
(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”). The Contract
hereunder is made and concluded.

注释：
54

（1） whereas：鉴于
（2） adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：
按照平等互利的原则
（3） through friendly consultation：通过友好协商
（4） joint venture company：合资经营公司
（5） hereinafter referred as：以下称

参考译文：
鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商， 决定共同投资在
中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。
55

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