机动车保险条款-8年抗战改为14年

中国、西方传统节日相关英语释义
一、1月1日 新年（New Year's Day）

New Year's Day is the first day of the year. On the modern Gregorian calendar,
it is celebrated on January 1, as it was also in ancient Rome (though other dates were
also used in Rome). In all countries using the Gregorian calendar, except for Israel, it
is a public holiday, often celebrated with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the
new year starts. January 1 on the Julian calendar corresponds to January 14 on the
Gregorian calendar, and it is on that date that followers of some of the Eastern
Orthodox churches celebrate the New Year.

January 1 marks the end of a period of remembrance of a particular passing year,
especially on radio, television, and in newspapers, which usually starts right after
Christmas Day. Publications often have year- end articles that review the changes
during the previous year. Common topics include politics, natural disasters, music and
the arts, and the listing of significant individuals who died during the past year. Often
there are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year, such as the
description of new laws that often take effect on January 1.

This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has become an occasion
for celebration the night of December 31, called New Year's Eve. There are often
fireworks at midnight. Depending on the country, individuals may be allowed to burn
fireworks, even if it is forbidden the rest of the year.

It is also a memorable occasion to make New Year's resolutions, which they hope to
fulfill in the coming year; the most popular ones in the western world include to stop
tobacco smoking or drinking alcohol, or to lose weight or get physically fit.


二、2月14日 情人节（Valentine's Day）

St. Valentine's Day has roots in several different legends that have found their
way to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the day is Cupid
（爱神丘比特）, the Roman god of love, who is represented by the image of a young
boy with bow and hundred years after the death of Jesus Christ, the
Roman emperors still demanded that everyone believe in the Roman gods. Valentine,
a Christian priest, had been thrown in prison for his teachings. On February 14,
Valentine was beheaded（斩首）, not only because he was a Christian, but also because
he had performed a miracle. He supposedly cured the jailer's daughter of her
blindness. The night before he was executed, he wrote the jailer's daughter a farewell

letter, signing it Your r legend tells us that this same
Valentine, well-loved by all, received notes to his jail cell from children and friends
who missed him.
Another Valentine was an Italian bishop who lived at about the same time, AD 200.
He was imprisoned because he secretly married couples, contrary to the laws of the
Roman emperor. Some legends say he was burned at the stake.

February 14 was also a Roman holiday, held in honor of a goddess. Young men
randomly chose the name of a young girl to escort to the festivities. The custom of
choosing a sweetheart on this date spread through Europe in the Middle Ages, and
then to the early American colonies. Throughout the ages, people also believed that
birds picked their mates on February 14!

In AD 496 Sain Pope Gelasius I named February 14 as
it's not an official holiday, most Americans observe this day.

Whatever the odd mixture of origins, St. Valentine's Day is now a day for sweethearts.
It is the day that you show your friend or loved one that you care. You can send candy
to someone you think is special. Or you can send roses, the flower of love. Most
people send a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine
received in jail. Valentines can be sentimental, romantic and heartfelt（真心真意的）.
They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy, valentines can be anonymous.

Americans of all ages love to send and receive valentines. Handmade valentines
created by cutting hearts out of colored paper, show that a lot of thought was put into
making them personal. Valentines can be heart-shaped, or have hearts, the symbol of
love, on them. In elementary schools children make valentines for their classmates
and put them in a large decorated box, similar to a mailbox. On February 14, the
teacher opens the box and distributes the valentines to each student. After the students
read their valentines they have a small party with refreshments.

For teenagers and adults, major newspapers throughout the country have a Valentine's
Day offer. Anyone can send in a message, for a small fee of course, destined for a
would-be sweetheart, a good friend, an acquaintance or even a spouse of fifty years.
The message is printed in a special section of the newspaper on February 14


三、复活节（Easter）
每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日

The history of Easter 复活节的历史
Since its conception as a holy celebration in the second century, Easter has had its
non-religious side. In fact, Easter was originally a pagan festival.
The ancient Saxons celebrated the return of spring with an uproarious festival
commemorating their goddess of offspring and of springtime, Eastre. When the
second-century Christian missionaries encountered the tribes of the north with their
pagan celebrations, they attempted to convert them to Christianity. They did so,
however, in a clandestine manner.

It would have been suicide for the very early Christian converts to celebrate their holy
days with observances that did not coincide with celebrations that already existed. To
save lives, the missionaries cleverly decided to spread their religious message slowly
throughout the populations by allowing them to continue to celebrate pagan feasts, but
to do so in a Christian manner.
As it happened, the pagan festival of Eastre occurred at the same time of year as the
Christian observance of the Resurrection of Christ. It made sense, therefore, to alter
the festival itself, to make it a Christian celebration as converts were slowly won over.
The early name, Eastre, was eventually changed to its modern spelling, Easter.

The Easter Egg 复活蛋
As with the Easter Bunny and the holiday itself, the Easter Egg predates the Christian
holiday of Easter. The exchange of eggs in the springtime is a custom that was
centuries old when Easter was first celebrated by Christians.
Today, children hunt colored eggs and place them in Easter baskets along with the
modern version of real Easter eggs -- those made of plastic or chocolate candy.


四、4月1日 愚人节（April Fools' Day）
Consider yourself warned. Sunday is April Fools' Day, a day when you are
encouraged to pull pranks on loved ones, co-workers, casual acquaintances, and even
that one guy at the bus stop. It's an odd tradition, but how did it get started? What's the
history of April Fools' Day, anyway?
Nobody is completely sure about the origin of this, the silliest of holidays. However
the urban legend experts at say that most experts give credit to Pope
Gregory XIII, who, in the 1500s, gave the world the Gregorian calendar.
In 1562, the Gregorian calendar moved the first day of the year from April 1 to
January 1. Word did eventually get around, but some people were a bit slow to hear
the news. These folks continued celebrating the new year on April 1, unaware that

they were now three months behind the times. These foolswere tricked by
those in the know. The tradition eventually made its way to the USA.
And it's still going strong. Over the past week, Web searches on fools day
jokes

line: Keep your guard up, especially if somebody offers you a word search puzzle.
Lookups for
But really, there is no way to be certain you'll escape trickery. Because on April 1,
even corporations are out to trick you. In 1998, Burger King tricked its customers by
releasing
harvesting spaghetti from trees. And in 1996, Taco Bell took out ads in major
newspapers announcing that the company had purchased the Liberty Bell and
renamed it the Taco Liberty Bell. Shudder.(Agencies)


五、5月的第二个星期日 母亲节（Mother's Day）
Jewish Proverb: God could not be everywhere and therefore be made mothers.
Ancient celebrations of motherhood
Rhea, Mother of the Greek gods

People in many ancient cultures celebrated holidays honoring motherhood,
personified as a goddess. Here are just a few of those:
Ancient Greeks celebrated a holiday in honor of Rhea(Photo), the mother of the gods,
including Zeus.
Ancient Romans celebrated a holiday in honor of Cybele, a mother goddess.
In the British Isles and Celtic Europe, the goddessBrigid(Photo), and later her
successor St. Brigid, were honored with a spring Mother's Day.
Motherhood honoured in modern times
Mothers' Day is not celebrated on the same day throughout the world, for instance, in
America Mother's Day occurs on the second Sunday in May while in Britain it is
honored on the fourth Sunday in Lent(For more information on Lent, please check out
Lent in
Mother's Day in Britain
simnel cake, a rich fruitcake sometimes covered with almond paste
Mothering Sunday was celebrated in Britain beginning in the 17th century.
It began as a day when apprentices and servants could return home for the day to visit
their mothers. Traditionally, men went home with a gift of cake-- a
kind of fruitcake or fruit-filled pastry known as simnel cake (Photo ).

Mother's Day in America
Thanks to Anna M. Jarvis, Mother's Day has become an official holiday in the United
States.
After a year when her mother died on May 9, 1905, Anna M. Jarvis attended a
memorial service at their church. Inspired by the service, she thought it would be
wonderful if people set aside a time to pay personal tribute to their mothers. Then, the
daughter began using some of her inheritance to promote a day that would honor all
mothers.
She and others staged a letter-writing campaign to ministers, businessmen, and
politicians in their quest to establish a national Mother's Day. They were successful in
the end. President Woodrow Wilson, in 1914, made the official announcement
proclaiming Mother's Day a national observance that was to be held each year on the
2nd Sunday of May.
Carnation: the symbol of Mother's Day
It was Jarvis who originated the custom of wearing a carnation on Mother's Day
because carnation was her mother's favorite flower.
A pink carnation is to honor a living mother and a white carnation is memory of a
mother who passed away.


六、6月的第三个星期日 父亲节（Father's Day）

Father's Day is a celebration of fathers inaugurated in the early twentieth
century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting.
Father's Day is celebrated on a variety of dates worldwide and typically involves
gift- giving, special dinners to fathers, and family- oriented activities. The first
observance of Father's Day actually took place in Fairmont, West Virginia on July 5,
1908. It was organized by Mrs. Grace Golden Clayton, who wanted to celebrate the
lives of the 210 fathers who had been lost in the Monongah Mining disaster several
months earlier in Monongah, West Virginia, on December 6, 1907. It is possible that
Clayton was influenced by the first celebration of Mother's Day that same year, just a
few miles away. Clayton chose the Sunday nearest to the birthday of her recently
deceased father. Unfortunately, the day was overshadowed by other events in the city,
West Virginia did not officially register the holiday, and it was not celebrated again.
Instead, credit for Father's Day went to Sonora Dodd from Spokane, who invented
independently her own celebration of Father's Day just two years later, also influenced
by Jarvis' Mother's Day. Clayton's celebration was forgotten until 1972, when one of
the attendants to the celebration saw Nixon's proclamation of Father's Day, and
worked to recover its legacy. The celebration is now held every year in the Central

United Methodist Church, as the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church,
South, was torn down in 1922. Fairmont is now promoted as the
Father's Day Service
A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in
1913. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father's Day
celebration and wanted to make it official, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would
become commercialized. US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that
the day be observed by the nation, but stopped short of issuing a national
proclamation. Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been
defeated by Congress. In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a
proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers,
thus out just one of our two parentsIn 1966, President Lyndon B.
Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the
third Sunday in June as Father's Day. Six years later, the day was made a permanent
national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972. In addition
to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November
19 for men and boys who are fathers.


七、10月31日 万圣节前夕（Halloween）

The American tradition of
All Souls' Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for
food and families would give them pastries called cakesin return for their
promise to pray for the family's dead relatives.
The distribution of soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the
ancient practice of leaving food and wine for roaming spirits. The practice, which was
referred to as
the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money.
The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic
roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food
supplies often ran low and, for the many people afraid of the dark, the short days of
winter were full of constant worry. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts
came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if
they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear
masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for
fellow spirits. On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would
place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from
attempting to enter.

八、11月的第四个星期四 感恩节（Thanksgiving Day）

Story of American Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving Day is an American holiday and not celebrated in continental Europe.
On the fourth Thursday of each November, families and friends gather together for the
occasion to celebrate with a traditional turkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon.
Thanksgiving originated as a celebration of the year's harvest and is similar to the
Mid-Autumn Festival in China.
The origin of the Thanksgiving Day感恩节的来历
This American tradition started in 1621 before the United States of America was
established. It was a huge celebration for a hard-earned harvest the first year after
arriving in the New World.
On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower ship set sail from Plymouth, Devon, England,
taking all the English Pilgrims （清教徒）to the New World. The English Pilgrims
numbered about a hundred people, and left England to escape religious persecution.
Their voyage to the New World was financed by Merchant Adventurers, an English
investor group.
The Pilgrims sailed sixty-six days, arrived in the New World in November of the same
year. They first settled in a cornfield abandoned by Native Indians and named it
Plymouth Plantation.
They worked on the land with much difficulty and were beset by a devastating plague
in which half of the Pilgrim died in the long winter of 1620. In the spring of 1621, an
Indian brave named Squanto and her Wampanoag （瓦帕浓人，北美印第安人阿尔
琴族一部落）tribe came to their help. The tribe taught the Pilgrims how to work the
earth and plant corn, beans, pumpkins, squash and other crops.
The Thanksgiving feast in 1621
In late September 1621, the Pilgrims were pleased with their great harvest. To
celebrate their first harvest, the Pilgrims wanted to thank God and the Native Indian.
They invited Squanto and the entire Wampanoag tribe that celebrate together in a
shared feast.
It was said about ninety Wampanoag turned up, much to the surprise of the Pilgrims,
whose population had shrunk to no more than 50. The chief of the tribe had his men
hunt five deer to bring to the feast. The first Thanksgiving dinner had an elaborate
menu with venison, wild turkey, goose, duck, crane, swan, and other waterfowl; they
also has local seafood: clams, lobsters, mussels, salmon, cod, bass, herring, shad,
bluefish, lots of eel and oysters. They also cooked plenty of vegetables, among them
squash, pumpkins and beans were the most popular.
They ate raspberries, strawberries, grapes, plums, cherries, blueberries, walnuts,

chestnuts, acorns, hickory and ground nuts, wheat flour, Indian corn and corn meal
and they made beer out of barley. The pumpkin pudding was later developed into the
traditional pumpkin pie.
The first Thanksgiving dinner is said to have lasted from three days to one week with
much food, beer and liquor. The Pilgrims and the Native Indian sat together on the
ground, shared food with fingers or used rough plates made of wood or stale bread.
They ran races, played old
English games and staged parades during the festive, with marches, drums and
firing of their muskets.

The phrase
however, were mainly Puritans and strict Calvinist Protestants. They only observed
three religious holidays from the New Testament: Sunday Sabbath, Days of Fasting
and humiliation and Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving marked favourable (in
community life.

The first Thanksgiving festival was indeed a time of happiness, fellowship and
rejoicing for the Pilgrims. They arranged a friendly treaty with the Native American
Indians, built houses in the wilderness, and raised sufficient crops to feed themselves
for the upcoming long winter. The Pilgrims had become the first generation of settlers
in this new land holding so much promise.
From then on, Thanksgiving became a holiday for celebrating the harvest in the New
World, dates varied from October to November each year over the next 150 years.
Thanksgiving, the National holiday
The first National Thanksgiving was declared by the Continental Congress in 1777.
On October 3, 1789, President George Washington declared that the people of the
United States should observe
26 November.
Many say the credit for the establishment of an annual Thanksgiving holiday should
be given to Sarah Josepha Hale. Being the editor of Ladies Magazine and Godey's
Lady's Book, she lobbied to the governors, senators, and presidents for a national
holiday and published stories and recipes for that day in her magazine. After 36 years
of crusading, she won her battle. In 1863, buoyed by the Union victory at Gettysburg,
President Lincoln proclaimed that November 26, would be a national Thanksgiving
Day, to be observed every year on the fourth Thursday of November.
In 1941, a Congressional Joint Resolution set the fourth Thursday of November as a
national holiday for Thanksgiving.
There you are - the brief history of Thanksgiving- a day in America for families and

friends to gather together. The festival is also celebrated by Americans living abroad.
Thanks to the Native Americans and the Pilgrims who created this idea of a day of
Thanksgiving all those live in the New World can be thankful for all we have and
share the joy with our family members and friends.



九、12月25日 圣诞节（Christmas Day）
The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas
traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of
Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with
floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the
church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian (美索不达米亚) celebration
of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god -
Marduk (马杜克,古代巴比伦人的主神,原为巴比伦的太阳神). Each year as winter
arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To
assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year.
This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
The Mesopotamian king would return to the temple of Marduk and swear his
faithfulness to the god. The traditions called for the king to die at the end of the year
and to return with Marduk to battle at his side.
To spare their king, the Mesopotamians used the idea of a
was chosen and dressed in royal clothes. He was given all the respect and privileges
of a real king. At the end of the celebration the
clothes and slain, sparing the life of the real king.
The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which
began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of
the celebration would include masquerades (化妆舞会) in the streets, big festive
meals, visiting friends and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky
fruits).

it an abomination (深恶痛绝) to honor the pagan (异教) god. The early Christians
wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not
one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.
But as Christianity spread they were alarmed by the continuing celebration of pagan
customs and Saturnalia among their converts. At first the Church forbid this kind of
celebration. But it was to no avail (徒劳). Eventually it was decided that the

celebration would be tamed and made into a celebration fit for the Christian Son of
God.
Some legends claim that the Christian celebration was invented to
compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to
the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism (密特拉教，奉祀密特拉
神的宗教，纪元后最初3世纪内传至罗马帝国) was one of Christianity's main rivals
at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights,
and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of
Christmas

一、 除夕

时间：农历一年最后一天，即十二月廿九或三十
释义
大年三十晚上叫除夕。“除” ，本义是“去”，引申为“易”；“夕”字的
本义原是“日暮”，引申为“夜晚”。故而除夕之夜，便含 有“旧岁到此而除，
明日另换新岁”的意思，即“除旧布新”。
起源
除夕，最早源 于先秦时期的“逐除”。据《吕氏春秋·季冬记》记载：古人
在新年的前一天，以击鼓的方式来驱除“疫 疠之鬼”，来年才会无病无灾。
别称
“除夕”在古时有“除夜、逐除、岁除、大除、大尽、 年终”等别称。称呼
虽多，但总不外乎送旧迎新、祛病消灾的意思。大年三十，也就是“除夕”。指中国及其他汉文化圈地区的农历一月一日的前一天的晚上。一般这一天，是人们
吃、喝、玩、乐的日 子。
英文： Chinese New Year's Eve（直译：中国新年前夕），又称Lunar New
Year's Eve（直译：阴历新年前夕）。
习俗
北方人风俗大致一致，过年包饺子、蒸馍等等；而南 方各地则风俗不同，如
做年糕、包粽子、煮汤圆、吃米饭等等，南方不同的地域有着诸多不同的过年风< br>俗。水饺形似“元宝”，年糕音似“年高”，都是吉祥如意的好兆头。
除夕之夜，全家人在一起 吃“团圆饭”，有一家人团聚过年的味道。吃团圆
饭时，桌上的“鱼”是不能动的，因为这鱼代表“富裕 ”和“年年有余”，象征
来年的“财富与幸运”，它属于一种装饰，是碰不得的。（少数地方风俗不同，
比如贵州，桌上的鱼不是不能吃的，是要剩下一些，寓意“年年有余”）
除夕的高潮是年饭后 长辈发“压岁钱”。接着就是张贴春联和门神，并关上

大门。到初一的早上才开门“接财 神”，接下来就是全家人守岁到大年初一（现
在少有人遵循此传统了）。
一年的最后一天叫“ 岁除”，那天晚上叫“除夕”。除夕人们往往通宵不眠，
叫守岁。苏轼有《守岁》：“儿童强不睡，相守 夜欢哗。”除夕这一天，家里家
外不但要打扫得干干净净，还要贴门神、贴春联、贴年画、挂门笼，人们 则换上
带喜庆色彩和带图案的新衣。

二、春 节
即夏历（农历）新年
时间：狭义农历正月初一，广义正月初一至正月十五
英文：The Spring Festival
古称：元日、元旦、元正、元辰、元朔、岁旦、岁首、岁朝、新正、首祚、
三元（“正”即正月之“正”）
俗称“过大年”
起源
春节和新年的概念，最初的 含意来自农业，古时人们把谷的生长周期称为
“年”，《说文。禾部》：“年，谷熟也”。春节（夏历新 年）源自何时很难考究，
不过一般认为起源于中国殷商时期的年头岁末祭神、祭祖活动（腊祭）。 “年”的名称是从周朝开始的。至于岁首（一年开始）时间的确定（换言之，
月序的排列）还与天文 历法有关（如前所述），传说夏在寅月（今农历正月），商
在丑月（今农历十二月），周在子月（今农历 十一月，即冬至所在月），秦在亥月
（今农历十月），到西汉才又恢复夏正，定寅月（今农历正月）为岁 首，一直沿
用至今。
但古时的正月初一被称为元旦、元日、新正等，直到中国近代辛亥革命胜 利
后，南京临时政府为了顺应农时和便于统计（其实指导农时的是夏历的阳历部分
-二十四节气 ），规定在民间使用夏历（农历），在政府机关、厂矿、学校和团体
中实行公历（纪年不用公元纪年法而 用民国纪年法）。到新中国成立前夕，1949
年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议上才正式把夏历（ 农历）新年定为“春节”，
因而至今仍有许多人将过春节叫过年。
相关传说
中国古 时候有一种叫年的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。年长年深居海底，
每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命 。
因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避年兽的
伤害。
这年除夕，桃花村的人们正扶老携幼上山避难，从村外来了个乞讨的老人，

只见他手拄拐 杖，臂搭袋囊，银须飘逸，目若朗星。
乡亲们有的封窗锁门，有的收拾行装，有的牵牛赶羊，到处人喊 马嘶，一片
匆忙恐慌景象。这时，谁还有心关照这位乞讨的老人。
只有村东头一位老婆婆给了 老人些食物，并劝他快上山躲避年兽，那老人
捋髯笑道：婆婆若让我在家呆一夜，我一定把年兽撵走。
老婆婆惊目细看，见他鹤发童颜、精神矍铄，气宇不凡。可她仍然继续劝说，
乞讨老人笑而不语 。婆婆无奈，只好撇下家，上山避难去了。
半夜时分，年兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：村东 头老婆婆家，
门贴大红纸，屋内烛火通明。年兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声。
年朝婆婆家怒视片刻 ，随即狂叫着扑过去。将近门口时，院内突然传来
砰砰啪啪的炸响声，年浑身战栗，再不敢往前凑了。
原来，年最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位
身披红袍的老人在哈哈 大笑。年大惊失色，狼狈逃蹿了。
第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时 ，老婆
婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。
乡亲们一齐拥向老婆婆家，只见 婆婆家门上贴着红纸，院里一堆未燃尽的竹
子仍在啪啪炸响，屋内几根红蜡烛还发着余光„„
欣喜若狂的乡亲们为庆贺吉祥的来临，纷纷换新衣戴新帽，到亲友家道喜问
好。这件事很快在周围村里传 开了，人们都知道了驱赶年兽的办法。
从此每年除夕，家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹；户户烛火通明、守更 待岁。初一
一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统
节日 。
习俗
守岁放鞭炮 贴春联 拜年 吃饺子


三、元宵节
时间：农历正月十五
英文：Lantern Festival
是中国一个重要的传统节日。正月十五日是一年中第一个月圆之夜，也是一
元复始，大地回春的夜晚， 人们对此加以庆祝，也是庆贺新春的延续 ，因此又
称“上元节”，即农历正月十五日。在古书中，这一 天称为“上元”，其夜称“元
夜”、“元夕”或“元宵”。而元宵这一名称一直沿用至今。
习俗
由于元宵有张灯、看灯的习俗，民间又习称为“灯节”。此外还有吃元宵、

踩高跷、猜灯谜、舞龙、赏花灯、舞狮子等风俗。
演变
中国古代历法和月相有密 切的关系，正月十五，人们迎来了一年之中第一个
月满之夜，这一天理所当然地被看作是吉日。早在汉代 ，正月十五已被用作祭祀
天帝、祈求福佑的日子。后来古人把正月十五称“上元”，七月十五称“中元” ，
十月十五称“下元”。最迟在南北朝早期，三元已是要举行大典的日子。三元中，
上元最受重 视。到后来，中元、下元的庆典逐渐废除，而上元经久不衰。

四、寒食节
时间：清明节前一天
旧俗中的一个节日，在清明节前一天（一种说法是清 明前两天）（现大多和
清明寒食一起过的习俗）。
来源
春秋时已出亡多年的晋国公 子重耳回国即位[即晋文公]，封赏随其逃亡的臣
子，唯独漏掉了介子推。介子推于是携老母隐居绵山[ 今山西省介休市东南]。晋
文公得知后欲加封赏，寻至绵山，找不到他，便想烧山逼他出来。但介子推不 愿
当官，坚持不出，结果母子二人俱被烧死。为了纪念介子推，晋文公将绵山改为
“介山”，立 祠祭祀介子推，并把烧山的这一天定为寒食节，全国禁动烟火，只
吃冷食。后来便形成了在这天寒食、扫 墓的风俗。

五、清明节
（时间）：公历（阳历）四月五日前后
释义 < br>清明节是中国最重要的祭祀节日，是最适合祭祖和扫墓的日子。扫墓俗称上
坟，祭祀死者的一种活 动。汉族和一些少数民族大多都是在清明节扫墓。
习俗
按照旧的习俗，扫墓时，人们要携带 酒食果品、纸钱等物品到墓地，将食物
供祭在亲人墓前，再将纸钱焚化，为坟墓培上新土，折几枝嫩绿的 新枝插在坟上，
然后叩头行礼祭拜，最后吃掉酒食回家。唐代诗人杜牧的诗《清明》：“清明时
节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。”写出了清明
节的特殊气氛。
清明节，又叫踏青节，按阳历来说，它是在每年的4月4日至6日之间，正是
春光明媚草木吐绿的时节 ，也正是人们春游[古代叫踏青]的好时候，所以古人有
清明踏青，并开展一系列体育活动的的习俗。
清明节的由来与传说：
中国传统的清明节大约始于周代，已有二千五百多年的历史。清明最开 始是

一个很重要的节气，清明一到，气温升高，正是春耕春种的大好时节，故有“清明前后，种瓜种豆”。“植树造林，莫过清明”的农谚。后来，由于清明与寒食
的日子接近，而寒食 是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了，
而寒食既成为清明的别称，也变成为清明时 节的一个习俗，清明之日不动烟火，
只吃凉的食品。

六、端午节
时间：农历五月初五
英语：Dragon Boat Festival
农历五月初五日为“端午节”，是中国一个古老的传统节日。“端午”本名
“端五”，端是 < br>初的意思。因为人们认为“五月”是恶月，“初五”是恶日，因而避讳
“五”，改为“端午”。端 午节早在西周初期即有记载，并非为纪念屈原而设立
的节日，但是端午节之后的一些习俗受到屈原的影响 。
来源
据《史记》“屈原贾生列传”记载，屈原，著名爱国诗人，是春秋时期楚怀
王的大臣，他倡导举贤授能，富国强兵，力主联齐抗秦，遭到贵族子兰等人的强
烈反对，屈原遭馋去职， 被赶出都城，流放到沅、湘流域。他在流放中，写下了
忧国忧民的《离骚》、《天问》、《九歌》等不朽 诗篇，独具风貌，影响深远（因而，
端午节也称诗人节）。公元前278年，秦军攻破楚国京都。屈原眼 看自己的祖国
被侵略，心如刀割，但是始终不忍舍弃自己的祖国，于五月五日，在写下了绝笔
作 《怀沙》之后，抱石投汨罗江身死，以自己的生命谱写了一曲壮丽的爱国主义
乐章。
传说屈原 死后，楚国百姓哀痛异常，纷纷涌到汨罗江边去凭吊屈原。渔夫们
划起船只，在江上来回打捞他的真身。 有位渔夫拿出为屈原准备的饭团、鸡蛋等
食物，“扑通、扑通”地丢进江里，说是让鱼龙虾蟹吃饱了，就 不会去咬屈大夫
的身体了。人们见后纷纷仿效。一位老医师则拿来一坛雄黄酒倒进江里，说是要
药晕蛟龙水兽，以免伤害屈大夫。后来为怕饭团为蛟龙所食，人们想出用楝树叶
包饭，外缠彩丝，发展成 粽子。
习俗
悬钟馗像：钟馗捉鬼，是端午节习俗。在江淮地区，家家都悬钟馗像，用以镇宅驱邪。唐明皇开元，自骊山讲武回宫，疟疾大发，梦见二鬼，一大一小，小
鬼穿大红无裆裤，偷 杨贵妃之香囊和明皇的玉笛，绕殿而跑。大鬼则穿蓝袍戴帽，
捉住小鬼，挖掉其眼睛，一口吞下。明皇喝 问，大鬼奏曰：臣姓钟馗，即武举不
第，愿为陛下除妖魔，明皇醒后，疟疾痊愈，于是令画工吴道子，照 梦中所见画

成钟馗捉鬼之画像，通令天下于端午时，一律张贴，以驱邪魔。
挂 艾叶菖蒲榕枝：在端午节，家家都以菖蒲、艾叶、榴花、蒜头、龙船花、
榕枝，制成人形称为艾人。将艾 叶悬于堂中，剪为虎形或剪彩为小虎，贴以艾叶，
妇人争相佩戴，以僻邪驱瘴。用菖蒲作剑，插于门楣， 有驱魔祛鬼之神效。
赛龙舟：当时楚国人因舍不得贤臣屈原死去，于是有许多人划船追赶拯救。
他们争先恐后，追至洞庭湖时不见踪迹，是为龙舟竞渡之起源，后每年五月五日
划龙舟以纪念之。借划 龙舟驱散江中之鱼，以免鱼吃掉屈原的尸体。竞渡之习，
盛行于吴、越、楚。清乾隆二十九年台湾开始有 龙舟竞渡，当时台湾知府蒋元君
曾在台南市法华寺半月池主持友谊赛。现代台湾每年五月五日都举行龙舟 竞赛。
香港有竞渡，英国人也有仿效中国人作法，组织鬼佬队，进行竞赛活动。
吃粽子：荆楚 之人，在五月五日煮糯米饭或蒸粽糕投入江中，以祭祀屈原，
唯恐鱼吃掉，故用竹筒盛装糯米饭掷下，以 后渐用粽叶包米代替竹筒。
饮雄黄酒：此种习俗，在长江流域地区的人家很盛行。
游百病：此种习俗，盛行于贵州地区的端午习俗。
佩香囊：端午节小孩佩香囊，不但有避邪驱 瘟之意，而且有襟头点缀之风。
香囊内有朱砂、雄黄、香药，外包以丝布，清香四溢:再以五色丝线弦扣 成索，
作各种不同形状，结成一串，形形色色，玲珑夺目。

七、七夕节
时间：农历七月初七
来源
阴历七月七日的晚上称“七夕”。中 国民间传说牛郎织女此夜在天河鹊桥相
会。所谓乞巧，即在月光对着织女星用彩线穿针，如能穿过七枚大 小不同的针眼，
就算很“巧”了。农谚上说“七月初七晴皎皎，磨镰割好稻。”这又是磨镰刀准
备收割早稻的时候。
习俗
妇女于七夕夜向织女星穿针乞巧等风俗，受西方国家的影响，中国 越来越多
的情侣把那天视为中国情人节，男女双方会互赠礼物，或外出约会。

八、中元节
时间：农历七月十五
来源
中元节在中国的民间又称鬼节。
正月十五汉族称上元佳节，乃庆元宵，古已有之；
七月十五汉族称中元节，祭祀先人；

十月十五汉族称下元节，乃食寒食，纪念贤人。
汉人于中元节放河灯，道士建 醮祈祷，乃是汉族传统民俗，旧历七月十五日
为中元节，与正月十五日的上元节和十月十五日的下元节同 为古老传统节日。
习俗
中元节是道教节日。道教认为，三元是三官的别称。上元节又称上元 天
官节，是上元赐福天官紫微大帝诞辰；中元节又称中元地官节，是中元赦罪地
官清虚大帝诞辰 ；下元节又称下元水官节，是下员解厄水官洞阴大帝诞辰。道
教《太上三官经》云：天官赐福，地官赦罪 ，水官解厄，一切众生皆是天、地、
水官统摄。中元节时，道教宫观如地安门火神庙、西便门外白云观为 了祈祷风
调雨顺、国泰民安照例举办祈福吉祥道场。
佛教徒在这一天要举行盛大的盂兰盆会， 也叫盂兰盆斋、盂兰盆供。盂兰盆
会唐代即已盛行，晚清年间，北京有八百四十多座寺庙，有条件的，如 广济寺、
法源寺、拈花寺、广化寺、嘉兴寺、长椿寺等都举办规模不同的盂兰盆会和中元
法会。 民国以来，北海公园、中山公园音乐堂等处历年此时都有追悼阵亡将士
法会。用番（喇嘛）、道（道士） 、禅（和尚）三台经，供着一个海陆空军阵亡
将士的牌位，进行公祭。
中元节期间，老北京还有举行制法船、放荷灯、莲花灯、祭祖、唱应景戏
等活动。

九、中秋节
时间：农历八月十五
英文：the mid-autumn festival
来源
阴历八月十五日，这一天正当秋季的正中，故称“中秋”。到了晚上 ，月圆
桂香，旧俗人们把它看作大团圆的象征，要备上各种瓜果和熟食品，是赏月的佳
节。中秋 节还要吃月饼。据传说，元朝末年，广大人民为了推翻残暴的元朝统治，
把发起暴动的日期写在纸条上， 放在月饼馅子里，以便互相秘密传递，号召大家
在八月十五日起义。终于在这一天爆发了全国规模的农民 大起义，推翻了腐朽透
顶的元朝统治。此后，中秋吃月饼的风俗就更加广泛地流传开来。
习俗
中秋夜人们会备上各种瓜果和熟食品到庭院赏月。

十、重阳节
时间：农历九月初九
释义
重阳节(The Double Ninth Festival)农历九月九日，为传统的重阳节，又称

“老人节”。因 为《易经》中把“六”定为阴数，把“九”定为阳数，九月九日，
日月并阳，两九相重，故而叫重阳，也 叫重九。重阳节早在战国时期就已经形成，
到了唐代，重阳被正式定为民间的节日，此后历朝历代沿袭至 今。重阳又称“踏
秋”与三月三日“踏春”皆是家族倾室而出，重阳这天所有亲人都要一起登高
“避灾”，插茱萸、赏菊花。自魏晋重阳气氛日渐浓郁，为历代文人墨客吟咏最
多的几个传统节日之一。
演变
阴历的九月九日，是中国传统的重阳节。同时也是中国的敬老节。在1989
年 ，中国把每年的九月九日定为老人节，传统与现代巧妙地结合，成为尊老、敬
老、爱老、助老的老年人的 节日。
习俗
每到重阳，人们就会想起王维写的“独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。遥知兄弟登高处，遍插茱萸少一人。”这首诗。自古以来，重阳节就是人们敬老爱
老、思念双亲、渴望 团圆的日子。具体习俗如下所列：
①、登高
②、吃重阳糕
③、赏菊并饮菊花酒
④、插茱萸和簪菊花
⑤、喝重阳酒

十一、冬 至
时间：阳历十二月二十一日或二十二日
在中国古代对冬至很重视，冬至被当作一个较大节日， 曾有“冬至大如年”
的说法，而且有庆贺冬至的习俗。《汉书》中说：“冬至阳气起，君道长，故贺。”
人们认为：过了冬至，白昼一天比一天长，阳气回升，是一个节气循环的开始，
也是一个吉日， 应该庆贺。《晋书》上记载有“魏晋冬至日受万国及百僚称贺„„
其仪亚于正旦。”说明古代对冬至日的 重视。
习俗
在中国北方地区有冬至宰羊，吃饺子、吃馄饨的习俗，南方地区在这一天则有吃冬至米团、冬至长线面的习惯。各个地区在冬至这一天还有祭天祭祖的习俗。

十二、腊八节
时间：农历腊月初八
来源

古代十二月祭祀 “众神”叫腊，因此农历十二月叫腊月。腊月初八这一天，
旧俗要喝腊八粥。传说释迦牟尼在这一天得道 成佛，因此寺院每逢这一天煮粥供
佛，以后民间相沿成俗，直至今日。
习俗
喝腊八粥





节日中英对照
1． 春节(农历一月一日） Spring Festival；Chinese New Year's Day
2．元宵节（农历一月十五日） Lantern Festival（龙灯节直译）
3．清明节（公历4月5日前后，农历二月后半月至三月上半月间）
Tomb-Sweeping Day
4．端午节（农历五月初五） Dragon Boat Festival（龙船节直译）
5．中秋节（农历八月十五） Mid-Autumn (Moon)Festival
6．重阳节（农历九月九日） Double-ninth Day（重九节直译）
7．除夕（农历十二月二十九或三十日）New Year's Eve（新年前夕）
活动中英对照
过春节 celebrate the spring festival
春联 spring festival couplets
剪纸 paper-cuts
年画 new year paintings
买年货 do shopping for the spring festival；do spring festival shopping
敬酒 propose a toast
灯笼 lantern
烟花 fireworks
爆竹 firecrackers (people scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud
pop.)
红包 red packets (cash wrapped up in red paper，symbolize fortune and
wealth in the coming year.)
舞狮 lion dance (the lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring
good luck.)

舞龙 dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests)
戏曲 traditional opera
杂耍 variety show
灯谜 riddles written on lanterns
灯会 exhibit of lanterns
守岁 staying-up
拜年 pay new year's call；give new year's greetings；pay new year's visit
禁忌 taboo
去晦气 get rid of the ill- fortune
祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one's ancestors
压岁钱 gift money；money given to children as a lunar new year gift
culture note；in the old days， new year's money was given in the form of one
hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope
that one would live to be a hundred years old. today,money is placed inside red
envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck
and wealth
辞旧岁 bid farewell to the old year
扫房 spring cleaning; general house-cleaning
年糕nian-gao; rise cake; new year cake
团圆饭 family reunion dinner
年夜饭 the dinner on new year's eve
饺子jiao-zidumpling; chinese meat ravioli
粽子rice dumpling